Laboratory Manual

for

Network Analysis (EL304)

B. Tech.
SEM. III (EC/IC)

Faculty of Technology
Dharmsinh Desai University
Nadiad.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1. Kirchhoff's Laws 3

2. Initial Condition. 7

3. Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem. 9

4. Reciprocity Theorem. 14

5. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. 16

6. Impedance and Admittance Parameters 18

7. Hybrid (h) parameters. 25

8. Transmission (ABCD) parameters. 28

9. Damping in series RLC circuit. 31

10. RC Filter 33

Software Assignment 35

Question Papers 37

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 2
 EXPERIMENT 1
Kirchhoff’s Laws

AIM: To Study the Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchhoff’s current law.

APPARATUS: Bread Board, DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter, Connecting Wires.

COMPONENTS: Resistors.

THEORY:

This experiment is focused on observing voltages and currents at various places in the network and to
compare the observed value with the values calculated using the Kirchhoff’s laws.
Kirchhoff’s Laws known as Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) are based
respectively on the conservation of charge and conservation of energy and are derived from Maxwell's
equations. They along with Ohm's law are the most basic laws for solving any electric circuit. Kirchhoff’s
Laws are used to find performance evaluation of any electronic circuit in terms of voltage gain, current
gain, input impedance and output impedance.

These kinds of laws allow us to analyze the entire system in parts. They also enable us to find basic
quantities of any electric circuit, voltages and currents in any section or at any point in the given circuit.
The theoretical circuit analysis using Kirchhoff’s Laws for Fig. 1 is given below.

CIRCUIT THEORY:
Part (A): KVL

Fig. 1 Circuit Diagram of KVL

Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law in all loops of Fig.1

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 3
 𝐼1 𝑅1 + 𝐼1 𝑅2 − 𝐼3 𝑅2 − 𝑉1 = 0 (1)

𝐼2 𝑅7 + 𝐼2 𝑅3 − 𝐼3 𝑅3 = 0 (2)

𝐼3 𝑅2 − 𝐼1 𝑅2 + 𝐼3 𝑅3 − 𝐼2 𝑅3 + 𝐼3 𝑅4 − 𝐼4 𝑅4 − 𝑉2 = 0 (3)

𝐼4 𝑅5 + 𝐼4 𝑅6 + 𝐼4 𝑅4 − 𝐼3 𝑅4 + 𝑉2 = 0 (4)

Write Eq. (1) to (4) in form of matrix as follows:

 R1 + R 2 0 − R2 0   I1   V 1 
 0 R 7 + R3 − R3 0   I 2  0 
   =   (5)
 − R2 − R3 R 2 + R3 + R 4 − R4   I 3  V 2 
    
 0 0 − R4 R 4 + R5 + R 6   I 4   − V 2 

By solving the matrix of Eq. (5), we get,

I1 = 2.56 mA , I2 = 0.937 mA, I3 = 1.693 mA, I4 = 0.183 mA.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Theoretical Practical
Branch
Answer Readings
Currents
(mA) (mA)
I1
I2
I3
I4

Part (B): KCL

Now, apply Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) at all nodes of Fig. 2

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 4
 Fig. 2 Circuit Diagram of KCL

𝑉𝐴− 𝑉1 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐴− 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐴− 𝑉𝐵

+ + + =0 (6)
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅7 𝑅3
𝑉𝐵− 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵− 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵+ 𝑉2 𝑉𝐵− 𝑉𝐶
𝑅3
+ 𝑅7
+ 𝑅4
+ 𝑅5
=0 (7)
𝑉𝐶− 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐶
+ =0 (8)
𝑅5 𝑅6

Form the Eq. (6) – (8) in form of matrix and after matrix inversion using Cramer’s rule, we get,

VA = 1.52 V, VB = 0.585 V, VC = 0.183 V.

PROCEDURE:

1. Understand the circuit analysis as given above.

2. Mount the resistors on bread-board.
3. Connect the supply voltages.
4. Ensure that measuring instruments are properly connected before switch on the supply.
5. Measure the voltages and currents at various places in the network.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 5
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Theoretical Practical
Node
Answer Readings
Voltages
(volts) (volts)
VA
VB
VC

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 6
 EXPERIMENT 2

Initial Condition

OBJECTIVE: To Study initial and final condition in the RC network.

THEORY:
Behavior of network components like R, L and C are different for sudden change in voltage /
current. Capacitor opposes sudden change in voltage across it and in order to maintain the voltage
it allows change in current. For example, if the capacitor is initially uncharged and a finite dc
voltage is applied to it, the capacitor will behave as short circuit. When capacitor is fully charged
after sufficient time, it won’t allow any current to flow, hence behave as open circuit. Behavior of
R, L and C with different situation is described in Fig. 1.

CALCULATIONS:
In this experiment we will observe the loop current in the given RC network at t=0 and t=Ꚙ.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 7
We will find current flowing in the loop. We know that the current flowing in the network initially is
V1/R1 because capacitor will behave as short circuit. After sufficient time, when the capacitor is fully
charged, the current flowing through the network will be zero.
𝑉1
i(0+)=𝑅1= 0.45mA and i(Ꚙ)=0.

PROCEDURE:
1. Mount the resistor and capacitor on bread-board as shown in Fig. 1.
2. Connect the supply voltage of 10 volts.
3. Ensure that measuring instruments are properly connected before switch on the supply.
4. Measure the loop current immediately after switching on the supply.
5. Measure the loop current again after atleast 5 times the time constant of the network.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

V1=10V

i(0+) i(Ꚙ)

Theoretical

Practical

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 8
 EXPERIMENT 3

Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem

AIM: To Verify the Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS: DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.

COMPONENTS: Bread Board, Resistors, Connecting Wires.

Part (A): Thevenin’s Theorem

THEORY:

In many practical situations, one desires to know the response of a particular component of a network rather
than the entire network. For example, one is interested in the current in a loud speaker connected to the
terminals of an amplifier. The complex amplifier network can be replaced by a single network with only
one voltage source and one impedance connected to the load using the Thevenin’s Theorem.

The new simple network enables us to make rapid calculations of the voltage, current and power which the
original network is able to deliver to the load impedance.

Thevenin‟s theorem states Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single
voltage source VTH in series with a single resistance RTH. VTH is the Thevenin`s voltage. It is the voltage
between the terminals on open circuit condition, hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by Voc. RTH
is called Thevenin`s impedance. It is the driving point impedance at the terminals when all internal sources
are set to zero too. If a load resistance RL is connected across output terminals, we can find the current
through it.

IL = VTH / (RTH + RL)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Circuit Diagram for Thevenin

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 9
CALCULATION:

First remove RAB to get VTH,

Consider mesh currents I1 & I2 as shown below.

10
𝑰𝟏 = = 0.892 𝑚𝐴
1 + 2.2 + 4.7 + 3.3

12 − 5
𝑰𝟐 = = 1.07 𝑚𝐴
2.2 + 3.3 + 1

So, VTH = 4.7 I1 – 12 + 2.2 I2 = – 5.45 V (negative means B is at higher potential)

Now short all voltage sources to get RTH,

Then

RTH = ((1+2.2+3.3) 4.7) + 1.5 + ((2.2 (1+3.3)) = 5.67 k

Fig. 2 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Now using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, we get current through RAB ,

5.45
𝑰= = 0.817 𝑚𝐴
5.67 + 1

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 10
PROCEDURE:

1. Make Connections as per the circuit diagram on bread board.

2. Disconnect the RL.
3. Find voltage VTH across RL.
4. Short the voltage source and find resistance RTH across load terminal.
5. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and calculate load current IL.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Theoretical Value Practical Value

(volts) (volts)
VTH
RTH
IL

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 11
Part (B): Norton’s Theorem

THEORY:

Any linear, bilateral network with current sources, voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source (IN) in parallel with a resistance (RN). The value of the
current source is the current flowing through the short circuit terminals of the network and the resistance is
the equivalent resistance measured between the open circuit terminals of the network with all the energy
sources replaced by their internal resistances.

IL = IN RN / (RN + ZL)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 3 Circuit Diagram for Norton

For the computation of Norton current, the circuit as follows:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 12
 Fig. 4 Norton Equivalent Circuit

PROCEDURE:

1. Make Connections as per the circuit diagram on bread board.

2. Disconnect the load resister RL and short the load terminal.
3. Find the current IN through the load terminal.
4. Short the voltage source and find resistance RN across load terminal.
5. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit and calculate current IL.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Theoretical Value Practical Value

IN
RN
IL

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Can Thevenin’s Theorem be applied to a non-linear circuit?

2. What is the difference between Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem?

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 13
 EXPERIMENT 4
Reciprocity Theorem
AIM: To Study the Reciprocity Theorem.

APPARATUS: DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.

COMPONENTS: Bread Board, Resistors, Connecting Wires.

THEORY:

Reciprocity theorem is applicable under the condition that network must be linear, bilateral, all elements
must be passive and network must consist of only one independent source.

This experiment is focused on observing the reciprocal behavior of the network. In Reciprocal network
power losses are the same between any two ports regardless of direction of propagation. Examples of
Reciprocal network include cables, attenuators and all power combiners. This theorem is not applicable
when network consist of any controlled source or any initial condition.

The theoretical circuit analysis using reciprocity for Fig. 1 is given below. Subsequently circuit analysis for
Fig. 2 should be attempted theoretically and verified practically.

CIRCUIT THEORY:

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)

Fig. 2(a)
Fig. 2(b)

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 14
For Fig. 1 (a):

For Fig. 1(b):

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the given Fig. 2(a).

2. Apply 12 V DC to the circuit from the power supply.
3. Observe the current through the resistor RL.
4. Now connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2 and apply power supply of 12V.
5. Measure the current flowing through R1.
6. Compare the currents.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Current through RL
Current through R1

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 15
 EXPERIMENT 5
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
AIM: To Study the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

APPARATUS: DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.

COMPONENTS: Bread Board, Resistors, Connecting Wires.

THEORY:

The load to be connected to the source must be designed to draw maximum power from the source. It is
called as “Impedance matching”.

This experiment is focused on to determine the value of load impedance which will allow the maximum
power to be transferred to the load from the source. For example, when a loud speaker is connected to an
amplifier, loud speaker must draw maximum available power from the amplifier for maximum volume of
the sound.

This theorem is particularly useful for analyzing communication networks where the objective is to transfer
of maximum power from the source to the load and not the efficiency.

The theoretical circuit analysis using Maximum power transfer theorem for Fig.1 is given below.
Subsequently circuit analysis for Fig.2 should be attempted theoretically and verified practically.

CIRCUIT THEORY:

Fig 1 Fig 2

To find Theoretical value of power we have to find current flowing through load resistor.

Power through the load resistor for three cases are given below

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 16
Hence power is maximum when RL=RTh

PROCEDURE:

1. Find voltage VTH across terminal AB in Fig 2.

2. Short the voltage source and find resistance RTH across terminal AB in Fig 2.
3. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
4. Take the value of RL = RTH ,RL<RTH and RL>RTH .
5. For each case find the power through RL.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Theoretical Value (Power) Practical Value(Power)

Watts Watts
RL>RTH
RL<RTH
RL = RTH

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 17
 EXPERIMENT 6
[A] Impedance Parameter
AIM: To study the Open circuit impedance (Z) Parameters.

APPARATUS: DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.

COMPONENTS: Bread Board, Resistors, Connecting Wires.

THEORY:

If a network has two pairs of terminals, one pair for connections to a source and one pair for connections
to a load, the network is known as a two-port network.

In many practical situations, we may not be interested in the internal structure of the network but we are
satisfied with its behavior at the given set of terminals. Such networks are represented as shown in fig.1).

A pair of terminals at which a signal may enter or leave a network is called a port.

If we choose I1 and I2 as independent variables and V1 and V2as dependent variables. Then the network
can be characterized by following sets of equations.

Observe that if either I1=0 or I2= 0 the four parameters may be defined in terms of ratio of a voltage and
current.

In this experiment the focus is on finding the Z- parameters. The individual Z-parameters are added to
determine the overall Z- parameters for any number of networks connected in series-series connection.

Twoport networks are useful as they form the building block of commonly used electrical systems like
filters, attenuators, transmission lines which are inserted between a source and a load. It is easier to design
a simple block and then interconnecting them than to design a single complex network. Fig. 1 shows
equivalent network in terms of z parameters.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 18
 Fig. 1

The theoretical circuit analysis for Fig.2 is given below. Subsequently circuit analysis for Fig.3 should be
attempted theoretically and verified practically.

CIRCUIT THEORY:

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

, ,
, .

Fig. 2(a) Fig. 2(b)

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 19
 , , , ,

, . , .

We first find Z11 and Z21 by making open circuit at the port 2 and terminating port1 by a +5 V as shown in
Fig 2(a).

Thus V1=5 V and I2=0

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law, we can write

By solving this we can get

, ,

To find Z12 and Z22 we open the circuit at the port 1 and terminate the port 2 by 5 V source as shown in
Fig .2(b).

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law, we can write

By solving this we can get, , ,

PROCEDURE:

1 Connect the circuit as shown in the given figure.

2 Apply 5 volts DC to the circuit from the power supply.
3 First open circuit the port 2 and find voltage and current at port 1 and voltage at port 2.
4 Calculate Z11 and Z21.
5 Now open circuit the port 1 and find voltage and current at port 2 and port 1.
6. Calculate Z12 and Z22.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 20
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Z11 (kΩ) Z21 (kΩ) Z12 (kΩ) Z22 (kΩ)

Theoretical
Practical

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 21
 [B] Admittance parameter
AIM: To study the short circuit admittance(Y) parameters.

APPARATUS: DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.

COMPONENTS: Bread Board, Resistors, Connecting Wires.

THEORY:

If we choose I1 and I2 as dependent variables,V1 and V2 as independent variables. Then the network can be
characterized by following sets of equations.

Observe that if either V1=0 or V2= 0 the four parameters may be defined in terms of ratio of a current and
voltage.

The short circuit admittance or Y- parameters are useful in characterizing parallel –parallel connected two
port networks. The Y-parameters of two two-port networks connected in parallel-parallel connection is the
algebraic sum of the short circuit admittance matrices of individual two port networks.

The theoretical circuit analysis for Fig 1 is given below. Subsequently circuit analysis for Fig 2 should be
attempted theoretically and verified practically.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 22
CIRCUIT THEORY:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2
, ,
,

We first find Y11 and Y21 by terminating port1 by a +5 V and making short circuit at the port 2 as shown
in Fig 1(a).

Thus V1=5 V and V2=0

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)

, , , ,

, . , .

Applying KVL, we can write

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 23
By solving this we can get, ,

To find Y12 and Y22 we open the circuit at the port 1 and terminate the port 2 by 5Vsource as shown in
Fig. 1(b).

Applying KVL, we can write

By solving this we can get, ,

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the given figure.

2. Apply 5 volts DC to the circuit from the power supply.
3. First make short circuit at the port 2 and find voltage and current at port 1 and voltage at port 2.
4. Calculate Y11 and Y21.
5. Now open circuit the port 1 and find voltage and current at port 2 and port 1.
6. Calculate Y12 andY22.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Y11 ( ) Y21 ( ) Y12 ( ) Y22 ( )

Theoretical
Practical

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 24
 EXPERIMENT 7
Hybrid parameters

AIM: To study the hybrid (h) parameters.

APPARATUS: DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.

COMPONENTS: Bread Board, Resistors, Connecting Wires.

THEORY:

If we choose I1 and V2 as independent variables and V1 and I2 as dependent variables.Then the network
can be characterized by following sets of equations.

The h- parameters are defined in terms of two of the variables by letting I1=0 or V2=0

The h parameter or the hybrid parameters of a transistor helps us to analyze the amplifying action of
transistor for small signal. Since it gives all the important quantities related to amplifier like input
impedance, output admittance, voltage gain and current gain.

The theoretical circuit analysis for Fig.1 is given below. Subsequently circuit analysis for Fig.2 should be
attempted theoretically and verified practically.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 25
CIRCUIT THEORY:

Fig 1 Fig 2
, ,
, .

Fig 1(a) Fig 1(b)

, , , ,
, . , .

We first find h11 and h21 by terminating port1 by a +5 V and making short circuit at the port 2 as shown in
Fig 1.

Thus V1=5 V and V2=0

Applying KVL, we can write

By solving this we can get, ,

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 26
To find h12 and h22 we open the circuit at the port 1 and terminate the port 2 by 5Vsource as shown in Fig
2

Applying KVL, we can write

By solving this we can get, , ,

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the given figure.

2. Apply 5 volts DC to the circuit from the power supply.
3. First short circuit the port 2 and find voltage and current at port 1 and current at port 2.
4. Calculate h11 and h21.
5. Now open circuit the port 1 and find voltage and current at port 2 and voltage at port1.
6. Calculate h12 and h22.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

h11 (kΩ) h21 h12 h22( )

Theoretical
Practical

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:

1. Draw the h parameter model for transistor.

2. Referring the datasheets of transistor (BC 547), what is the value of dc current gain hFE?

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 27
 EXPERIMENT 8
Transmission Parameters
AIM: To study the Transmission (ABCD) parameters.

APPARATUS: DC Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.

COMPONENTS: Bread Board, Resistors, Connecting Wires.

THEORY:

If we choose I2 and V2 as independent variables and V1 and I1 as dependent variables. Then the network can
be characterized by following sets of equations.

The ABCD parameters are defined in terms of two of the variables by letting I2=0 or V2=0,

ABCD parameters are useful for analyzing cascade networks. The ABCD parameter of overall cascade
network is equal to the product of matrices of ABCD parameters of individual networks.

The theoretical circuit analysis for Fig.1 is given below. Subsequently circuit analysis for Fig. 2 should be
attempted theoretically and verified practically.

CIRCUIT THEORY:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 28
 , ,
, .

We first find Band D by terminating port1 as a +5 V and making short circuit at the port 2 as shown in
Fig 1(a).

Thus V1=5 V and V2=0

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)

, , , ,

, . , .

Applying KVL, we can write,

By solving this we can get, ,

To find A and C we open the circuit at the port 2 and terminating port1 by a +5 V as shown in Fig 1(b).

Applying KVL, we can write

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 29
By solving this we can get, , ,

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the given Fig.2.

2. Apply 5 volts DC to the circuit from the power supply.
3. First open circuit the port 2 and find voltage and current at port 1 and voltage at port 2.
4. Calculate A and C.
5. Now short circuit the port 2 and find voltage and current at port 1 and current at port 2
6. Calculate B and D.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

A B(kΩ) C(Ʊ) D

Theoretical
Practical

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 30
 EXPERIMENT 9
Effect of Damping on series RLC circuit.
Aim: To study and analyze the effect of damping on series RLC circuit.

Apparatus: Function generator, CRO, CRO probes.

COMPONENTS: Potentiometer, Capacitor, Inductor.

THEORY:

Damping is caused by the resistance in the circuit. It determines whether or not the circuit will resonate
naturally (that is, without a driving source). Circuits which will resonate in this way are described as under
damped and those that will not are over damped. The value of the damping factor determines the type of
transient that the circuit will exhibit. In series RLC circuit, the three components are all in series with the
step voltage source.
The special case of ζ = 1 is called critical damping and represents the case of a circuit that is just on the
border of oscillation. It is the minimum damping that can be applied without causing oscillation.

R= 0 to 1KΩ, L= 0.1mH, C= 47µF

Fig. 1 Series RLC circuit

For the case of the series RLC circuit these two parameters are given by:
Damping attenuation
𝑅
∝= ………. (i)
2𝐿
Angular resonant frequency
1
𝜔0 = √𝐿𝐶………(ii)

A useful parameter is the damping factor, ζ, which is defined as the ratio of these two
∝
𝜁 = 𝜔 ………...(iii)
0

In the case of the series RLC circuit, the damping factor is given by
𝑅 𝐶
𝜁= √ ………...(iv)
2 𝐿
Fig. 2 shows effect of ζ on series R-L-C circuit.

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 31
 Fig. 2 Under damped, Critical damped and Over damped responses

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the series RLC circuit as shown in Fig. 1
2. Apply step input, and observe the response across R.
3. For given value of L and C, keep varying the value of R to observe the damping response for
under damped, critically damped and over damped situations on CRO.
4. Show the calculations of ξ from equation 1, for all three cases mentioned in step 3.
5. Plot all three responses observed.

OBSERVATION TABLE: V(t) = 10V, L =0.1mH, C =47µF.

Sr. No. R ∝ 𝜔0 𝜁 Response

1
2
3
4
5

CONCLUSION:

Department of Electronics & Communication, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 32
 EXPERIMENT 10

RC Filter

AIM: To Design First and order and Second order RC low pass filter for given cut off frequency.

APPARATUS: Function generator, Digital Multimeter, CRO.

COMPONENT: Bread Board, Resistors, Capacitor, Connecting wires.

THEORY:

The circuits which allow certain range of frequencies to pass and stop other range of frequencies are
known as filters. Electronic filters used in radio receivers remove unwanted frequency components from
the signal and select desired signals. Implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of resistors
(R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C).

Low Pass filter: The circuit that allows low frequencies to pass and blocks high frequency signals are low
pass filters. The order of the filter indicates the difference between pass band and stop band of the filter.
Number of stages of R and C network gives order of the filter. Combination of single R and C as shown in
Fig. 1a is a first order low pass filter and Fig 1b is a second order low pass filter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1 a Fig.1 b
(First order RC low pass filter) (Second order RC low pass filter)

𝑉 1 1
Gain of the filter: 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑉 0 = 1+𝑗𝑤𝑅𝐶 = 𝑤
𝑖𝑛 1+𝑗( )
𝑤𝑐

Where wc is angular Cut off frequency or 3-dB cut off frequency is the frequency at which gain of the filter
is 3-dB below the maximum gain. In terms of normal values, it is 0.707 times the maximum voltage gain.
1
Cutoff frequency of RC circuit is fc =2𝜋𝑅𝐶 .

To design a filter for 1KHz frequency, we need values of Resistor and Capacitor as R = 160 Ω and C =
1µF.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1a

2. Give the 1 Vpp sine wave signal input from function generator and observe the output of
circuit on CRO.
3. Measure the output peak to peak value for each different input frequency.
4. Calculate the Gain(A) = Vo(pp) / Vin.
5. Draw the graph Gain(A) → Frequency.
6. Show the cut-off frequency at 3db point.
7. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1b
8. Repeat steps 2 to 6.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Vin = ---------

Sr.No. Input frequency (Hz) Output Voltage Gain (A) Gain (A) in dB
Vpp (V)

CALCULATION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Convert the above circuit into high pass filter. Find the gain at DC, 100Hz, cut off frequency and 10KHz.

CONCLUSION:

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 SOFTWARE ASSIGNMENTS

1. A system having transfer function H(S) = (S2+S) / (2S2-S+1), Check whether the system is stable
or not.

2. Generate Zero/Pole/Gain model for

3. Generate transfer function

4. Find the current through load resistance RL and also find the voltage drop across load RL using
Millman’s theorem shown in figure below. Implement the python code for this example.

HINT:

MILLIMAN'S THEOREM

This theorem states that in any network (Fig.1), if the voltage sources V1, V2, ……. Vn in series with the
resistances R1,R2…. Rn respectively are in parallel, then these sources may be replaced by a single voltage
source V' in series-with R' (Fig.2).
V1 V2
+ + ...
R R2 1
V '= 1 R' =
1 1 1 1
+ + ... + + ...
R1 R2 R1 R2

Fig – 1 Basic Circuit Fig – 2 Millman's Circuit

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 5. Prove the Tellegen’s theorem for the network shown in below. Implement the python code for the
same.

.
HINT:

TELLEGEN'S THEOREM:

Tellegen's Theorem states that the summation of power delivered is zero for each branch of any electrical
network at any instant of time. It is mainly applicable for designing the filters in signal processing. It is also
used in complex operating systems for regulating stability.
𝑛

∑ 𝑉𝑘 𝐼𝑘 = 0
𝑘=1
Vk = Instantaneous voltage in each branch and
Ik = Instantaneous current in each branch.

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 DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
SUB: NETWORK ANALYSIS
B.E. SEMESTER III (EC/CE/IC/IT)
DATE: SEAT NO. _________
TIME: MAX MARKS [60]
Instructions:
• Write answers of each section in separate answer sheet.
• Assume suitable data wherever necessary.
• Figures in the right indicate full marks for the respective question.
-------------------------------------------SECTION-I------------------------------------
Q.-1 Do as directed. [10]
1. For series RC circuit, after fully charging the capacitor and source were disconnected, current
should not disappear atleast for 20 minutes. What should be the value of R and C?
2. Find out Laplace transform of tneat.
3. State and prove Scaling Theorem for Laplace transform.
4. State Convolution Theorem. Find out inverse Laplace transform of 1/S(S2+4).
5. Using definition of Y and h parameters, find out h parameters in terms of Y parameters.

Q.-2 Answer any Two. [10]

1. A pulse train shown in fig.1 is applied to a series RL circuit consisting of a resistance R=1 Ω and
inductor L=0.1 H. Obtain the current flowing in the loop using Laplace transform method.
2. Considering the fact that Y parameters are useful when two networks are in parallel, find out Y
parameters for the network shown in fig. 2.
3. For the network shown in fig.3, find out i1 and i2 resulting closing the switch at t=0 with the circuit
previously unenergized. The mutual inductance M=2H.

Q.-3 Answer the following. [10]

1. An exponential voltage v(t)= 4e-2t is suddenly applied at t-0 to a series RL circuit consisting of R=2
Ω and L=1 H. Find the particular solution for the current i(t) through the circuit assuming zero
current through inductor before switching. Also plot the response.
[05]
2. In the network shown in fig. 4, the switch k is closed at t=0 with zero capacitor voltage and zero
inductor current. Solve for (a) V1 and V2 at t=0+ (b) V1 and V2 at t =∞ (c) dV1/dt and dV2/dt at t=0+.
[05]
----------------------OR--------------------
Q.-3 Answer the following.
1. In the network shown in fig. 5 is initially in zero state, find out i at t=0+, di/dt at t=0+ and d2i/dt2 at
t=0+ and d2i/dt2 at t=0+.Using this answers what could be the expected response of the network.
[05]
2. In the network shown in fig. 6 attains a steady state, and at t=0 switch k is closed find Va(t) for t>=0
and plot the same. [05]

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 -------------------------------------------SECTION-II------------------------------------
Q.-4 Answer the following questions.
1. Clearly differentiate between unilateral and bilateral circuit elements.
2. “Current in the system is independent of initial charge on that system”. Justify statement.
3. Under which condition the reciprocity theorem is applicable.0
4. Justify the statement “For driving point function if the real part of complex pole or zero is that pole
or zero must be simple”.
5. In the network shown in fig. 7, plot the magnitude and the phase response.

Q.-5 Attempt any Two. [10]

1. In the network shown in fig. 8, if M12=0 then formulate the loop equations for this network using
the Kirchhoff voltage low.
2. Explain the necessary conditions for pole and zero locations of the transfer functions.
3. In the network shown in fig. 9, Determine the current transfer ratio= I2/I1.

Q.-6 Do as directed. [10]

1. In the network shown in fig. 10, determine the number of independent loop equations for this
network using the Kirchhoff voltage low.
2. In the network shown in fig. 11, draw the Thevenin equivalent network.

----------------------OR--------------------
Q.-6 Do as directed. [10]
1. In the network shown in fig. 12, determine the numerical value of the branch current i 1 using only
source transformation method.
2. In the network shown in fig. 13, the switch is in position a until a steady state is reached. At t=0,
the switch is moved to position b. Under that condition, determine the transform value of the voltage
across the 0.5 F capacitor using Norton’s theorem.

Fig. 1 Q-2 (A) Fig. 2 Q-2 (B)

Fig. 3 Q-2 (C)

Fig. 4 Q-3 (B)

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Fig. 5 Q-3 (A) (OR) Fig. 6 Q-3 (B) (OR) Fig. 7 Q-4 (E)

Fig. 8 Q-5 Fig. 9 Q-5 (C)

Fig. 10 Q-6 (A) Fig. 11 Q-6 (B)

Fig. 12 Q-6 (A) (OR) Fig. 13 Q-6 (B) (OR)

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