1.

Nanotechnology

1. What is the primary focus of nanotechnology?

a) To create structures at the molecular scale
b) To manipulate bulk materials
c) To improve electrical conductivity
d) To analyze large-scale objects
Answer: a) To create structures at the molecular scale
2. Which of the following is a common application of nanotechnology?
a) Space exploration
b) Drug delivery systems
c) Weather prediction
d) Large-scale farming
Answer: b) Drug delivery systems
3. Nanotechnology primarily operates on which scale?
a) Micrometer scale
b) Millimeter scale
c) Nanoscale
d) Macro scale
Answer: c) Nanoscale
4. What is one of the key challenges in nanotechnology?
a) Lack of scientific interest
b) Difficulty in controlling properties at nanoscale
c) High cost of raw materials
d) Limited theoretical knowledge
Answer: b) Difficulty in controlling properties at nanoscale
5. Which of the following is an example of a nanomaterial?
a) Graphene
b) Steel
c) Plastic
d) Wood
Answer: a) Graphene
6. In which field is nanotechnology NOT commonly applied?
a) Medicine
b) Electronics
c) Textiles
d) Carpentry
Answer: d) Carpentry
7. What is a major goal of nanotechnology in electronics?
a) To decrease power consumption
b) To increase product size
c) To reduce material costs
 d) To decrease the temperature
Answer: a) To decrease power consumption
8. Which of these nanostructures is most commonly used in drug delivery?
a) Nanotubes
b) Nanorods
c) Nanoparticles
d) Nanowires
Answer: c) Nanoparticles
9. What does the term “bottom-up” approach in nanotechnology refer to?
a) Assembling nanoscale materials from molecular building blocks
b) Creating nanoscale materials by breaking down bulk materials
c) Using external forces to manipulate nanoscale objects
d) Building structures from larger nanomaterials
Answer: a) Assembling nanoscale materials from molecular building blocks
10. Which of the following is a possible risk associated with nanotechnology?
a) High energy consumption
b) Environmental and health risks due to exposure to nanoparticles
c) Overproduction of nanomaterials
d) Inefficiency in production processes
Answer: b) Environmental and health risks due to exposure to nanoparticles

2. Nanoparticles (Properties, Fabrication, Types, Size, and Shape)

1. What is the primary property of nanoparticles that differentiates them from bulk
materials?
a) Increased electrical conductivity
b) Large surface area to volume ratio
c) Reduced reactivity
d) Larger size
Answer: b) Large surface area to volume ratio
2. Which of the following is a common method of fabricating nanoparticles?
a) Lithography
b) Chemical vapor deposition
c) Ion implantation
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b
3. Which type of nanoparticle has a spherical shape?
a) Nanotubes
b) Nanocapsules
c) Nanospheres
d) Nanorods
Answer: c) Nanospheres
4. Which property of nanoparticles is enhanced due to their small size?
a) Optical properties
 b) Magnetism
c) Electrical conductivity
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
5. Which factor does not significantly affect the properties of nanoparticles?
a) Size
b) Shape
c) Temperature
d) Color
Answer: d) Color
6. Which of the following is a typical method for characterizing the size of
nanoparticles?
a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
b) Optical spectroscopy
c) Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
7. Which size range is generally used to describe nanoparticles?
a) 1 nm to 1000 nm
b) 1 nm to 100 µm
c) 10 nm to 100 nm
d) 1 cm to 10 cm
Answer: a) 1 nm to 1000 nm
8. What is a key factor influencing the shape of nanoparticles during fabrication?
a) Temperature
b) Solvent used
c) Precursor concentration
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
9. Which of the following nanoparticle types has the highest surface-to-volume ratio?
a) Nanorods
b) Nanotubes
c) Nanospheres
d) Nanocapsules
Answer: b) Nanotubes
10. What is a common application of nanoparticles in medicine?
a) DNA analysis
b) Drug delivery
c) Metal corrosion resistance
d) Water filtration
Answer: b) Drug delivery
3. Surface Effect

1. Why do nanoparticles exhibit unique properties due to surface effects?

a) Their small size allows more surface atoms to be exposed
b) They interact with the bulk material
c) The bulk material is dissolved
d) They have increased mechanical strength
Answer: a) Their small size allows more surface atoms to be exposed
2. Surface energy in nanoparticles is generally
a) Low
b) Moderate
c) High
d) Zero
Answer: c) High
3. Which of the following is a consequence of increased surface area in nanoparticles?
a) Increased chemical reactivity
b) Increased mechanical strength
c) Decreased melting point
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Increased chemical reactivity
4. In nanoparticles, surface atoms typically experience different bonding compared to
bulk atoms. This leads to:
a) Greater stability
b) Unique chemical reactivity
c) Decreased conductivity
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Unique chemical reactivity
5. Surface effects in nanoparticles influence which of the following properties?
a) Melting point
b) Optical properties
c) Catalytic activity
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
6. Which of the following properties of nanoparticles are affected by surface effects?
a) Catalytic properties
b) Optical properties
c) Chemical reactivity
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
7. Surface area-to-volume ratio in nanoparticles influences:
a) Reactivity
b) Strength
c) Thermal conductivity
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
 8. What is a typical application of surface effects in nanoparticles?
a) Drug delivery
b) Magnetic storage
c) Surface coating
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
9. Surface effects lead to nanoparticles having higher chemical reactivity because:
a) They have fewer surface atoms
b) Surface atoms are more loosely bound
c) The surface atoms are more tightly bound
d) All of the above
Answer: b) Surface atoms are more loosely bound
10. Which of the following is an important factor in surface chemistry of nanoparticles?
a) Shape and size
b) Temperature
c) Solvent polarity
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

4. Quantum Confinement

1. Quantum confinement refers to:

a) The restriction of electron motion in a confined space
b) The ability to generate electricity from a confined space
c) The restriction of chemical reactions in nanoparticles
d) All of the above
Answer: a) The restriction of electron motion in a confined space
2. Which of the following is a result of quantum confinement?
a) Changes in the band gap
b) Changes in electrical conductivity
c) Enhanced optical properties
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
3. Quantum confinement occurs when the size of the material is:
a) Larger than the electron wavelength
b) Larger than the electron radius
c) Smaller than the electron wavelength
d) Equal to the bulk material size
Answer: c) Smaller than the electron wavelength
4. In which material is quantum confinement most commonly observed?
a) Metals
b) Insulators
c) Nanoparticles
 d) Bulk materials
Answer: c) Nanoparticles
5. Which property of nanoparticles changes due to quantum confinement?
a) Optical properties
b) Magnetic properties
c) Electrical properties
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
6. Quantum confinement primarily affects which of the following in nanoparticles?
a) Size-dependent properties
b) Surface reactivity
c) Crystal structure
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Size-dependent properties
7. What effect does quantum confinement have on the band gap of nanoparticles?
a) It decreases the band gap
b) It increases the band gap
c) It has no effect on the band gap
d) It depends on the material
Answer: b) It increases the band gap
8. Which of the following properties is most influenced by quantum confinement in
semiconductor nanoparticles?
a) Melting point
b) Optical absorption spectrum
c) Chemical reactivity
d) All of the above
Answer: b) Optical absorption spectrum
9. Which dimension of nanoparticles primarily governs quantum confinement?
a) Length
b) Surface area
c) Thickness
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Length
10. Quantum confinement occurs when the size of a particle is reduced to the order of
the particle's:
a) Surface area
b) Atomic size
c) Band gap
d) Fermi level
Answer: b) Atomic size
5. Chemical Properties

1. Which of the following is an important chemical property of nanoparticles?

a) High surface energy
b) Increased melting point
c) Lower electrical conductivity
d) Decreased reactivity
Answer: a) High surface energy
2. The chemical reactivity of nanoparticles is primarily due to their:
a) Size
b) Shape
c) Surface-to-volume ratio
d) Both a and c
Answer: d) Both a and c
3. Nanoparticles typically show enhanced chemical reactivity compared to bulk
materials due to:
a) High surface-to-volume ratio
b) Increased atomic bonding strength
c) Decreased atomic bonding strength
d) None of the above
Answer: a) High surface-to-volume ratio
4. Which type of material often shows improved chemical properties at the nanoscale?
a) Metals
b) Insulators
c) Polymers
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
5. Chemical reactivity of nanoparticles can be controlled by modifying their:
a) Size and shape
b) Surface chemistry
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both a and b
6. What is one application of the enhanced chemical reactivity of nanoparticles?
a) Drug delivery
b) Catalysis
c) Water purification
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
7. What effect does coating nanoparticles with organic molecules have?
a) Decreases chemical reactivity
b) Increases chemical reactivity
c) Makes them hydrophobic
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Decreases chemical reactivity
 8. Which of the following is an example of a chemical property of nanoparticles?
a) Their ability to conduct electricity
b) Their color change in response to light
c) Their catalytic activity
d) Their mechanical strength
Answer: c) Their catalytic activity
9. Which property is most influenced by the surface chemistry of nanoparticles?
a) Optical properties
b) Chemical reactivity
c) Magnetic properties
d) Thermal properties
Answer: b) Chemical reactivity
10. The chemical stability of nanoparticles can be enhanced by:
a) Increasing their size
b) Coating them with protective layers
c) Reducing their surface area
d) Heating them to high temperatures
Answer: b) Coating them with protective layers

6. Optical and Mechanical Properties

1. Which of the following is an optical property of nanoparticles?

a) Absorption spectra
b) Magnetization
c) Electrical conductivity
d) Density
Answer: a) Absorption spectra
2. What optical phenomenon is commonly observed in nanoparticles due to quantum
confinement?
a) Photoluminescence
b) High reflectivity
c) Low absorption
d) Nonlinear refractive index
Answer: a) Photoluminescence
3. In nanomaterials, what property is enhanced due to their small size and high
surface area?
a) Mechanical strength
b) Color and light absorption
c) Chemical reactivity
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
4. Which of the following mechanical properties is typically improved in
nanoparticles?
a) Strength
 b) Ductility
c) Hardness
d) Both a and c
Answer: d) Both a and c
5. Which property of nanoparticles is influenced by their size?
a) Optical absorption
b) Electrical conductivity
c) Mechanical strength
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
6. What type of mechanical behavior is commonly observed in nanoparticles?
a) Brittle fracture
b) Ductile fracture
c) High strength and hardness
d) Low melting point
Answer: c) High strength and hardness
7. The color change of gold nanoparticles is due to:
a) Quantum confinement
b) Surface plasmon resonance
c) High density
d) Low surface energy
Answer: b) Surface plasmon resonance
8. Which optical property of nanoparticles makes them suitable for use in sensors?
a) Light scattering
b) Photoluminescence
c) Optical absorption
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b
9. The mechanical properties of nanoparticles are largely influenced by:
a) Their size and shape
b) Their surface-to-volume ratio
c) Their crystalline structure
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
10. Which of the following mechanical properties can be enhanced by reducing particle
size?
a) Electrical conductivity
b) Hardness and tensile strength
c) Magnetic properties
d) Melting point
Answer: b) Hardness and tensile strength
7. Green Synthesis

1. Green synthesis of nanoparticles involves:

a) Using toxic chemicals for synthesis
b) Using renewable and eco-friendly methods
c) High-temperature reactions
d) High-energy consumption
Answer: b) Using renewable and eco-friendly methods
2. What is a common reducing agent used in the green synthesis of nanoparticles?
a) Sodium hydroxide
b) Plant extracts
c) Chlorine
d) Hydrogen gas
Answer: b) Plant extracts
3. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of green synthesis?
a) Reduced environmental impact
b) Cost-effectiveness
c) Use of toxic reagents
d) Sustainable production methods
Answer: c) Use of toxic reagents
4. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is often done using:
a) Chemical vapor deposition
b) Biological sources like bacteria or plants
c) Laser ablation
d) Thermal evaporation
Answer: b) Biological sources like bacteria or plants
5. What is a key advantage of using plant extracts in the green synthesis of
nanoparticles?
a) High cost
b) Toxicity to the environment
c) Biodegradability and sustainability
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Biodegradability and sustainability
6. Which plant material is commonly used in the green synthesis of gold
nanoparticles?
a) Aloe vera
b) Bamboo leaves
c) Neem leaves
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
7. In green synthesis, the process is environmentally friendly because:
a) It avoids using hazardous chemicals
b) It requires high energy
c) It leads to more waste
d) It uses toxic solvents
Answer: a) It avoids using hazardous chemicals
 8. Which of the following is a green synthesis technique for nanoparticles?
a) Sol-gel process
b) Microemulsion technique
c) Biological reduction
d) Both a and b
Answer: c) Biological reduction
9. Green synthesis can be applied to create which types of nanoparticles?
a) Metal nanoparticles
b) Semiconductor nanoparticles
c) Carbon-based nanoparticles
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
10. **

Which of the following is a characteristic of nanoparticles synthesized through green

methods?**
a) Reduced toxicity
b) Enhanced mechanical properties
c) High cost
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b

8. Electron Beam Lithography

1. What is the primary application of electron beam lithography?

a) Fabricating large-scale devices
b) High-resolution patterning of surfaces
c) Synthesis of nanoparticles
d) Electrical conductivity analysis
Answer: b) High-resolution patterning of surfaces
2. Electron beam lithography works by:
a) Directly applying a beam of electrons to a surface coated with resist
b) Using ultraviolet light to expose a photoresist
c) Using mechanical etching to pattern a surface
d) Both a and b
Answer: a) Directly applying a beam of electrons to a surface coated with resist
3. What is the primary advantage of electron beam lithography?
a) High throughput
b) Low resolution
c) High precision in patterning at the nanoscale
d) Requires high temperatures
Answer: c) High precision in patterning at the nanoscale
4. Electron beam lithography is commonly used for:
a) Semiconductor manufacturing
 b) Fabricating large-scale structures
c) Etching patterns onto glass
d) Creating large polymers
Answer: a) Semiconductor manufacturing
5. The resolution of electron beam lithography is determined by:
a) The wavelength of the electron beam
b) The power of the electron beam
c) The type of resist used
d) All of the above
Answer: a) The wavelength of the electron beam
6. In electron beam lithography, the resist is typically exposed by:
a) UV light
b) X-rays
c) Electron beams
d) Ion beams
Answer: c) Electron beams
7. Which of the following is a limitation of electron beam lithography?
a) Slow writing speed
b) High resolution
c) High throughput
d) No need for a vacuum
Answer: a) Slow writing speed
8. What is the main disadvantage of electron beam lithography compared to
photolithography?
a) Higher resolution
b) Slower writing speed
c) Greater flexibility in materials
d) Higher throughput
Answer: b) Slower writing speed
9. Electron beam lithography is most useful for creating:
a) Large-scale integrated circuits
b) Nanoscale patterns on substrates
c) Organic molecules
d) Polymers
Answer: b) Nanoscale patterns on substrates
10. Which of the following can be directly fabricated using electron beam lithography?
a) Metal nanostructures
b) Semiconductor chips
c) Nanoimprint templates
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
9. Photolithography

1. Photolithography is primarily used for:

a) Creating nanoscale structures on substrates
b) Fabricating semiconductor devices
c) Etching patterns on materials
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
2. In photolithography, the pattern is transferred to a substrate using:
a) An electron beam
b) Light
c) A laser
d) A chemical reaction
Answer: b) Light
3. Which material is commonly used as a resist in photolithography?
a) Photoresist
b) Graphene
c) Aluminum
d) Copper
Answer: a) Photoresist
4. In photolithography, what is the role of the mask?
a) To absorb the light
b) To protect the substrate from light exposure
c) To form the pattern on the substrate
d) To clean the surface
Answer: c) To form the pattern on the substrate
5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of photolithography?
a) High resolution
b) Limited to large-scale fabrication
c) Requires specialized equipment
d) All of the above
Answer: b) Limited to large-scale fabrication
6. Photolithography is most commonly used in the production of:
a) Nanoscale sensors
b) Integrated circuits
c) Nanostructured films
d) Carbon nanotubes
Answer: b) Integrated circuits
7. Which of the following is required for photolithography?
a) High-intensity UV light
b) A mask to define patterns
c) A photoresist
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
8. What does the wavelength of the light used in photolithography determine?
a) The resolution of the process
 b) The efficiency of the chemical reactions
c) The throughput speed
d) The cost of the process
Answer: a) The resolution of the process
9. Which type of light is typically used for photolithography in semiconductor
fabrication?
a) Visible light
b) Infrared light
c) UV light
d) X-rays
Answer: c) UV light
10. Photolithography is best suited for:
a) Nanoscale fabrication of materials
b) Large-scale mass production of devices
c) Organic molecule synthesis
d) High-temperature processing
Answer: b) Large-scale mass production of devices

10. Laser Ablation

1. Laser ablation involves:

a) Removing material using chemical reactions
b) Using high-powered lasers to remove material from a surface
c) Melting material to form nanoparticles
d) Both b and c
Answer: b) Using high-powered lasers to remove material from a surface
2. In laser ablation, the energy from the laser is primarily used to:
a) Vaporize the material
b) Alter the surface structure
c) Create chemical bonds
d) Melt the material
Answer: a) Vaporize the material
3. What is a key advantage of laser ablation in nanoparticle synthesis?
a) High precision
b) Low cost
c) Easy to scale up
d) High-throughput capability
Answer: a) High precision
4. Which of the following materials can be processed using laser ablation?
a) Metals
b) Polymers
c) Ceramic materials
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
5. Laser ablation is often used to create nanoparticles because it:
a) Does not require a chemical solvent
b) Uses high temperatures
c) Can produce nanoparticles with a uniform size
d) Both a and c
Answer: d) Both a and c
6. Which property of the laser is most important in laser ablation?
a) Wavelength
b) Pulse duration
c) Power
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
7. What is a major limitation of laser ablation?
a) It is highly dependent on ambient temperature
b) It is difficult to control the size of nanoparticles
c) It requires high-powered lasers
d) It cannot be used with metals
Answer: b) It is difficult to control the size of nanoparticles
8. Laser ablation is commonly used to produce nanoparticles for:
a) Biomedical applications
b) Electronics
c) Catalysis
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
9. Which of the following is a disadvantage of laser ablation?
a) Requires high-power equipment
b) Creates minimal waste
c) Can be used to create large quantities
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Requires high-power equipment
10. Laser ablation of a solid target in liquid is used to synthesize:
a) Metal nanoparticles
b) Nanoemulsions
c) Polymers
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b