Digital Electronics

Term Paper

Topic – Analog & Digital Signal,

Sample and Hold Circuit

Submitted to: Dr. Neetu Bansal

Submitted by: Group – 4
Group Members: Surya – A25305221069
Amarpreet – A25305221054
Aryaman – A25305221039
Manas – A25305221016
Tushara – A25305221075
Khushleen – A25305221017
Shabnam – A25305221066

Course: Btech CSE (3rd Sem)

What is a Signal?
A signal is a way of communicating by sending information from one system
to other system. A signal is an electromagnetic wave that carries information
through physical medium. A signal is created when a command or data is
sent to a device. Here the data is converted into electromagnetic signal either
as analog or digital and sent from sender to receiver. For communicating
between two systems, a message signal is passed through encoder and
modulator to transmit through a medium while it is passed through decoder
and demodulator to receive the message signal at the other end.
Signals are divided into two categories based on their nature. Signal which
are:
 continuous as time varying in nature are analog
signals.
 discrete are called digital signals.

Digital Signal
Definition - A signal whose amplitude takes only limited values is called
Digital signal. Digital signals carry binary data i.e. 0 or 1 in the form of bits, it
can only contain one value at a period of time. Digital signals are represented
as square waves or clock signals. The minimum value is 0 volts whereas
maximum value is 5 volts.

Transmission of digital data in analog channel is done by a process called

Modulation. Amplitude modulation is a process in which digital data is
converted to analog signals using single frequency carrier signal. Similarly,
FREQUENCY shift keying uses a constant amplitude carrier signal and two
frequencies to differentiate between 1 and 0.
Examples of digital signals:
 Smart transmitters using various protocols transmit data through
analog and digital signals.
 Digital watches and Digital video signals.
 CD’s and DVD’s.
 Computer.

Digital transmission
Digital transmission is the sending of information over a physical
communications media in the form of digital signals. Transmission of signals
that vary discretely with time between two values of some physical quantity,
one value representing the binary number 0 and the other representing 1.
Advantages of Digital Signals:
 Digital data can be easily compressed and transmitted over long
distances.
 Equipment that uses digital signals is more common and fewer
expensive.
 Digital signals can convey information with less noise, distortion, and
interference.
 Digital signal processing is safer because digital information is often
easily encrypted and compressed.
 Digital systems are more accurate, and therefore the probability of
error occurrence is often reduced by employing error detection and
correction codes.
Disadvantages of Digital Signals:
 Sampling may cause loss of information.
 A/D and D/A demands mixed-signal hardware.
 Processor speed is limited.
 Develop quantization and round-off errors.
 Systems and processing are more complex.
 A higher bandwidth is required for data communication in comparison
to analog transmission of an equivalent information.
A few digital signal applications are listed below:
 Communication systems (broadband, cellular)
 Networking and data communications
 Digital interfaces for programmability

Analog signal
An analog signal is time-varying and generally bound to a range (e.g. +5V to
-5V), but there is an infinite number of values within that continuous range.
Analog signals are often calculated responses to changes in light, sound,
temperature, position, pressure, or other physical phenomena. When plotted
on a voltage vs. time graph, an analog signal should produce a smooth and
continuous curve. There should not be any discrete value changes.
 Analog transmission is a transmission method of conveying information
using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other
property in proportion to that information. It could be the transfer of an
analog source signal, using an analog modulation method such as frequency
modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM), or no modulation at all.
There are two basic kinds of analog transmission, which are both based on
how they adapt data to combine an input signal with a carrier signal. The two
techniques are amplitude modulation and frequency modulation.
Amplitude modulation (AM) adjusts the amplitude of the carrier signal.
Frequency modulation (FM) adjusts the frequency of the carrier signal.

Advantages of Analog Signal:

 Analog signals are easier to process.
 Analog signals best suited for audio and video transmission.
 Analog signals are much higher density, and can present more refined
information.
 Analog signals use less bandwidth than digital signals.
 Analog communication systems are less sensitive in terms of electrical
tolerance.

Disadvantages of Analog Signal:

 Data transmission at long distances may result in undesirable signal
disturbances.
 Analog signals are prone to generation loss.
 Analog signals are subject to noise and distortion, as opposed to
digital signals which have much higher immunity.
 Analog signals are generally lower quality signals than digital signals.
A few analog signal applications are listed below:
 Audio recording and reproduction
 Temperature sensors
 Image sensors
 Radio signals
 Telephones
 Control systems

Difference between the two types of signals:

Analog Signals Digital Signals

Digital signal has two or more states and in

Analog signal is continuous and time varying.
binary form.

Troubleshooting of analog signals are difficult. Troubleshooting of digital signals are easy.

An analog signal is usually in the form of sine A digital signal is usually in the form of
wave. square wave.
Easily affected by the noise. These are stable and less prone to noise.

Analog signals use continuous values to Digital signals use discrete values to
represent the data. represent the data.

Accuracy of the analog signals may be affected Accuracy of the digital signals are immune
by noise. from the noise.

Analog signals may be affected during data Digital signals are not affected during data
transmission. transmission.

Analog signals use more power. Digital signals use less power.

Examples: Temperature, Pressure, Flow Examples: Valve Feedback, Motor Start,

measurements, etc. Trip, etc.

Components like transistors, logic gates,

Components like resistors, Capacitors,
and micro-controllers are used in Digital
Inductors, Diodes are used in analog circuits.
circuits.

Sample and Hold Circuit

Definition: It is an electronic circuit which creates the samples of voltage
given to it as an input after which it holds these samples for a definite time. It
is usually used with an Analog to Digital Converter to sample the input
analog signal and hold the sampled signal.
The time during which sample and hold circuit generates the sample of the
input signal is called sampling time (generally between 1µs to 14 µs).
The time during which it holds the sampled value is called holding time.
The sample and hold circuits are commonly used to filter out anomalies in
input signal, in Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), which may impair the
conversion.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WORKING OF SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT:

The simplest circuit diagram of (S/H) Circuit is shown below:

where,
Va = input signal
S = MOS transistor operating as the sampling switch
C = hold capacitor
Vs = resulting sample & hold output signal
The Switch is operated by a clock pulse. The clock pulse controls whether to
sample the input signal or hold the last sampled value of the input signal.
When the Clock pulse is high, the input signal Va is sampled and when the
clock pulse is low, Va value is held. Thus, the circuit has two modes of
operation depending upon the logic level of sample & hold clock signal. The
Switch clock pulse and circuit output are shown in the figure below.
Upon receiving the clock pulse, the switch S is closed and the circuit samples
the input. This mode of operation is called as SAMPLE mode. The output
voltage Vs follows input i.e. output tracks the input so called TRACK mode of
operation. After clock pulse is removed, the switch S is open and the circuit
holds the output at a value which input signal had at an instant of pulse
deactivation. This mode of operation is called as HOLD mode.
Op Amp buffers are used to minimise loading effects.
The following figure shows a typical sample & hold circuit using op-amps.

APPLICATIONS OF SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT:

1. In analog signal processing and has applications in digital voltmeter.
2. In the data conversion system as well as in sampling oscilloscopes.
3. In data distribution systems and analog to digital converters.
4. In filters used for signal construction.
5. Analog to Digital Converter Circuits (ADC)
6. Operational Amplifiers
7. Analog De-multiplexers and storage of outputs of multiplexers
8. Pulse Modulation Systems