I.

ABSTRACT
1. Objective
A Packed column was applied in mass transfer processes such as gas
absorption, distillation, and liquid extraction. These experiments were to investigate
the hydrodynamic characteristics and the effects of the gas and liquid velocities on the
operating performance of the packed column. In the packed column, the inlet liquid is
distributed over the top of the packed section and flows downward in the column,
while the inlet gas enters the distributing space below the packed section and flows
upward through the interstices in the packing countercurrent to the flow of the liquid.
Through the experiments, the students could determine:
1) The effects of gas and liquid velocities on the pressure drop of gas flow in the
packed column
2) The variation of the friction coefficient of dried – packing (fdry) as a function
Reynolds number (Re) of inlet gas flow rate and inferring the experimental relations
3) The change of “σ” factor, showing the relationship between the pressure drop of the
gas flow through the dried packing and that through the wetted packing in different
inlet liquid velocities
4) The diagram of limiting operation performance of packed column (loading and
flooding points)
2. Experiment method
Gas flow is supplied with a different flow rate to packed columns containing
ceramic chocks. Pressure drop is surveyed in turn when only gas flow goes into
column (dried column) and when gas flow goes into column combined with liquid
flow goes down from the top with different flow rates (wetted column)
3. Result data

L L
∆Pdr
(gal/ (kg/m ∆Pwet
y
min) 2/s) G%
L= L= L= L= L= L= L= L=
L=0 L=1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
0 0
10 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 6
 20 2 4 3 3 4 5 8 12 13 16
30 3 5 5 6 8 11 15 20
40 6 8 8 9 15 18 24
50 9 11 11 13 19 26 37
60 12 16 16 19 26
70 17 20 21 24 34
80 21 24 26 31
90 24 28 32
100 29 33 41

II. THEORY
1. Pressure drop of inlet gas flow
The Pressure drop (∆Pdry) of the gas flow through the packed column is
dependent on the gas velocity (G) in the condition of dried – packing (no
countercurrent-liquid flow). The pressure drop in the packed column increases as
raising the velocity of the inlet gas flowing through interstices in the packing
materials. The pressure drop increases with the 1.8 – 2.0 power of the velocity of the
gas.

Where in, n = 1.8 – 2.0

When the liquid enters the column at the top of packing and flows downward, the
interstices in the packing are reduced, due to the occupation of the liquid in the free
volume of the packing material. Therefore, the displacement of the gas flow was
harder in the packed column. With an increment of gas flow rate, the experimental
effect of the liquid flow regularly increases. When the gas flow rate reaches a critical
value, the pressure drop rises gradually. If the gas flow rate exceeds this loading point,
the pressure drop increases more rapidly and does not follow the equation. In the local
regions of the column, the liquid becomes a continuous phase, and the column reaches
the flooding point. The entire column may fill with fluid at this flooding point.’
The graph of log(∆Pc/Z), describing the pressure drop per unit packing depth, is
shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Effect of G and L on the pressure drop of packed column (∆Pc)

2. The friction factor fdry as a function of Rec for dried column

The pressure drop (∆Pdry) of gas flow through the packed column with no
countercurrent-liquid flow can be determined using Ergun equation:

Chilton and Colburn suggested a relation between pressure drop of gas flow
and gas velocity through the packed column

Z: the packing depth, m

G: gas flow velocity per unit of packed section, kg/s.m2

Dh: nominal size of packing material, m

ρg: density of gas flow, kg/m3

γh: the adjustment factor of packing material

 γw: the adjustment factor for effect of wall column on void fraction of packed
column

Sherwood collected the data of previous studies and suggested the

characteristic values for Raschig rings:

γh = 0.35

γw = 1

However, Zhavoronkov suggested another relation, referring the void fraction,

is more accurate for ∆Pdry:

Wherein: ε: porosity of packing material

De = 4ε / a equivalent diameter of packing material, m

a: specific surface area of packing material, m2/m3

Friction factor fdry is a function of dimensionless Rec and is determined using the
following equation:

µ: viscosity of gas flow, kg/ms

Zhavaronkov determined the variation of gas flow from laminar flow to

turbulent flow regime through the Rec of 50. In a turbulent flow region, the Rec is in
the range of 50 < Rec < 7000 with the random packed column. The fdry is calculated as
following equation:
 However, this generalized relation is not accurate because it doesn’t entirely
mention the effect of packing material’s shape.

3. Pressure drop ∆Pwet for wetted column

The correlation between the pressure drop for dried column ∆Pdry and that for wetted column
∆Pwet can be described as following

∆Pwet = σ∆Pdry

Therefore, we can estimate:

fwet = σ fdry

Where σ is a coefficient as a function of the liquid velocity L, kg/m2s

Leva suggested a relation showing the effect of L on σ:

σ = 10ΩL

or log σ = ΩL

The value of σ depends on types, dimension, packing mode (random or regular mode) and
liquid velocity L.

For example, with the Raschig rings for 12.7 mm, random packing, the porosity ε of 0.568,
the liquid velocity L from 0.39 to 11.7 kg/m2s, the column is operated below the loading
point: Ω = 0.084

∆𝑝𝑤𝑒𝑡
From some previous studies, the relation between the ratio of ∆𝑝𝑑𝑟𝑦
and coefficient of fluid

irrigation can be shown as following

For A < 0.3 and ceramic packing material with d < 30 mm:
 4. The flooding point of packed column

When the packed column is flooded, the liquid seizes the packed section entirely, and
the flows are disordered drastically. This phenomenon is atrocious for the operation of the
packed column. The GL which is responsible for this flooding situation is called GL*.

Figure 2: Flooding plot of packed column

Zhavoronkov pointed out that the flooding situation appears when the two numbers of
π1 and π2 for the packed column have the relationship.

And

Where fdry: friction factor for dried column

v: the flow rate of gas before feeding to the packed column, m/s

µtđ: relative viscosity of liquid compared to water, if the liquid is water µtđ = 1
 Therefore, the correlation of π1 and π2 as shown in the plot of log π1 – log π2
determined the flooding graph of the packed column. The limiting operation of the packed
column is under this plot.

III. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

1. Diagram of experimental apparatus

The experimental unit consists of:

1) A glass column where the Raschig rings are packed randomly.

2) Gas feeding equipment with air blower (BK), gas pipe, U – tube manometer
differential pressure gauge and gas flowmeter with scale from 8 to 100%.
3) Water feeding equipment with feed tank (N), water pump (BL) and liquid flow meter
with range from 0 to 1.6.
2. Characteristic of packed column
- Diameter d = 0.09 m
- Height H = 0.805 m
- Packing height Z = 0.42 m

Packing material which is Raschig rings is arranged randomly, with the nominal
diameter “d” = 12.7 mm, surface area “a” = 370 – 380 m2/m3, porosity “ε” = 0.586.

3. Experimental method
a. Preparation
- Close all of the liquid valves
- Turn on the air valve and switch the air blower in 5 min for removing all moisture in
the column. Then, shut down the blower
- Open valve “1” and valve “3”, and pump water into the bottom part of the column.
Using valve “2” to adjust the water level equal to the height of the level device (the
height = 3/4 of the bottom part of the column). Then, turn off the pump and close
valve “3”.
b. Measurement of pressure drop for dried column
- Close all of the liquid valves. Open air valve “6” when the air valve “5” is closed.
Turn on the air blower and open valve “5” slowly for adjusting the gas flow into the
column
 - With a fixed gas flow rate, determining of Pdry on the pressure gauge for the mmH2O
unit. After that, turn off the blower and waiting for 5 min
c. Measurement for pressure drop of the wetted column
- Switch on the air blower and adjust gas flow rate into the column in range of 15 –
20% for maximum flow rate
- Open the liquid valve “1” and turn on the pump. Using valve “VL” from the liquid
flowmeter to adjust the water flow rate at the top of the column. If the float in
flowmeter does not pop up as the valve “VL” is opened at full volume, close the valve
“1” closely to raise the liquid flow rate
- At a specific liquid flow rate, altering the air flow rate and measuring the Pwet until
the operation of the column reaches the flooding point and accomplishing the
experiment
- Raising the liquid flow rate and conducting the experiment as above
Note:
- Adjust the valve “4” to maintain the height of water level equal to 3⁄4 the height of the
bottom part of the column through the measurement of the pressure drop
- Using the valve “2” to reduce water level from the column, if needed
- Turn off the water pump 𝐵𝐿 before opening the valve “4” at full volume. Finally,

switch off the air blower 𝐵𝐾.

- If the water infiltrates into the gas feeding pipe, opening the blue valve behind the
panel to eliminate water.

IV. RESULTS

Table 1: The result for dry column L = 0

Dry column (L= 0 gal/min - L = 0 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆P
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) w/Z
10 0.09 1 9.81 23.36 55.18 49.72 -1.06 1.37 1.74
20 0.17 2 19.62 46.71 27.59 99.44 -0.76 1.67 1.44
30 0.26 3 29.43 70.07 18.39 149.16 -0.58 1.85 1.26
40 0.35 6 58.86 140.14 20.69 198.88 -0.46 2.15 1.32
50 0.44 9 88.29 210.21 19.86 248.60 -0.36 2.32 1.30
60 0.52 12 117.72 280.29 18.39 298.32 -0.28 2.45 1.26
70 0.61 17 166.77 397.07 19.14 348.04 -0.21 2.60 1.28
80 0.70 21 206.01 490.50 18.10 397.76 -0.16 2.69 1.26
90 0.79 24 235.44 560.57 16.35 447.48 -0.10 2.75 1.21
100 0.87 29 284.49 677.36 16.00 497.21 -0.06 2.83 1.20

Figure 3: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 0

Table 2: The result for wetted column L = 0.2

Wet column (L= 0,2 gal/min - L = 1,972 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆P σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) w/Z (kg/m2s)
10 0.09 1.00 9.81 23.36 55.18 49.72 -1.06 1.37 1.74 1.000
20 0.17 4.00 39.24 93.43 55.18 99.44 -0.76 1.97 1.74 2.000
30 0.26 5.00 49.05 116.79 30.65 149.16 -0.58 02.07 1.49 1.667
40 0.35 8.00 78.48 186.86 27.59 198.88 -0.46 2.27 1.44 1.333
50 0.44 11.00 107.91 256.93 24.28 248.60 -0.36 2.41 1.39 1.222
60 0.52 16.00 156.96 373.71 24.52 298.32 -0.28 2.57 1.39 1.333
70 0.61 20.00 196.20 467.14 22.52 348.04 -0.21 2.67 1.35 1.176
80 0.70 24.00 235.44 560.57 20.69 397.76 -0.16 2.75 1.32 1.143
90 0.79 28.00 274.68 654.00 19.07 447.48 -0.10 2.82 1.28 1.167
100 0.87 33.00 323.73 770.79 18.21 497.21 -0.06 2.89 1.26 1.138

Figure 4: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 0.2

Table 3: The result for wetted column L = 0.4

Wet column (L= 0,4 gal/min - L = 3,951 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆P σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) w/Z (kg/m2s)
10 0.09 1.00 9.81 23.36 55.18 49.72 -1.06 1.37 1.74 1.000
20 0.17 3.00 29.43 70.07 41.38 99.44 -0.76 1.85 1.62 1.500
30 0.26 5.00 49.05 116.79 30.65 149.16 -0.58 02.07 1.49 1.667
40 0.35 8.00 78.48 186.86 27.59 198.88 -0.46 2.27 1.44 1.333
50 0.44 11.00 107.91 256.93 24.28 248.60 -0.36 2.41 1.39 1.222
60 0.52 16.00 156.96 373.71 24.52 298.32 -0.28 2.57 1.39 1.333
70 0.61 21.00 206.01 490.50 23.65 348.04 -0.21 2.69 1.37 1.235
80 0.70 26.00 255.06 607.29 22.42 397.76 -0.16 2.78 1.35 1.238
90 0.79 32.00 313.92 747.43 21.80 447.48 -0.10 2.87 1.34 1.333
100 0.87 41.00 402.21 957.64 22.62 497.21 -0.06 2.98 1.35 1.414
 Figure 5: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 0.4

Table 4: The result for wetted column L = 0.6

Wet column (L= 0,6 gal/min - L = 5,927 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆P σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) w/Z (kg/m2s)
10 0.087 1 9.810 23.357 55.177 49.721 -1.059 1.368 1.742 1.000
20 0.175 3 29.430 70.071 41.382 99.441 -0.758 1.846 1.617 0,750
30 0.262 6 58.860 140.143 36.784 149.16 -0.582 2.147 1.566 1.200
40 0.349 9 88.290 210.214 31.037 198.88 -0.457 2.323 1.492 1.125
50 0.436 13 127.530 303.643 28.692 248.60 -0.360 2.482 1.458 1.182
60 0.524 19 186.390 443.786 29.121 298.32 -0.281 2.647 1.464 1.188
70 0.611 24 235.440 560.571 27.025 348.04 -0.214 2.749 1.432 1.200
80 0.698 31 304.110 724.071 26.726 397.76 -0.156 2.860 1.427 1.292
 Figure 6: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 0.6

Table 5: The result for wetted column L = 0.8

Wet column (L= 0,8 gal/min - L = 7,903 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆Pw σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) /Z (kg/m2s)
10 0.087 1 9.810 23.357 55.177 49.721 -1.059 1.368 1.742 1.000
20 0.175 4 39.240 93.429 55.177 99.441 -758 1.970 1.742 2.000
30 0.262 8 78.480 186.857 49.046 149.162 -582 2.272 1.691 2.667
40 0.349 15 147.150 350.357 51.728 198.882 -457 2.545 1.714 2.500
50 0.436 19 186.390 443.786 41.934 248.603 -360 2.647 1.623 2.111
60 0.524 26 255.060 607.286 39.850 298.323 -281 2.783 1.600 2.167
70 0.611 34 333.540 794.143 38.286 348.044 -214 2.900 1.583 2.000
 Figure 7: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 0.8

Table 6: The result for wetted column L = 1

Wet column (L= 1 gal/min - L = 9,879 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆P σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) w/Z (kg/m2s)
10 0.087 2 19.620 46.71 110.35 49.72 -1.059 1.669 2.043 2.000
20 0.175 5 49.050 116.79 68.971 99.44 -0.758 2.067 1.839 2.500
30 0.262 11 107.91 256.93 67.438 149.16 -0.582 2.410 1.829 3.667
40 0.349 18 176.58 420.43 62.074 198.88 -0.457 2.624 1.793 3.000
50 0.436 26 255.06 607.29 57.384 248.60 -0.360 2.783 1.759 2.889

Figure 8: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 1

Table 7: The result for wetted column L = 1.2

 Wet column (L= 1,2 gal/min - L = 11,855 kg/m2.s)
G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆Pw σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) /Z (kg/m2s)

10 0.087 2 19.62 46.7143 110.353 49.721 -0.1059 1.66945 2.04278 2.000

20 0.175 8 78.48 186.8.6 110.353 99.4411 -0.7582 2.27151 2.04278 4.000

30 0.262 15 147.15 350.357 91.9609 149.162 -0.5821 2.54451 1.96360 5.000
40 0.349 24 235.44 560.5.7 82.7648 198.882 -0.4571 2.74863 1.91785 4.000
50 0.436 37 362.97 864.214 81.6612 248.603 -0.3602 2.93662 1.91202 4.111

Figure 9: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 1.2

Table 8: The result for wetted column L = 1.4

Wet column (L= 1,4 gal/min - L = 13,831 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆P σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) w/Z (kg/m2s)
10 0.087 4 39.24 93.429 220.71 49.721 -1.0592 1.9705 2.3438 4.000
20 0.175 12 117.72 280.29 165.53 99.441 -0.7582 2.4476 2.2188 6.000
30 0.262 20 196.2 467.14 122.61 149.16 -0.58.2 2.66.95 2.0885 6.667
 Figure 10: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 1.4

Table 9: The result for wetted column L = 1.6

Wet column (L= 1,6 gal/min - L = 15,806 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆Pw σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) /Z (kg/m2s)
10 0.087 5 49.05 116.786 275.883 49.7206 -1.0592 2.06739 2.44072 5.2000
20 0.175 13 127.53 303.643 179.324 99.4411 -0.7582 2.48236 2.25364 6.5000

Figure 11: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 1.6

 Table 10: The result for wetted column L = 1.8

Wet column (L= 1,8 gal/min - L = 17,782 kg/m2.s)

G ∆Pw ∆Pw ∆Pw/Z log∆P σ
G% fw Rew logG logfw
(kg/m2.s) (mmH2O) (N/m2) (N/m) w/Z (kg/m2s)
10 87 6 58.86 140.14 331.06 49.721 -0.1059 2.1466 2.5199 6.000
20 175 16 156.96 373.71 220.71 99.441 -0.7582 2.5725 2.3438 8.000

Figure 12: Chart LogΔ𝑃𝐶𝐾/Z following LogG with L = 1.8

CHART

Figure 13: Chart of effect of G (gas flow rate) on ΔP/Z (pressure drop per height unit)
and relative comparison among different flow rate values L
Figure 14: Chart of effect of LogG on Log(ΔP/Z) (pressure drop per height unit) and
relative comparison among different flow rate values L

Figure 15: Chart of the effect of Re on log fck and logfcö and relative comparison
among the different values L
Figure 16: Chart of the relation between Logσ and L at positions under loading point
(choosing position G = 10, 20, 30%)

Figure 17: Flooding chart of packed column logΠ1 following logΠ2

Table 11: The empirical results and equations

 Relation Empirical results

y = 863,05x -124,57
ΔPck/Z followed G at L = 0

y = 960,38x - 110,56
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 0.2

y = 1155,1x - 171,29
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 0.4

y = 1140,8x - 138,47
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 0.6

y = 1472,2x - 156,83
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 0.8

y = 1632,8x - 137,81
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 1,0

y = 1632,8x - 137,81
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 1,2

y = 2141,4x - 93,429
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 1,4

y = 2141,4x - 93,429
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 1.6

y = 2676,7x - 93,429
ΔPcö/Z followed G at L = 1,8

Relation Empirical results

y = -0,0011x + 1,7287
Logfck followed Re at L = 0
 y = -0,0011x + 1,7287
Logfck followed Re at L = 0.2

y = 286,2x - 409,52
Logfck followed Re at L = 0.4

y = 286,2x - 409,52
Logfck followed Re at L = 0.6

y = -0,0011x + 1,7287
Logfck followed Re at L = 0.8

y = 286,2x - 409,52
Logfck followed Re at L = 1,0

y = -0,0011x + 1,7287
Logfck followed Re at L = 1,2

y = -0,0011x + 1,7287
Logfck followed Re at L = 1,4

y = -0,0011x + 1,7287
Logfck followed Re at L = 1.6

y = -0,0011x + 1,7287
Logfck followed Re at L = 1,8

Relation Empirical results

G = 10% - y = 0,5596x - 0,2616

Logσ followed L
G = 20% - y = 1,3978x + 0,3559

G = 30% - y = 1,426x + 0,1815

V. DISCUSSION

1. Based on the chart and practical data, we have:

 Dry column: As the gas flow rate (G) increases, the pressure drop (ΔP) also
increases linearly.

Wet column: As G increases, ΔP increases significantly, especially in certain

regions as predicted by theory. When the liquid flow rate increases, the column
approaches the flooding point.

After the loading point, ΔP rises rapidly. Operating the packed column in
bubble mode, the optimal condition, becomes challenging in this region. To avoid
flooding, experiments are usually stopped before reaching this point.

2. Purpose and usage of the chart f according to Re:

The chart relates the friction factor (f) to the Reynolds number (Re), expressing
the influence of fluid flow rate on the resistance force. As the flow rate increases, f
also increases. The chart helps determine suitable flow rates to minimize resistance
and maximize mass transfer efficiency without causing flooding. However,
experimental observations suggest a contrary trend, likely due to experimental errors.

Given either f or Re, the chart can be used to determine the other value by
drawing lines and finding intersections.

3. Does the relation between the analyzed objectives follow the prediction? If not,
explain?

The observed relationship between the objectives is fairly close to the predicted
one:

- Log(ΔPck/Z) and logG: These parameters exhibit a linear relationship, as

expected.
- ΔPcö/Z and G: The relationship is divided into two regions:
+ Below the loading point: ΔPcö/Z increases slowly and gradually,
forming a nearly linear trend.
 + Above the loading point: ΔPcö/Z increases rapidly, making the line
steep. Increasing both liquid and gas flow rates in this region can lead to
flooding.
- Logs and L: These parameters show a strong linear correlation.

4. Potential sources of error during the experiment

- Fluctuations in liquid and gas flow rates due to pump and fan instability.
- Insufficient water level in the column's bottom section, causing flooding in the
differential pressure tube and affecting results.
- Errors in reading measurements and experimental setup.
- Variations in experimental conditions between measurements.

Note:

- After adjusting flow rates, data collection should be immediate.

- A 10-minute cooling and stabilization period is necessary between
measurements.
- If water accidentally enters the gas tube, the valve after the board should be
opened.

VI. APPENDIX

2
∆𝑃𝑐𝑘.ε .ρ𝐾.𝐷𝑒
1. Calculation 𝑓 : 𝑓 = 2
𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑘 2.𝐺 .𝑍

2. Calculation 𝑓 = σ. 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑐𝑜

𝐺𝐷𝑒 4𝐺
3. Calculation 𝑅𝑒 = εµ
= 𝑎µ
𝑐𝑘

µ – The viscosity of air at 45 Celcius degrees

4. Calculation σ: ∆𝑃 = σ. ∆𝑃𝑐𝑘
𝑐𝑜

5. Calculation the flowrate transfer

 2 𝐿.4,586ρ𝐿
- Gas flow rate: 𝐺 (𝑘𝑔/𝑠. 𝑚 ) = 60𝐹

3
V = 0.286 𝑚 /𝑝ℎ

ρ𝐾 – The density of liquid stream at 30 Celcius degrees

2 2
π𝑑 3,14.0.09 2
F – across area of the packed column = 4
= 4
= 0. 0064 (𝑚 )

6. Calculation of the flooding point

( ) 𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑎 ρ𝐺
2
𝑣 0.2
∏ = 3 × 2𝑔
× ρ𝐿
× µ𝑡𝑑
ε
1

𝐿 ρ𝐺
∏ = 𝐺
× ρ𝐿
2

Where:

𝑓𝑐𝑘 – Friction factor of wetted column

𝐺
𝑣= 𝐿
– Long velocity of the gas stream before entering the column, m/s

µ𝑙
µ𝑡𝑑 = µ𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑐
– Relative viscosity of liquid compared to water

If case liquid is the water µ𝑡𝑑 = 1

VII. REFERENCES

1. Treybal, R.E., “Mass Transfer Operation”, Third Edition, pages 187 – 201,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1980.
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