PPT on Capacitor Bank

By:-
Er. Rajiv Anand
Former SE/M&P-cum-CE/M&P / UHBVN
Mobile No. 94160-33009
E-Mail:- rajivkanand@gmail.com
Haryana State Map
Total Nos. of Districts in Haryana :- 22
Under UHBVN :- 10 Nos.
Under DHBVN :- 12 Nos.
Total Nos. of Villages in Haryana :- 7356
Total Nos. of Village Panchayats :- 6212
Total Population of Haryana :- 2.54 Crore
 Total Area of Haryana:- 44,212 Sq. Km
साक्षरता दर :- 75.55 %

(जनसाांख्यिकी :-2011 की जनगणना के आं कड ं के अनुसार)

Generation, Transmission & Distribution of Power
 What is Capacitor or Capacitor Bank
A capacitor bank is a group of several capacitors connected
in parallel or series or combination of both to store and
release electrical energy.
 Capacitors in parallel have the same voltage across their
plates but have different charge on each plate. The
resulting circuit is able to store more energy.
 Capacitors in series each store the same amount of charge but
have a different voltage across their plates.
Capacitors are used to improve the Power Factor of an
electrical power system by reducing the phase difference between
voltage & current.
The unit of electrical capacitance is the Farad (F), named
after the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday
Picture of 33/11 KV Sub-Station
Picture of 33/11KV Sub-Station Control Room
Open Stack & Pole mounted Capacitor Banks
Open Stack & Pole mounted Capacitor Banks

Open Stack Capacitor Bank Pole Mounted Capacitor Bank

Indoor Capacitor Banks
Indoor Capacitor Bank in 33/11 Kv Sub Station
 What is Power Factor
• Power Factor is a measure of how effectively incoming power is used in your electrical system (energy efficiency) and
is defined as the ratio of Real (working) Power to Apparent (total) Power.
• Real Power (kW) is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful, productive work. It is also
called Actual Power, Active Power or Working Power.
• Reactive Power (kVAr) is the power required by some equipments (e.g. transformers & motors etc.) to produce a
magnetic field to enable real work to be done. It’s necessary to energize these equipments however it does not
perform any productive work.
• Apparent Power (kVA) is the vector sum of Real Power (kW) and Reactive Power (kVAR) and is the total power
supplied through the mains that is required to produce the required amount of Real Power for the load. It is also
known as the ‘demand’.
• Power Factor expresses the ratio of real power actually used in a circuit to the apparent power delivered to the circuit.
The total power demand on the network is usually greater than the real power. The ratio of the real power to the total
power is your power factor, a number between 0 and 1. The higher the power factor the more efficient your site is at
utilizing the supplied power.
• The ideal power factor is unity, or one (1.0) which means that all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by
the load. Anything less than one means that extra power is required to achieve the actual task at hand. Power factors
are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle. Capacitive loads are leading (current
leads voltage), and inductive loads are lagging (current lags voltage).
 Real Power (KW), Reactive Power(KVAR) & Apparent Power (KVA)

Real Power (KW) – The power supplied

to the equipment that performs
suitable and productive work is
known as real power.

Reactive Power (KVAR) – The power

essential for equipment such as
motors and transformers to generate
magnetic
fields allowing actual work to be
done, is known as reactive power.

Apparent Power (KVA) – Apparent

power is the vector sum of real power
and reactive power.
 THE BEER ANALOGY

The power factor is the ratio between Real

Power and Apparent Power.
 Reactive Power
>AC power supply systems produce and consume two types of powers; Active
Power and Reactive Power. Real power or Active Power is the true power given to
any load. It accomplishes useful work like lighting lamps, rotating motors, etc.
>Reactive power is the imaginary power, which does not do any useful work but
simply moves back and forth in the power system lines. It is a byproduct of AC
systems and produced from inductive and capacitive loads. It exists when there is a
phase displacement between voltage and current.
It is measured in units of volt-ampere reactive (VAR).
> If the power demand is more than that supplied by transmitting lines, current drawn
from supply lines increases to a higher level, which causes the voltage to fall
drastically at the receiving end side. If this low voltage is decreased further, it leads
to the tripping of generator units, overheating of motors and other equipment
failures.
>To overcome this, reactive power should be supplied to the load by putting reactive
inductors or reactors in transmission lines. The capacity of these reactors depends
on the amount of apparent power to be supplied.
 Effects of Poor Power Factor
Poor power factor means you need to draw more power
from the electricity network to do the same amount of
work. Therefore, the cables need to be larger so the
installation is going to cost more money. In other words,
Operating Cost of electrical system is high.
The increased current at low power factor causes greater
voltage drop in alternators, transformers, transmission
lines and distribution system.
Poor Power factors lead to gains high heat and thus
reduce equipment's life.
Benefits of maintaining good Power Factor
Improving of power factor results in less current being
drawn, thus resulting into better voltage.
Voltage dip problems solved.
 Less Electricity costs
 Less heat generation
Greater longevity/Life of the electrical system installation.
Reduces the maximum demand tariff and thereby reducing
your power costs.
Reactive Power penalties paid by the Industrial consumers
for operating with low Power Factor will be reduced.
Capacitor Bank Ratings
 What is Voltage
• Voltage is the pressure from
an electrical circuit's power
source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a
conducting loop, enabling
them to do work such as
illuminating a light.
• In brief, voltage = pressure,
and it is measured
in volts (V).
• Voltage is the potential
difference between two points
in an electric field, which
causes current to flow in the
circuit.
 What is Current
> Current is flow of electrons in an
electric circuit. Its unit is Ampere &
denoted as I.
> There are mainly two types of current
i.e. Direct current (DC) and Alternating
current (AC).
>The Direct Current flows in one
direction, while the Alternating Current
flows in two directions as the electrons
keep switching directions, going
forward and then backwards in AC.
> The current flows from the positive
terminal to the negative terminal of the
battery. it is conventional that current
flows in opposite direction to the flow
of electric charges (electrons).
 What is Resistance
>Resistance is a property of an
electric circuit that transforms
electric energy into heat energy. It
involves collisions of charged
particles with fixed particles that
make up the structure of the
conductors.
> Resistance is an indicator of
how readily current will flow in a
circuit. Current increases when
resistance decreases, and it
decreases when resistance
increase
>Resistance is measured in ohms
(Ω). It's represented by the
uppercase letter R.
www.hpti.org.in
THANKS
Er. Rajiv Anand
Former SE/M&P-cum-CE/M&P / UHBVN
Mobile No. 94160-33009
E-Mail:- rajivkanand@gmail.com