Designation: D790 − 15

Standard Test Methods for

Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics
and Electrical Insulating Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
1.1 These test methods are used to determine the flexural that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
highmodulus composites and electrical insulating materials as requirements of the standard.
utilizing a three-point loading system to apply a load to simply 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
supported beam (specimen). The method is generally appli- safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cable to both rigid and semi-rigid materials, but flexural responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
break or that do not fail yield in the outer surface of the test bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit. NOTE 3—This standard and ISO 178 address the same subject matter,
1.2 Test specimens of rectangular cross section are injection but differ in technical content.
molded or, cut from molded or extruded sheets or plates, or cut
2. Referenced Documents
from molded or extruded shapes. Specimens must be solid and
uniformly rectangular. The specimen rests on two supports and 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
supports. D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
1.3 Measure deflection in one of two ways; using crosshead
D2309 Tests for Rubber Property—Compression Set In-
position or a deflectometer. Please note that studies have shown
duced by Nuclear Radiation (Withdrawn 1981)3
that deflection data obtained with a deflectometer will differ
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
from data obtained using crosshead position. The method of
als
deflection measurement shall be reported.
D4101 Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extru-
NOTE 1—Requirements for quality control in production environments sion Materials
are usually met by measuring deflection using crosshead position. D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
However, more accurate measurement may be obtained by using an
deflection indicator such as a deflectometer.
Plastics Specimens
NOTE 2—Materials that do not rupture by the maximum strain allowed D6272 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
under this test method may be more suited to a 4-point bend test. The basic and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
difference between the two test methods is in the location of the maximum als by Four-Point Bending
bending moment and maximum axial fiber stresses. The maximum axial E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
fiber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose in 3-point bending and
over the area between the loading noses in 4-point bending. A four-point
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
loading system method can be found in Test Method D6272. Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 2.2 ISO Standard:4
standard. The values provided in parentheses are for informa- ISO 178 Plastics—Determination of Flexural Properties
tion only.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical the ASTM website.
3
Properties. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Originally www.astm.org.
4
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D790 – 10. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D0790-15. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D790 − 15
3. Terminology stress may not always occur in the outer surface of the test specimen.5
Laminated beam theory must be applied to determine the maximum
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to these test tensile stress at failure. If Eq 3 is used to calculate stress, it will yield an
methods appear in Terminology D883 and Annex A2 of Test apparent strength based on homogeneous beam theory. This apparent
Method D638. strength is highly dependent on the ply-stacking sequence of highly
orthotropic laminates.
4. Summary of Test Method 5.1.2 Flexural Stress for Beams Tested at Large Support
4.1 A test specimen of rectangular cross section rests on two Spans (σf)—If support span-to-depth ratios greater than 16 to 1
supports in a flat-wise position and is loaded by means of a are used such that deflections in excess of 10 % of the support
loading nose located midway between the supports. Unless span occur, the stress in the outer surface of the specimen for
testing certain laminated materials (see 7 for guidance), a a simple beam is reasonably approximated using equation (Eq
support span-to-depth (of specimen) ratio 16:1 shall be used. 4) in 12.3 (see Note 7).
The specimen is deflected until rupture occurs in the outer NOTE 7—When large support span-to-depth ratios are used, significant
surface of the test specimen or until a maximum strain (see end forces are developed at the support noses which will affect the
5.1.6) of 5.0 % is reached, whichever occurs first. moment in a simple supported beam. Eq 4 includes additional terms that
are an approximate correction factor for the influence of these end forces
4.2 Procedure A is designed principally for materials that in large support span-to-depth ratio beams where relatively large deflec-
break at comparatively small deflections and it shall be used for tions exist.
measurement of flexural properties, particularly flexural 5.1.3 Flexural Strength (σfM)—Maximum flexural stress
modulus, unless the material specification states otherwise. sustained by the test specimen (see Note 6) during a bending
Procedure A employs a strain rate of 0.01 mm/mm/min (0.01 test. It is calculated according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials
in./in./min) and is the preferred procedure for this test method. that do not break at strains of up to 5 % give a load deflection
4.3 Procedure B is designed principally for those materials curve that shows a point at which the load does not increase
that do not break or yield in the outer surface of the test with an increase in strain, that is, a yield point (Fig. 1, Curve
specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit when Procedure A b), Y. The flexural strength is calculated for these materials by
conditions are used. of these test methods and it shall be used letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, Y.
for measurement of flexural strength only. Procedure B em-
ploys a strain rate of 0.10 mm/mm/min (0.10 in./in./min). 5
For a discussion of these effects, see Zweben, C., Smith, W. S., and Wardle, M.
Procedure B employs a strain rate of 0.10 mm/mm/min (0.10 W., “Test Methods for Fiber Tensile Strength, Composite Flexural Modulus and
in./in./min). Properties of Fabric-Reinforced Laminates,” Composite Materials: Testing and
Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP 674, 1979, pp. 228–262.
4.4 Type I tests utilize crosshead position for deflection
measurement.
4.5 Type II tests utilize an instrument (deflectometer) for
deflection measurement.
4.6 The procedure used and test type shall be reported
NOTE 4—Comparative tests may be run in accordance with either
procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the
material being tested. Tangent modulus data obtained by Procedure A
tends to exhibit lower standard deviations than comparable results
obtained by means of Procedure B.

5. Significance and Use

5.1 Flexural properties as determined by this test method are
especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.
They include:
5.1.1 Flexural Stress (σf)—When a homogeneous elastic
material is tested in flexure as a simple beam supported at two
points and loaded at the midpoint, the maximum stress in the
outer surface of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint.
Flexural stress is calculated for any point on the load-deflection
curve using equation (Eq 3) in Section 12 (see Notes 5 and 6).
NOTE 5—Eq 3 applies strictly to materials for which stress is linearly
proportional to strain up to the point of rupture and for which the strains
are small. Since this is not always the case, a slight error will be NOTE 1—Curve a: Specimen that breaks before yielding.
introduced if Eq 3 is used to calculate stress for materials that are not true Curve b: Specimen that yields and then breaks before the 5 % strain
Hookean materials. The equation is valid for obtaining comparison data limit.
and for specification purposes, but only up to a maximum fiber strain of Curve c: Specimen that neither yields nor breaks before the 5 % strain
5 % in the outer surface of the test specimen for specimens tested by the limit.
procedures described herein. FIG. 1 Typical Curves of Flexural Stress (σf) Versus Flexural
NOTE 6—When testing highly orthotropic laminates, the maximum Strain (εf)

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 D790 − 15
5.1.4 Flexural Offset Yield Strength—Offset yield strength is specification or by customer contract. The chosen stress or
the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates by a given strain points used for the determination of the chord modulus
strain (offset) from the tangent to the initial straight line portion shall be reported. Calculate the chord modulus, Ef using Eq 7
of the stress-strain curve. The value of the offset must be given in 12.5.2.
whenever this property is calculated. 5.2 Experience has shown that flexural properties vary with
NOTE 8—Flexural Offset Yield Strength may differ from flexural specimen depth, temperature, atmospheric conditions, and
strength defined in 5.1.3. Both methods of calculation are described in the strain rate as specified in Procedures A and B.
annex to Test Method D638.
5.3 Before proceeding with these test methods, refer to the
5.1.5 Flexural Stress at Break (σfB)—Flexural stress at break ASTM specification of the material being tested. Any test
of the test specimen during a bending test. It is calculated specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing
according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials give a load parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the ASTM
deflection curve that shows a break point, B, without a yield material specification shall take precedence over those men-
point (Fig. 1, Curve a) in which case σfB = σfM. Other materials tioned in these test methods. Table 1 in Classification System
give a yield deflection curve with both a yield and a break D4000 lists the ASTM material specifications that currently
point, B (Fig. 1, Curve b). The flexural stress at break is exist for plastics.
calculated for these materials by letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4)
equal this point, B. 6. Apparatus
5.1.6 Stress at a Given Strain—The stress in the outer 6.1 Testing Machine—A testing machine capable of being
surface of a test specimen at a given strain is calculated in operated at constant rates of crosshead motion over the range
accordance with Eq 3 or Eq 4 by letting P equal the load read indicated and comprised of the following:
from the load-deflection curve at the deflection corresponding 6.1.1 Load Frame—The stiffness of the testing machine
to the desired strain (for highly orthotropic laminates, see Note shall be such that the total elastic deformation of the system
6). does not exceed 1 % of the total deflection of the test specimen
5.1.7 Flexural Strain, ɛf—Nominal fractional change in the during testing, or appropriate corrections shall be made.
length of an element of the outer surface of the test specimen 6.1.1.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
at midspan, where the maximum strain occurs. Flexural strain member holding the specimen supports;
is calculated for any deflection using Eq 5 in 12.4. 6.1.1.2 Movable Member—A movable member carrying the
5.1.8 Modulus of Elasticity: loading nose.
5.1.8.1 Tangent Modulus of Elasticity—The tangent modu- 6.1.2 Loading Noses and Supports—The loading nose and
lus of elasticity, often called the “modulus of elasticity,” is the supports shall have cylindrical surfaces.
ratio, within the elastic limit, of stress to corresponding strain. 6.1.2.1 The radii of the loading nose and supports shall be
It is calculated by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial 5.0 6 0.1 mm (0.197 6 0.004 in.) unless otherwise specified in
straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve and using Eq an ASTM material specification or as agreed upon between
6 in 12.5.1 (for highly anisotropic composites, see Note 15). interested parties.
NOTE 9—Shear deflections can seriously reduce the apparent modulus 6.1.2.2 Other Radii for Loading Noses and Supports—
of highly anisotropic composites when they are tested at low span-to- Alternative loading noses and supports are permitted to be used
depth ratios.5 For this reason, a span-to-depth ratio of 60 to 1 is in order to avoid excessive indentation or failure due to stress
recommended for flexural modulus determinations on these composites. concentration directly under the loading nose or if required by
Flexural strength should be determined on a separate set of replicate
specimens at a lower span-to-depth ratio that induces tensile failure in the an ASTM material specification. If alternative loading nose and
outer fibers of the beam along its lower face. Since the flexural modulus support radii are used, the dimensions of the loading nose and
of highly anisotropic laminates is a critical function of ply-stacking supports shall be clearly identified in the test report and
sequence, it will not necessarily correlate with tensile modulus, which is reference shall be made to any applicable specifications.
not stacking-sequence dependent. (1) Alternative supports shall have a minimum radius of
5.1.8.2 Secant Modulus—The secant modulus is the ratio of 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) When testing specimens 3.2 mm or greater in
stress to corresponding strain at any selected point on the depth, the radius of the loading nose and supports are permitted
stress-strain curve, that is, the slope of the straight line that to be up to 1.6 times the specimen depth.
joins the origin and a selected point on the actual stress-strain (2) The arc of the loading nose in contact with the
curve. It shall be expressed in megapascals (pounds per square specimen shall be sufficiently large to prevent contact of the
inch). The selected point is chosen at a pre-specified stress or specimen with the sides of the nose. Alternative loading noses
strain in accordance with the appropriate material specification shall be sufficiently large to prevent contact of the specimen
or by customer contract. It is calculated in accordance with Eq with the sides of the nose. The maximum radius of the loading
6 by letting m equal the slope of the secant to the load- nose shall be no more than four times the specimen depth.
deflection curve. The chosen stress or strain point used for the 6.1.3 Drive Mechanism—A drive mechanism for imparting
determination of the secant shall be reported. to the movable member a uniform, controlled velocity with
5.1.8.3 Chord Modulus (Ef)—The chord modulus is calcu- respect to the stationary member, with this velocity to be
lated from two discrete points on the load deflection curve. The regulated as specified in Procedure A or B.
selected points are to be chosen at two pre-specified stress or 6.1.4 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
strain points in accordance with the appropriate material nism capable of showing the total load applied to specimen

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 D790 − 15
when in position on the flex fixture. This mechanism shall be 7.3 Sheet Materials (Except Laminated Thermosetting Ma-
essentially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and terials and Certain Materials Used for Electrical Insulation,
shall indicate the load with an accuracy of 61 % of the Including Vulcanized Fiber and Glass Bonded Mica):
indicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machine 7.3.1 Materials 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in.) or Greater in Thickness—
shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4. Specimen width shall not exceed one fourth of the support span
6.1.5 Deflection Measuring Device—The deflection measur- for specimens greater than 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) in depth. Specimens
ing device used shall be selected from the following two 3.2 mm or less in depth shall be 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) in width. The
choices: specimen shall be long enough to allow for overhanging on
6.1.5.1 Type I—Crosshead Position Indicating System—A each end of at least 10 % of the support span, but in no case
suitable deflection indicating mechanism capable of showing less than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) on each end. Overhang shall be
the amount of change in crosshead movement. This mechanism sufficient to prevent the specimen from slipping through the
shall be essentially free of inertial lag at the specified rate of supports. A support span of 16 6 1 times the depth of the
testing and shall indicate the crosshead movement. The cross- specimen is used for these specimens.
head position indicating system shall be verified in accordance 7.3.2 Materials Less than 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in.) in Thickness—
with Practice D2309 and minimally meets the requirements of The specimen shall be 50.8 mm (2 in.) long by 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.)
a Class D system. wide, tested flatwise on a 25.4-mm (1-in.) support span.
6.1.5.2 Type II—Deflection Indicator (Deflectometer)—A
NOTE 12—Use of the formulas for simple beams cited in these test
suitable instrument for more accurately determining the deflec- methods for calculating results presumes that beam width is small in
tion of the specimen distance between two designated points. comparison with the support span. Therefore, the formulas do not apply
This instrument shall be essentially free of inertia at the rigorously to these dimensions.
specified speed of testing. The deflection indicator system shall NOTE 13—Where machine sensitivity is such that specimens of these
be verified in accordance with Practice D2309 and minimally dimensions cannot be measured, wider specimens or shorter support
spans, or both, may be used, provided the support span-to-depth ratio is at
meets the requirements of a Class B system. least 14 to 1. All dimensions must be stated in the report (see also Note
NOTE 10—It is desirable, but not essential, that this instrument 12).
automatically record this distance, or any change in it, as a function of the 7.4 Laminated Thermosetting Materials and Sheet and
load on the test specimen or of the elapsed time from the start of the test,
or both. If only the latter is obtained, it has been found useful to also
Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation, Including
record load-time data. Vulcanized Fiber and Glass-Bonded Mica—For paper-base and
fabric-base grades over 25.4 mm (1 in.) in nominal thickness,
6.2 Micrometers—Apparatus for measuring the width and the specimens shall be machined on both surfaces to a depth of
thickness of the test specimen shall comply with the require- 25.4 mm. For glass-base and nylon-base grades, specimens
ments of Test Method D5947. over 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) in nominal depth shall be machined on
both surfaces to a depth of 12.7 mm. The support span-to-depth
7. Test Specimens ratio shall be chosen such that failures occur in the outer fibers
7.1 Test specimens that are cut from sheets, plates, or of the specimens, due only to the bending moment. As a
molded or extruded shapes, or molded to the desired finished general rule, support span-to-specimen depth ratios of 16:1 are
dimensions are acceptable. The actual dimensions used shall be satisfactory when the ratio of the tensile strength to shear
measured in accordance with Test Methods D5947. The depth strength is less than 8 to 1, but the support span-to-depth ratio
of the specimen shall be defined as the thickness of the must be increased for composite laminates having relatively
material. The depth shall not exceed the width (see Note 11). low shear strength in the plane of the laminate and relatively
The crosssection of the specimens shall be rectangular with high tensile strength parallel to the support span (32:1 or 40:1
opposite sides flat and parallel (60.2 mm) and adjacent sides are recommended). When laminated materials exhibit low
perpendicular along the full length of the specimen. compressive strength perpendicular to the laminations, they
shall be loaded with a large radius loading nose (up to four
7.2 Whenever possible, the original surface of the sheet
times the specimen depth to prevent premature damage to the
shall be unaltered. However, where testing machine limitations
outer fibers.
make it impossible to follow the above criterion on the
unaltered sheet, one or both surfaces shall be machined to 7.5 Molding Materials (Thermoplastics and Thermosets)—
provide the desired dimensions, and the location of the The preferred specimen dimensions for molding materials is
specimens with reference to the total depth shall be noted. 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wide, 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) thick, and 127 mm
Consequently, any specifications for flexural properties on (5.0 in.) long. They are tested flatwise on the support span,
thicker sheets must state whether the original surfaces are to be resulting in a support span-to-depth ratio of 16:1 (tolerance
retained or not. When only one surface was machined, it must 61). Thicker specimens are to be avoided if they exhibit
be stated whether the machined surface was on the tension or significant sink marks or bubbles when molded.
compression side of the beam. Any necessary polishing of 7.6 High-Strength Reinforced Composites, Including Highly
specimens shall be done only in the lengthwise direction of the Orthotropic Laminates—The span-to-depth ratio shall be cho-
specimen. sen such that failure occurs in the outer fibers of the specimens
NOTE 11—The value obtained on specimens with machined surfaces and is due only to the bending moment. As a general rule,
may differ from those obtained on specimens with original surfaces. support span-to-depth ratios of 16:1 are satisfactory when the

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 D790 − 15
ratio of the tensile strength to shear strength is less than 8 to 1, flexural fixtures that have fixed machined span positions, verify
but the support span-to-depth ratio must be increased for the span distance the same as for adjustable spans at each
composite laminates having relatively low shear strength in the machined position. This distance becomes the span for that
plane of the laminate and relatively high tensile strength position and is used for calculations applicable to all subse-
parallel to the support span (32:1 or 40:1 are recommended). quent tests conducted at that position. See Annex A2 for
For some highly anisotropic composites, shear deformation can information on the determination of and setting of the span.
significantly influence modulus measurements, even at span- 10.1.4 Calculate the rate of crosshead motion as follows and
to-depth ratios as high as 40:1. Hence, for these materials, an set the machine for the rate of crosshead motion as calculated
increase in the span-to-depth ratio to 60:1 is recommended to by Eq 1:
eliminate shear effects when modulus data are required, it R 5 ZL 2 /6d (1)
should also be noted that the flexural modulus of highly
anisotropic laminates is a strong function of ply-stacking where:
sequence and will not necessarily correlate with tensile R = rate of crosshead motion, mm (in.)/min,
modulus, which is not stacking-sequence dependent. L = support span, mm (in.),
d = depth of beam, mm (in.), and
8. Number of Test Specimens Z = rate of straining of the outer fiber, mm/mm/min (in./in./
8.1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the case min). Z shall be equal to 0.01.
of isotropic materials or molded specimens. In no case shall the actual crosshead rate differ from that
8.2 For each sample of anisotropic material in sheet form, calculated using Eq 1, by more than 610 %.
test at least five specimens cut in the desired direction. For the 10.1.5 Align the loading nose and supports so that the axes
purposes of this test, “lengthwise” designates the principal axis of the cylindrical surfaces are parallel and the loading nose is
of anisotropy and shall be interpreted to mean the direction of midway between the supports. Center the specimen on the
the sheet known to be stronger in flexure. “Crosswise” indi- supports, with the long axis of the specimen perpendicular to
cates the sheet direction known to be the weaker in flexure and the loading nose and supports. The loading nose should be
shall be at 90° to the lengthwise direction. The direction of test, close to, but not in contact with the specimen (see Note 14).
whether it be lengthwise, crosswise, or some angle relative to NOTE 14—The parallelism of the apparatus may be checked by means
these shall be noted in the report. of a plate with parallel grooves into which the loading nose and supports
will fit when properly aligned (see A2.3).
9. Conditioning
10.1.6 Apply the load to the specimen at the specified
9.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens in accor- crosshead rate, and record simultaneous load-deflection data.
dance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless otherwise 10.1.7 Measure deflection either by measurement of the
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica- motion of the loading nose relative to the supports (crosshead
tion. Conditioning time is specified as a minimum. Tempera- position) (Type I) or by a deflection indicator (deflectometer)
ture and humidity tolerances shall be in accordance with under the specimen in contact with it at the center of the
Section 7 of Practice D618 unless specified differently by support span, the gauge being mounted stationary relative to
contract or material specification. the specimen supports (Type II). Load-deflection curves are
9.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests at the same tempera- used to determine the flexural strength, chord or secant
ture and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in modulus or the tangent modulus of elasticity, and the total
accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless otherwise work as measured by the area under the load-deflection curve.
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica- Perform the necessary toe compensation (see Annex A1) to
tion. correct for seating and indentation of the specimen and
deflections in the machine.
10. Procedure 10.1.8 Terminate the test when the maximum strain in the
10.1 Procedure A: outer surface of the test specimen has reached 0.05 mm/mm
10.1.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement. (in./in.) or at break if break occurs prior to reaching the
Measure the width and depth of the specimen to the nearest maximum strain (Notes 15 and 16). The deflection at which
0.03 mm (0.001 in.) at the center of the support span. For this strain will occur is calculated by letting r equal 0.05
specimens less than 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) in depth, measure the mm/mm (in./in.) in Eq 2:
depth to the nearest 0.003 mm (0.0005 in.). These measure- D 5 rL2 /6d (2)
ments shall be made in accordance with Test Methods D5947.
10.1.2 Determine the support span to be used as described in where:
Section 7 and set the support span to within 1 % of the D = midspan deflection, mm (in.),
determined value. r = strain, mm/mm (in./in.),
10.1.3 For flexural fixtures that have continuously adjust- L = support span, mm (in.), and
d = depth of beam, mm (in.).
able spans, measure the span accurately to the nearest 0.1 mm
NOTE 15—For some materials that do not yield or break within the 5 %
(0.004 in.) for spans less than 63 mm (2.5 in.) and to the nearest strain limit when tested by Procedure A, the increased strain rate allowed
0.3 mm (0.012 in.) for spans greater than or equal to 63 mm by Procedure B (see 10.2) may induce the specimen to yield or break, or
(2.5 in.). Use the actual measured span for all calculations. For both, within the required 5 % strain limit.

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 D790 − 15
NOTE 16—Beyond 5 % strain, this test method is not applicable. Some ε f 5 6Dd/L 2 (5)
other mechanical property might be more relevant to characterize mate-
rials that neither yield nor break by either Procedure A or Procedure B where:
within the 5 % strain limit (for example, Test Method D638 may be εf = strain in the outer surface, mm/mm (in./in.),
considered). D = maximum deflection of the center of the beam, mm
10.2 Procedure B: (in.),
10.2.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement. L = support span, mm (in.), and
10.2.2 Test conditions shall be identical to those described d = depth, mm (in.) of beam tested.
in 10.1, except that the rate of straining of the outer surface of 12.5 Modulus of Elasticity:
the test specimen shall be 0.10 mm/mm (in./in.)/min. 12.5.1 Tangent Modulus of Elasticity:
10.2.3 If no break has occurred in the specimen by the time
E B 5 L 3 m/4bd 3 (6)
the maximum strain in the outer surface of the test specimen
has reached 0.05 mm/mm (in./in.), discontinue the test (see where:
Note 16). EB = modulus of elasticity in bending, MPa (psi),
L = support span, mm (in.),
11. Retests b = width of beam tested, mm (in.),
11.1 Values for properties at rupture shall not be calculated d = depth of beam tested, mm (in.), and
m = slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion of
for any specimen that breaks at some obvious, fortuitous flaw,
the load-deflection curve, N/mm (lbf/in.) of deflection.
unless such flaws constitute a variable being studied. Retests
shall be made for any specimen on which values are not 12.5.2 Chord Modulus (Ef)—
calculated. E f 5 ~ σ f2 2 σ f1 ! / ~ ε f2 2 ε f1 ! (7)

12. Calculation where:

σf2and σf1 = the flexural stresses, calculated from Eq 3 or Eq
12.1 Toe compensation shall be made in accordance with
4 and measured at the predefined points on the
Annex A1 unless it can be shown that the toe region of the
load deflection curve, and εf2 and
curve is not due to the take-up of slack, seating of the εf1 = the flexural strain values, calculated from Eq 5
specimen, or other artifact, but rather is an authentic material and measured at the predetermined points on
response. the load deflection curve.
12.2 Flexural Stress (σf): 12.6 Arithmetic Mean—For each series of tests, the arith-
σ f 5 3PL/2bd2 (3) metic mean of all values obtained shall be calculated to three
where: significant figures and reported as the “average value” for the
particular property in question.
σ = stress in the outer fibers at midpoint, MPa (psi),
P = load at a given point on the load-deflection curve, N 12.7 Standard Deviation—The standard deviation (esti-
(lbf), mated) shall be calculated as follows and be reported to two
L = support span, mm (in.), significant figures:
b = width of beam tested, mm (in.), and
d = depth of beam tested, mm (in.). s5 =~ ( X 2
2 nX̄ 2
! /~n 2 1! (8)
NOTE 17—Eq 3 is not valid if the specimen slips excessively between
the supports.
where:
s = estimated standard deviation,
12.3 Flexural Stress for Beams Tested at Large Support X = value of single observation,
Spans (σ f): n = number of observations, and
σ f 5 ~ 3PL/2bd2 ! @ 116 ~ D/L ! 2 2 4 ~ d/L !~ D/L ! # (4) X̄ = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
where: 13. Report
σf, P, L, b, and d = the same as for Eq 3, and 13.1 Report the following information:
D = deflection of the centerline of the speci- 13.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-
men at the middle of the support span, ing type, source, manufacturer’s code number, form, principal
mm (in.). dimensions, and previous history (for laminated materials,
NOTE 18—When large support span-to-depth ratios are used, significant
end forces are developed at the support noses, which will affect the
ply-stacking sequence shall be reported),
moment in a simple supported beam. Eq 4 includes additional terms that 13.1.2 Method of specimen preparation,
are an approximate correction factor for the influence of these end forces 13.1.3 Direction of cutting and loading specimens, when
in large support span-to-depth ratio beams where relatively large deflec- appropriate,
tions exist. 13.1.4 Conditioning procedure,
12.4 Flexural Strain, εf—Nominal fractional change in the 13.1.5 Depth and width of specimen,
length of an element of the outer surface of the test specimen 13.1.6 Reference to this international standard, the Proce-
at midspan, where the maximum strain occurs. It may be dure used (A or B), and type test performed (I or II), for
calculated for any deflection using Eq 5: example D790–AI

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 D790 − 15
13.1.7 Support span length, TABLE 2 Flexural Modulus
13.1.8 Support span-to-depth ratio if different than 16:1, Values Expressed in units of %
13.1.9 Radius of supports and loading noses, if different Material Mean, 103 psi of 103 psi

than 5 mm. When support and/or loading nose radii other than VrA VRB rC RD

5 mm are used, the results shall be identified as being generated ABS 338 4.79 7.69 13.6 21.8
DAP thermoset 485 2.89 7.18 8.15 20.4
by a modified version of this test method and the referring Cast acrylic 810 13.7 16.1 38.8 45.4
specification referenced as to the geometry used. GR polyester 816 3.49 4.20 9.91 11.9
13.1.10 Rate of crosshead motion, GR 1790 5.52 5.52 15.6 15.6
polycarbonate
13.1.11 Flexural strain at any given stress, average value SMC 1950 10.9 13.8 30.8 39.1
and standard deviation, A
Vr = within-laboratory coefficient of variation for the indicated material. It is
13.1.12 If a specimen is rejected, reason(s) for rejection, obtained by first pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test
13.1.13 Tangent, secant, or chord modulus in bending, results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1 )2 + ( s2)2 . . . + ( sn)2]/ n]
1/2 then Vr = (S r divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
average value, standard deviation, and the strain level(s) used B
Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of variation:
if secant or chord modulus, SR = {Sr2 + SL2 }1/2 where SL is the standard deviation of laboratory means. Then:
13.1.14 Flexural strength (if desired), average value, and VR = (SR divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
C
r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × Vr.
standard deviation, D
R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × VR.
13.1.15 Stress at any given strain up to and including 5 % (if
desired), with strain used, average value, and standard
deviation, NOTE 19—Caution: The following explanations of r and R (14.2 –
13.1.16 Flexural stress at break (if desired), average value, 14.2.3) are intended only to present a meaningful way of considering the
and standard deviation, approximate precision of these test methods. The data given in Tables 1
13.1.17 Type of behavior, whether yielding or rupture, or and 2 should not be applied rigorously to the acceptance or rejection of
materials, as those data are specific to the round robin and may not be
both, or other observations, occurring within the 5 % strain
representative of other lots, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of
limit, and these test methods should apply the principles outlined in Practice E691 to
13.1.18 Date of specific version of test used. generate data specific to their laboratory and materials, or between specific
laboratories. The principles of 14.2 – 14.2.3 would then be valid for such
14. Precision and Bias data.
14.1 Tables 1 and 2 are based on a round-robin test 14.2 Concept of “r” and “R” in Tables 1 and 2—If Sr and
conducted in 1984, in accordance with Practice E691, involv- SR have been calculated from a large enough body of data, and
ing six materials tested by six laboratories using Procedure A. for test results that were averages from testing five specimens
For each material, all the specimens were prepared at one for each test result, then:
source. Each “test result” was the average of five individual 14.2.1 Repeatability—Two test results obtained within one
determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more
each material. than the r value for that material. r is the interval representing
the critical difference between two test results for the same
TABLE 1 Flexural Strength material, obtained by the same operator using the same
Values Expressed in Units of % equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
Material Mean, 103 psi of 103 psi 14.2.2 Reproducibility—Two test results obtained by differ-
VrA VRB rC RD ent laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by
ABS 9.99 1.59 6.05 4.44 17.2 more than the R value for that material. R is the interval
DAP thermoset 14.3 6.58 6.58 18.6 18.6
representing the critical difference between two test results for
Cast acrylic 16.3 1.67 11.3 4.73 32.0
GR polyester 19.5 1.43 2.14 4.05 6.08 the same material, obtained by different operators using differ-
GR polycarbonate 21.0 5.16 6.05 14.6 17.1 ent equipment in different laboratories.
SMC 26.0 4.76 7.19 13.5 20.4
14.2.3 The judgments in 14.2.1 and 14.2.2 will have an
A
Vr = within-laboratory coefficient of variation for the indicated material. It is approximately 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct.
obtained by first pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test
results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1 )2 + ( s2)2 . . . + ( sn)2]/n]
1/2
14.3 Bias—Make no statement about the bias of these test
then Vr = (S r divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
B
Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of variation:
methods, as there is no standard reference material or reference
SR = {Sr2 + SL2} 1/2 where SL is the standard deviation of laboratory means. Then: test method that is applicable.
VR = (S R divided by the overall average for the material) × 100.
C
D
r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × Vr. 15. Keywords
R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 × VR.
15.1 flexural properties; plastics; stiffness; strength

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 D790 − 15
ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. TOE COMPENSATION

A1.1 In a typical stress-strain curve (see Fig. A1.1) there is elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress at any
a toe region, AC, that does not represent a property of the point along the Line CD (or its extension) by the strain at the
material. It is an artifact caused by a takeup of slack and same point (measured from Point B, defined as zero-strain).
alignment or seating of the specimen. In order to obtain correct
values of such parameters as modulus, strain, and offset yield A1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit any
point, this artifact must be compensated for to give the linear region (see Fig. A1.2), the same kind of toe correction of
corrected zero point on the strain or extension axis. the zero-strain point can be made by constructing a tangent to
the maximum slope at the inflection Point H'. This is extended
A1.2 In the case of a material exhibiting a region of to intersect the strain axis at Point B', the corrected zero-strain
Hookean (linear) behavior (see Fig. A1.1), a continuation of point. Using Point B' as zero strain, the stress at any point (G')
the linear (CD) region of the curve is constructed through the on the curve can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain
zero-stress axis. This intersection (B) is the corrected zero- a secant modulus (slope of Line B' G'). For those materials with
strain point from which all extensions or strains must be no linear region, any attempt to use the tangent through the
measured, including the yield offset (BE), if applicable. The inflection point as a basis for determination of an offset yield
point may result in unacceptable error.

NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph. NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
FIG. A1.1 Material with Hookean Region FIG. A1.2 Material with No Hookean Region

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 D790 − 15

A2. MEASURING AND SETTING SPAN

A2.1 For flexural fixtures that have adjustable spans, it is

important that the span between the supports is maintained
constant or the actual measured span is used in the calculation
of stress, modulus, and strain, and the loading nose or noses are
positioned and aligned properly with respect to the supports. FIG. A2.1 Markings on Fixed Specimen Supports
Some simple steps as follows can improve the repeatability of
your results when using these adjustable span fixtures.
A2.2 Measurement of Span:
A2.2.1 This technique is needed to ensure that the correct FIG. A2.2 Markings on Rotatable Specimen Supports
span, not an estimated span, is used in the calculation of
results.
A2.2.2 Scribe a permanent line or mark at the exact center
of the support where the specimen makes complete contact. A2.3 Setting the Span and Alignment of Loading
The type of mark depends on whether the supports are fixed or Nose(s)—To ensure a consistent day-to-day setup of the span
rotatable (see Figs. A2.1 and A2.2). and ensure the alignment and proper positioning of the loading
A2.2.3 Using a vernier caliper with pointed tips that is nose, simple jigs should be manufactured for each of the
readable to at least 0.1 mm (0.004 in.), measure the distance standard setups used. An example of a jig found to be useful is
between the supports, and use this measurement of span in the shown in Fig. A2.3.
calculations.

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 D790 − 15

FIG. A2.3 Fixture Used to Set Loading Nose and Support Spacing and Alignment

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXURAL MACHINE COMPLIANCE CORRECTION

X1.1 Introduction X1.3.4 Computer Software to make corrections to the dis-

X1.1.1 Universal Testing instrument drive systems always placements
exhibit a certain level of compliance that is characterized by a X1.3.5 Steel bar, with smoothed surfaces and a calculated
variance between the reported crosshead displacement and the flexural stiffness of more than 100 times greater than the test
displacement actually imparted to the specimen. This variance material. The length should be at least 13 mm greater than the
is a function of load frame stiffness, drive system wind-up, load support span. The width shall match the width of the test
cell compliance and fixture compliance. To accurately measure specimen and the thickness shall be that required to achieve or
the flexural modulus of a material, this compliance should be exceed the target stiffness.
measured and empirically subtracted from test data. Flexural
modulus results without the corrections are lower than if the X1.4 Safety Precautions
correction is applied. The greater the stiffness of the material
the more influence the system compliance has on results. X1.4.1 The universal testing machine should stop the ma-
chine crosshead movement when the load reaches 90 % of load
X1.1.2 It is not necessary to make the machine compliance cell capacity, to prevent damage to the load cell.
correction when a deflectometer/extensometer is used to mea-
sure the actual deflection occurring in the specimen as it is X1.4.2 The compliance curve determination should be
deflected. made at a speed no higher than 2 mm/min. Because the load
builds up rapidly since the steel bar does not deflect, it is quite
X1.2 Terminology easy to exceed the load cell capacity.
X1.2.1 Compliance—The displacement difference between
test machine drive system displacement values and actual X1.5 Procedure
specimen displacement NOTE X1.1—A new compliance correction curve should be established
each time there is a change made to the setup of the test machine, such as,
X1.2.2 Compliance Correction—An analytical method of load cell changed or reinstallation of the flexure fixture on the machine. If
modifying test instrument displacement values to eliminate the the test machine is dedicated to flexural testing, and there are no changes
to the setup, it is not necessary to re-calculate the compliance curve.
amount of that measurement attributed to test instrument
NOTE X1.2—On those machines with computer software that automati-
compliance. cally make this compliance correction; refer to the software manual to
determine how this correction should be made.
X1.3 Apparatus
X1.5.1 The procedure to determine compliance follows:
X1.3.1 Universal Testing machine
X1.5.1.1 Configure the test system to match the actual test
X1.3.2 Load cell configuration.
X1.3.3 Flexure fixture including loading nose and specimen X1.5.1.2 Place the steel bar in the test fixture, duplicating
supports the position of a specimen during actual testing.

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 D790 − 15
X1.5.1.3 Set the crosshead speed to 2 mm/min. or less and
start the crosshead moving in the test direction recording
crosshead displacement and the corresponding load values.
X1.5.1.4 Increase load to a point exceeding the highest load
expected during specimen testing. Stop the crosshead and
return to the pre-test location.
X1.5.1.5 The recorded load-deflection curve, starting when
the loading nose contacts the steel bar to the time that the
highest load expected is defined as test system compliance.
X1.5.2 Procedure to apply compliance correction is as
follows:
X1.5.2.1 Run the flexural test method on the material at the
crosshead required for the measurement.
X1.5.2.2 It is preferable that computer software be used to
make the displacement corrections, but if it is not available
compliance corrections can be made manually in the following
manner. Determine the range of displacement (D) on the load FIG. X1.2 Compliance Curve for Steel Bar
versus displacement curve for the material, over which the
modulus is to be calculated. For Young’s Modulus that would
steepest region of the curve below the proportional limit. For X1.6 Calculations
Secant and Chord Modulii that would be at specified level of X1.6.1 Calculation of Chord Modulus
strain or specified levels of strain, respectively. Draw two X1.6.1.1 Calculate the stresses (σf1, σf2) for load points L1
vertical lines up from the displacement axis for the two chosen and L2 from Fig. X1.1 using the equation in 12.2, Eq 3.
displacements (D1, D2) to the load versus displacement curve X1.6.1.2 Calculate the strains (εf1, εf2) for displacements
for the material. In some cases one of these points maybe at D1-c1 and D2-c2 from Fig. X1.3 using the equation in 12.4, Eq
zero displacement after the toe compensation correction is 5.
made. Draw two horizontal lines from these points on the load X1.6.1.3 Calculate the flexural chord modulus in accor-
displacement curve to the Load (P) axis. Determine the loads dance with 12.5.2, Eq 7.
(L1, L2). X1.6.2 Calculation of Secant Modulus
X1.5.2.3 Using the Compliance Correction load displace- X1.6.2.1 Calculation of the Secant Modulus at any strain
ment curve for the steel bar, mark off L1 and L2 on the Load along the curve would be the same as conducting a chord
(P) axis. From these two points draw horizontal lines across till modulus measurement, except that σf1 = 0, L1= 0, and D1-c1
they contact the load versus displacement curve for the steel = 0.
bar. From these two points on the load deflection curve draw
two vertical lines downwards to the displacement axis. These X1.6.3 Calculation of Young’s Modulus
two points on the displacement axis determine the corrections X1.6.3.1 Determine the steepest slope “m” along the curve,
(c1, c2) that need to be made to the displacements measure- below the proportional limit, using the selected loads L1 and
ments for the test material. L2 from Fig. X1.1 and the displacements D1-c1 and D2-c2
X1.5.2.4 Subtract the corrections (c1, c2) from the mea- from Fig. X1.3.
sured displacements (D1, D2), so that a true measures of test
specimen deflection (D1-c1, D2-c2) are obtained.

FIG. X1.3 Example of the Material Curve Corrected for the Com-
FIG. X1.1 Example of Modulus Curve for a Material pliance Corrected Displacement or Strain

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 D790 − 15
X1.6.3.2 Calculate the Young’s modulus in accordance with
12.5.1, Eq 6.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D790 - 10)
that may impact the use of this standard. (December 1, 2015)

(1) Significantly modified the format of the standard from the (2) Reporting requirements have been changed.
previous edition.

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