Chapter 26

Nuclei
1. 4. A radioactive nucleus (initial mass number A
and atomic number Z) emits 3 -particles and
BC D E 2 positrons. The ratio of number of neutrons to
Eb
that of protons in the final nucleus will be
A F
[AIEEE-2010]
M A–Z –4 A–Z –8
(1) (2)
The above is a plot of binding energy per nucleon Z–2 Z–4
Eb, against the nuclear mass M; A, B, C, D, E, F
A–Z –4 A – Z – 12
correspond to different nuclei. Consider four (3) (4)
reactions : [AIEEE-2009] Z–8 Z–4
5. Statement-1 : A nucleus having energy E1 decays
(i) A + B  C + 
by – emission to daughter nucleus having energy
(ii) C  A + B +  E2, but the  – rays are emitted with a continuous
(iii) D + E  F +  energy spectrum having end point energy E1 – E2.
Statement-2 : To conserve energy and momentum
(iv) F  D + E + 
in -decay at least three particles must take part
where  is the energy released? In which reactions in the transformation. [AIEEE-2011]
is  positive?
(1) Statement-1 is correct, Statement-2 is correct
(1) (i) and (iii) and Statement-2 is the not correct explanation
(2) (ii) and (iv) of Statement-1

(3) (ii) and (iii) (2) Statement-1 is incorrect, Statement-2 is correct

(3) Statement-1 is correct but Statement-2 is not
(4) (i) and (iv)
correct
Directions : Question numbers 2 and 3 are based on (4) Statement-1 and Statement-2 both are correct
the following paragraph. and Statement-2 is the correct explanation of
A nucleus of mass M + m is at rest and decays into Statement-1
M 6. Assume that a neutron breaks into a proton and an
two daughter nuclei of equal mass each. Speed of electron. The energy released during this process
2
light is c. [AIEEE-2010] is

2. The speed of daughter nuclei is (Mass of neutron = 1.6725 × 10–27 kg

Mass of proton = 1.6725 × 10–27 kg
m m Mass of electron = 9 × 10–31 kg) [AIEEE-2012]
(1) c (2) c
M  m M  m
(1) 7.10 MeV (2) 6.30 MeV

2m m (3) 5.4 MeV (4) 0.73 MeV

(3) c (4) c
7. Half-lives of two radioactive elements A and B are
M M
20 minutes and 40 minutes, respectively. Initially,
3. The binding energy per nucleon for the parent the samples have equal number of nuclei. After
nucleus is E1 and that for the daughter nuclei is 80 minutes, the ratio of decayed numbers of
E2. Then A and B nuclei will be [JEE (Main)-2016]
(1) E1 = 2 E2 (2) E2 = 2 E1 (1) 4 : 1 (2) 1 : 4
(3) E1 > E2 (4) E2 > E1 (3) 5 : 4 (4) 1 : 16
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8. A radioactive nucleus A with a half life T, decays (1) Energy of 9.72 MeV will be supplied
into a nucleus B. At t = 0, there is no nucleus B.
(2) 8.3 MeV energy will be released
At sometime t, the ratio of the number of B to that
of A is 0.3. Then, t is given by [JEE (Main)-2017] (3) Energy of 3.6 MeV will be released
(4) Energy of 11.9 MeV has to be supplied
T log2 log1.3
(1) t  2 log1.3 (2) t T
log2 13. In a radioactive decay chain, the initial nucleus is
232
90 Th . At the end there are 6 -particles and
T particles which are emitted. If the end nucleus is
(3) t  T log 1.3  (4) t
log 1.3  A
ZX , A and Z are given by [JEE (Main)-2019]
9. A sample of radioactive material A, that has an (1) A = 200; Z = 81
activity of 10 mCi(1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 decays/s), has
twice the number of nuclei as another sample of a (2) A = 202; Z = 80
different radioactive material B which has an activity (3) A = 208; Z = 80
of 20 mCi. The correct choices for half-lives of A
and B would then be respectively: (4) A = 208; Z = 82

[JEE (Main)-2019] 14. An alpha-particle of mass m suffers 1-dimensional

elastic collision with a nucleus at rest of unknown
(1) 10 day and 40 days mass. It is scattered directly backwards losing,
(2) 20 day and 5 days 64% of its initial kinetic energy. The mass of the
nucleus is: [JEE (Main)-2019]
(3) 20 day and 10 days
(1) 1.5m (2) 3.5m
(4) 5 day and 10 days
(3) 4m (4) 2m
10. At a given instant, say t = 0, two radioactive
substances A and B have equal activities. 15. A nucleus A, with a finite de-Broglie wavelength A,
undergoes spontaneous fission into two nuclei B
RB and C of equal mass. B flies in the same direction
The ratio R of their activities after time t itself as that of A, while C flies in the opposite direction
A
with a velocity equal to half of that of B. The de-
decays with time t as e–3t. If the half-life of A is Broglie wavelength  B and  C of B and C are
ln2, the half-life of B is [JEE (Main)-2019] respectively: [JEE (Main)-2019]
ln2 A
(1) 4 ln2 (2) (1) 2 A,A (2) A,
2 2

ln2 A
(3) (4) 2 ln2 (3) ,A (4) A, 2 A
4 2
11. Using a nuclear counter the count rate of emitted 16. The ratio of mass densities of nuclei 40Ca and 16O
particles from a radioactive source is measured. At is close to : [JEE (Main)-2019]
t = 0 it was 1600 counts per second and t = 8
seconds it was 100 counts per second. The count (1) 0.1 (2) 1
rate observed, as counts per second, at t = 6 (3) 2 (4) 5
seconds is close to [JEE (Main)-2019]
17. Two radioactive materials A and B have decay
(1) 400 (2) 360 constants 10 and , respectively. If initially they
(3) 150 (4) 200 have the same number of nuclei, then the ratio of
the number of nuclei of A to that of B will be 1/e
12. Consider the nuclear fission after a time : [JEE (Main)-2019]
Ne20  2He4 + C12
1 11
Given that the binding energy/nucleon of Ne20, He4 (1) (2)
10  10 
and C12 are, respectively, 8.03 MeV, 7.07 MeV and
7.86 MeV, identify the correct statement
1 1
[JEE (Main)-2019] (3) (4)
9 11 

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18. Two radioactive substances A and B have decay 23. The radius R of a nucleus of mass number A can be
constants 5 and  respectively. At t = 0, a estimated by the formula R = (1.3 × 10–15)A1/3 m. It
sample has the same number of the two nuclei. follows that the mass density of a nucleus is of the
The time taken for the ratio of the number of nuclei order of (Mprot.  Mneut.  1.67 × 10–27 kg)

2
[JEE (Main)-2020]
 1
to become   will be : [JEE (Main)-2019] (1) 1024 kg m–3 (2) 1010 kg m–3
e
(3) 1017 kg m–3 (4) 103 kg m–3
1 1 120
(1) (2) 24. Find the binding energy per nucleon for 50 Sn .
2 4
Mass of proton mp = 1.00783 U, mass of neutron
m n = 1.00867 U and mass of tin nucleus
1 2 mSn = 119.902199 U. (take 1U = 931 MeV)
(3) (4)
 
[JEE (Main)-2020]
19. Half lives of two radioactive nuclei A and B are 10 (1) 9.0 MeV (2) 8.5 MeV
minutes and 20 minutes, respectively. If, initially a
(3) 8.0 MeV (4) 7.5 MeV
sample has equal number of nuclei, then after 60
minutes, the ratio of decayed numbers of nuclei A 25. Activities of three radioactive substances A, B and
and B will be : [JEE (Main)-2019] C are represented by the curves A, B and C, in the

(1) 9 : 8 (2) 3 : 8 figure. Then their half-lives T 1  A  : T1  B  : T1 C 

2 2 2
(3) 8 : 1 (4) 1 : 8
are in the ratio [JEE (Main)-2020]
20. The activity of a radioactive sample falls from
700 s–1 to 500 s–1 in 30 minutes. Its half life is ln R
close to [JEE (Main)-2020]
6
(1) 66 min
4 A
(2) 52 min C
2 B
(3) 62 min
0 t
(4) 72 min 5 10 (yrs)

21. In a reactor, 2 kg of 92U235 fuel is fully used up in (1) 2 : 1 : 3 (2) 4 : 3 : 1

30 days. The energy released per fission is (3) 2 : 1 : 1 (4) 3 : 2 : 1
200 MeV. Given that the Avogadro number,
26. A physical quantity z depends on four observables
N = 6.023 × 10 26 per kilo mole and 1 eV =
2
1.6 × 10–19 J. The power output of the reactor is
a2 b 3
close to [JEE (Main)-2020] a, b, c and d, as z  . The percentages of
c d3
(1) 125 MW error in the measurement of a, b, c and d are 2%,
(2) 35 MW 1.5%, 4% and 2.5% respectively. The percentage
of error in z is [JEE (Main)-2020]
(3) 60 MW
(1) 13.5% (2) 14.5%
(4) 54 MW
(3) 16.5% (4) 12.25%
22. In a radioactive material, fraction of active material
27. A radioactive nucleus decays by two different
remaining after time t is 9/16. The fraction that was processes. The half life for the first process is
remaining after t/2 is [JEE (Main)-2020] 10 s and that for the second is 100 s. The effective
half life of the nucleus is close to
3 4
(1) (2) [JEE (Main)-2020]
4 5
(1) 12 s (2) 9 s
3 7
(3) (4) (3) 55 s (4) 6 s
5 8
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28. You are given that Mass of 73 Li  7.0160 u, Mass t 2  t1 ln (t 2  t1 )

4 1 (1) (2)
of 2 He  4.0026 u and Mass of 1H  1.0079 u. ln 5 2

When 20 g of 73 Li is converted into 24 He by proton ln 5 t1  t 2

capture, the energy liberated, (in kWh), is (3) (4)
t 2  t1 ln 5
[Mass of nucleon = 1 GeV/c2] [JEE (Main)-2020]
33. Calculate the time interval between 33% decay and
(1) 1.33 × 106 (2) 4.5 × 105 67% decay if half-life of a substance is 20
(3) 8 × 106 (4) 6.82 × 105 minutes. [JEE (Main)-2021]
29. Given the masses of various atomic particles (1) 20 minutes
mp = 1.0072 u, mn = 1.0087 u, me = 0.000548 u, (2) 40 minutes
m  0, md  2.0141 u, where p  proton, (3) 60 minutes
n  neutron, e  electron,   antineutrino and d (4) 13 minutes
 deuteron. Which of the following process is 34. The half-life of Au198 is 2.7 days. The activity of
allowed by momentum and energy conservation? 1.50 mg of Au198 if its atomic weight is 198 g mol–1
[JEE (Main)-2020] is, (NA = 6 × 1023/mol). [JEE (Main)-2021]
(1) n + n  deuterium atom (1) 252 Ci (2) 535 Ci
(electron bound to the nucleus) (3) 357 Ci (4) 240 Ci
(2) n + p  d +  35. A radioactive sample disintegrates via two
independent decay processes having half lives
(3) p  n  e   
T(1)
1
and T(2)
1 respectively. The effective half-life,
2 2
(4) e  e   
T1 of the nuclei is [JEE (Main)-2021]
30. A particle of mass 200 MeV/c2 collides with a 2
hydrogen atom at rest. Soon after the collision the
particle comes to rest, and the atom recoils and T(1)  T1(2)
1
goes to its first excited state. The initial kinetic (1) (2) 2 2
(1) T1 = T1  T1 (2) T1 =
(1) (2)
N 2 2 2 2 T1 – T1
energy of the particle (in eV) is . The value of 2 2
4
N is
(Given the mass of the hydrogen atom to be T(1)
1
T(2)
1
1 GeV/c2)______. [JEE (Main)-2020] 2 2
(3) T1 = (1) (4) None of the above
31. Two radioactive substance X and Y originally have 2 T1  T(2)
1
N1 and N2 nuclei respectively. Half life of X is half 2 2
of the half life of Y. After three half lives of Y, 36. The decay of a proton to neutron is:
number of nuclei of both are equal.
[JEE (Main)-2021]
N1 (1) Always possible as it is associated only with
The ratio N will be equal to :[JEE (Main)-2021]
2  + decay
(2) Not possible but neutron to proton conversion
1 8 is possible
(1) (2)
3 1 (3) Not possible as proton mass is less than the
neutron mass
1 3
(3) (4) (4) Possible only inside the nucleus
8 1
37. A nucleus of mass M emits -ray photon of
32. A radioactive sample is undergoing  decay. At
frequency ‘’. The loss of internal energy by the
any time t1, its activity is A and another time t2,
nucleus is:
A
the activity is . What is the average life time for [Take ‘c’ as the speed of electromagnetic wave]
5
the sample? [JEE (Main)-2021] [JEE (Main)-2021]

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43. The half-life of 198Au is 3 days. If atomic weight of

 h  198Au is 198 g/mol then the activity of 2 mg of
(1) h 1   (2) h
 2Mc 2  198Au is [in disintegration/second]:

[JEE (Main)-2021]
 h 
(3) h 1   (4) 0 (1) 2.67 × 1012
 2Mc 2 
(2) 16.18 × 1012
38. A radioactive material decays by simultaneous
emissions of two particles with half lives of 1400 (3) 32.36 × 1012
years and 700 years respectively. What will be the (4) 6.06 × 1018
time after which one third of the material remains? 44. The nuclear activity of a radioactive element
(Take In 3 = 1.1) [JEE (Main)-2021]
th
(1) 340 years (2) 1110 years  1
becomes   of its initial value in 30 years. The
(3) 700 years (4) 740 years 8
39. For a certain radioactive process the graph between half-life of radioactive element is ______ years.
In R and t(sec) is obtained as shown in the figure. [JEE (Main)-2021]
Then the value of half life for the unknown 45. From the given data, the amount of energy required
radioactive material is approximately:
27
to break the nucleus of aluminium 13
[JEE (Main)-2021] Al is _ x ×
–3
10 J. [JEE (Main)-2021]
8 R = decay rate Mass of neutron = 1.00866 u
6
Mass of proton = 1.00726 u
ln R

4
Mass of Aluminium nucleus = 27.18846 u
2
(Assume 1 u corresponds to x J of energy)
10 20 30 40 50 60
time, t(sec) (Round off to the nearest integer)
(1) 4.62 sec (2) 6.93 sec 46. If ‘f’ denotes the ratio of the number of nuclei
(3) 9.15 sec (4) 2.62 sec decayed (Nd) to the number of nuclei at t = 0 (N0)
then for a collection of radioactive nuclei, the rate
th of change of ‘f’ with respect to time is given as
 1
40. A radioactive substance decays to   of its
 16  [ is the radioactive decay constant]
initial activity in 80 days. The half life of the [JEE (Main)-2021]
radioactive substance expressed in days is _____.
(1) e–t
[JEE (Main)-2021]
(2) –(1 – e–t)
41. A nucleus with mass number 184 initially at rest
emits an -particle. If the Q value of the reaction (3) –e–t
is 5.5 MeV, calculate the kinetic energy of the - (4) (1 – e–t)
particle. [JEE (Main)-2021]
47. A radioactive sample has an average life of 30 ms
(1) 5.5 MeV (2) 5.0 MeV and is decaying. A capacitor of capacitance 200 F
(3) 5.38 MeV (4) 0.12 MeV is first charged and later connected with resistor
42. Some nuclei of a radioactive material are 'R'. If the ratio of charge on capacitor to the activity
undergoing radioactive decay. The time gap of radioactive sample is fixed with respect to time
between the instances when a quarter of the nuclei then the value of 'R' should be ________ .
have decayed and when half of the nuclei have [JEE (Main)-2021]
decayed is given as (where  is the decay
constant) [JEE (Main)-2021] 48. Consider the following statements
[JEE (Main)-2021]
ln2 1 ln 2
(1) (2) A. Atoms of each element emit characteristics
 2 
spectrum.
3 B. According to Bohr’s Postulate, an electron in
ln 2ln 2
(3) 2 (4) a hydrogen atom, revolves in a certain
  stationary orbit.

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C. The density of nuclear matter depends on the 50. There are 10 10 radioactive nuclei in a given
size of the nucleus. radioactive element. Its half-life time is 1 minute.
How many nuclei will remain after 30 seconds?
D. A free neutron is stable but a free proton decay
is possible. ( 2  1.414) [JEE (Main)-2021]
E. Radioactivity is an indication of the instability
(1) 2 × 1010 (2) 105
of nuclei.
(3) 4 × 1010 (4) 7 × 109
Choose the correct answer from the options given
below 51. A sample of a radioactive nucleus A disintegrates
to another radioactive nucleus B, which in turn
(1) B and D only (2) A, B and E only disintegrates to some other stable nucleus C. Plot
(3) A, B, C, D and E (4) A, C and E only of a graph showing the variation of number of
atoms of nucleus B versus time is:
49. At time t = 0, a material is composed of two
radioactive atoms A and B, where NA(0) = 2NB(0). (Assume that at t = 0, there are no B atoms in
The decay constant of both kind of radioactive the sample) [JEE (Main)-2021]
atoms is . However, A disintegrates to B and B
disintegrates to C. Which of the following figures

No. of atoms

No. of atoms
represents the evolution of NB(t)/NB(0) with respect
to time t? [JEE (Main)-2021]
(1) (2)
NA (0) = No. of A atoms at t = 0 
N (0) = No. of B atoms at t = 0  time time
 B 

1
No. of atoms

No. of atoms
NB (t)
(1) NB (0) (3) (4)
t time time
1
2
52. Consider two separate ideal gases of electrons and
protons having same number of particles. The
1 temperature of both the gases are same. The ratio
NB (t) of the uncertainty in determining the position of an
(2) NB (0) electron to that of a proton is proportional to:
[JEE (Main)-2021]
t
1
mp mp
2 (1) (2)
me me

1
3/2
NB (t)  mp  me
(3) NB (0) (3)   (4)
 me  mp
t 53. The half life period of a radioactive element x is
1
2 same as the mean life time of another radioactive
element y. Initially they have the same number of
atoms. Then: [JEE (Main)-2021]
1
(1) x-will decay faster than y
NB (t)
(4) NB (0) (2) y-will decay faster than x
(3) x and y decay at the same rate always
t
1 (4) x and y have same decay rate initially and later
 on different decay rate

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54. Nucleus A is having mass number 220 and its 56. How many alpha and beta particles are emitted
binding energy per nucleon is 5.6 MeV. It splits in when Uranium 92U238 decays to lead 82Pb206?
two fragments ‘B’ and ‘C’ of mass numbers 105 [JEE (Main)-2022]
and 115. The binding energy of nucleons in ‘B’
(1) 3 alpha particles and 5 beta particles
and ‘C’ is 6.4 MeV per nucleon. The energy Q
released per fission will be : [JEE (Main)-2022] (2) 6 alpha particles and 4 beta particles
(3) 4 alpha particles and 5 beta particles
(1) 0.8 MeV (2) 275 MeV
(4) 8 alpha particles and 6 beta particles
(3) 220 MeV (4) 176 MeV 57. The Q-value of a nuclear reaction and kinetic
energy of the projectile particle, Kp are related as:
55. W hich of the following figure represents the
[JEE (Main)-2022]
R  (1) Q = Kp
variation of ln  R  with ln A (if R = radius of a
 0 (2) (Kp + Q) < 0
nucleus and A = its mass number) (3) Q < Kp
(4) (Kp + Q) > 0
[JEE (Main)-2022]
58. Following statements related to radioactivity are
given below: [JEE (Main)-2022]
(A) Radioactivity is a random and spontaneous
process and is dependent on physical and
chemical conditions.
(1)
(B) The number of un-decayed nuclei in the
radioactive sample decays exponentially with
time.
(C) Slope of the graph of loge (no. of undecayed
nuclei) Vs. time represents the reciprocal of
mean life time ().

(2) (D) Product of decay constant () and half-life time

(T1/2) is not constant.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the

options given below:

(1) (A) and (B) only

(2) (B) and (D) only

(3) (3) (B) and (C) only

(4) (C) and (D) only

59. The activity of a radioactive material is 2.56 × 10–3
Ci. If the half life of the material is 5 days, after
how many days the activity will become 2 × 10–5
Ci? [JEE (Main)-2022]
(1) 30 days

(4) (2) 35 days

(3) 40 days
(4) 25 days

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60. In the following nuclear reaction, 65. The half life period of a radioactive substance is 60

 7

D  
 D1   
 D2  
 D3   D4 days. The time taken for th of its original mass
8
to disintegrate will be : [JEE (Main)-2022]
Mass number of D is 182 and atomic number is 74.
Mass number and atomic number of D4 respectively (1) 120 days
will be _____ [JEE (Main)-2022] (2) 130 days
(1) 174 and 71 (3) 180 days
(2) 174 and 69 (4) 20 days

(3) 172 and 69 66. A freshly prepared radioactive source of half life
2 hours 30 minutes emits radiation which is
(4) 172 and 71 64 times the permissible safe level. The minimum
61. The half life of a radioactive substance is 5 years. time, after which it would be possible to work
After x years, a given sample of the radioactive safely with source, will be _______ hours.
substance gets reduced to 6.25% of its initial [JEE (Main)-2022]
value. The value of x is ______ [JEE (Main)-2022]
7
62. The disintegration rate of a certain radioactive 67. A radioactive sample decays times its original
8
sample at any instant is 4250 disintegrations per
quantity in 15 minutes. The half-life of the sample
minute. 10 minutes later, the rate becomes 2250
disintegrations per minute. The approximate decay is [JEE (Main)-2022]
constant is (1) 5 min
(Take log101.88 = 0.274) [JEE (Main)-2022]
(2) 7.5 min
(1) 0.02 min–1
(3) 15 min
(2) 2.7 min–1
(4) 30 min
(3) 0.063 min–1
68. Read the following statements: [JEE (Main)-2022]
(4) 6.3 min–1
(A) Volume of the nucleus is directly proportional
63. What is the half-life period of a radioactive material
to the mass number.
1
if its activity drops to th of its initial value in 30 (B) Volume of the nucleus is independent of mass
16
number.
years? [JEE (Main)-2022]
(1) 9.5 years (C) Density of the nucleus is directly proportional
to the mass number.
(2) 8.5 years
(3) 7.5 years (D) Density of the nucleus is directly proportional
to the cube root of the mass number.
(4) 10.5 years
64. The activity of a radioactive material is 6.4 × 10–4 (E) Density of the nucleus is independent of the
curie. Its half life is 5 days. The activity will mass number.
become 5 × 10–6 curie after [JEE (Main)-2022] Choose the correct option from the following options
(1) 7 days (1) (A) and (D) only
(2) 15 days (2) (A) and (E) only
(3) 25 days (3) (B) and (E) only
(4) 35 days (4) (A) and (C) only

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69. Two radioactive materials A and B have decay (1) 3.75 hours (2) 0.56 hours
constants 25and 16 respectively. If initially they (3) 0.26 hours (4) 1.80 hours
have the same number of nuclei, then the ratio of
the number of nuclei of B to that of A will be ‘e’ 73. Two lighter nuclei combine to from a comparatively
heavier nucleus by the relation given blow:
1
after a time . The value of a is _____.
a 2
 12 X  24Y
1X
[JEE (Main)-2022]
The binding energies per nucleon for 12 X and 24 Y
70. An  particle and a proton are accelerated from rest
are 1.1 MeV and 7.6 MeV respectively. The energy
through the same potential difference. The ratio of
released in the process is ______ MeV
linear momenta acquired by above two particles will
[JEE (Main)-2022]
be: [JEE (Main)-2022]
74. A sample contains 10–2 kg each of two substances
(1) (2) 2 2 : 1 A and B with half lives 4 s and 8 s respectively. The
2 :1
ratio of their atomic weights is 1 : 2. The ratio of the

(3) 4 2 : 1 (4) 8 : 1 x
amounts of A and B after 16 s is . The value of
100
71. d1 and d2 are the impact parameters x is ________. [JEE (Main)-2022]
corresponding to scattering angles 60° and 90°
75. Mass numbers of two nuclei are in the ratio of
respectively, when an  particle is approaching a
4 : 3. Their nuclear densities will be in the ratio of
gold nucleus. For d1 = x d2, the value of x will be
_______. [JEE (Main)-2022] [JEE (Main)-2022]

72. A radioactive nucleus can decay by two different 1

 3 3
processes. Half-life for the first process is 3.0 hours (1) 4 : 3 (2)  
while it is 4.5 hours for the second process. The 4
effective half-life of the nucleus will be: 1
 4 3
[JEE (Main)-2022] (3) 1 : 1 (4)  
3

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