Physics

Scalar Quantities " The brakes applied in automobiles work act only
Physical quantities which have magnitude only. e. g., Mass, speed, friction. due
volume, work, time, power, energy etc, are scalar quantities.
Work
Vector Quantities "Work is said to be done, if force acting on a
body is able t
Physical quantities which have magnitude and actually move it through same distance in the
e.g., Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force,direction both.
momentum,
torque etc. Moment of inertia, pressure, refractive index,
force. Its unit is a joule.
Work = Force x Distance
direction
of the
stress
are tensor quantities. " Ifa body gets displaced by S, when a force Facts on it,
the work done W= FS cos 0. Where 0is the angle the
Newton's Laws of Motion direction of force and displacement.
If0> 90°, then work willbe negative.
between th
"
First Law Every body maintains its initial state of rest or " Ife< 90°, then work will be positive.
motion with uniform speed on a straight line unless an external " If0 =90°, then work will be zero.
force acts on it. It is also called of Galileo's law or
law of " If a coolie carrying a load on his head is
horizontal platform, then theoretically he is notmoving
inertia. on
" When a running horse stops suddenly the rider doine
bends work because 0=90°.
forward.
" While jumping from a slowly moving train/bus one
for a short while in the direction of motion. must run Energy
Second Law The force acting on an object is directly Capacity of doing work by a body is called its energy. Energy i
scalar quantity and its unit is Joule. Mechanical energy is
proportional to the product of the mass of the object and the two types.
acceleration product on it.
Kinetic Energy (K) Energy possessed by a body due
Bogies of the trains are provided with buffers to avoid severe its motion.
jerks during shunting of trains. K=my2
1

Third Law To every action, there is an equal and opposite where, m is mass and v is the velocity.
reaction.
" During firing the bullet of the gun recoils back
" Potential Energy (U) The capacity of doing wo
developed in a body due to its position or configuration.
Rocket moves up due to reaction of downward ejection of gas.
U= mgh
Circular Motion mis mass, g is acceleration to gravity,h is height.
Energy of stretched or compressed spring, energy of wate
" When an object moves along a circular path, its motion is collected at a height and energy of spring in a watch ar
called circular motion. The external force required to maintain examples of potential energy.
the circular motion of the body is called Centripetal force.
" Centrifugal force is such a pseudo force. It is equal and
opposite to centripetal force. Some Equipments used to Transform Energy
Cream separator, centrifugal drier work on the principle of Equipment
centrifugal force. In the death well the walls of well exert a Energy Transformed
inward force over the motorcycle and as a reaction, the Dynamo Mechanical energy into electrical energy.
motorcycle exert an outward force on the walls of the well. Electric motor Electrical energy into mechanical energy.
ierophone Sound energy into electrical energy.
Friction Ele
dspeaker
i bulb
Electrical energy into sound energy.
Electrical energy into light and heat energy.
It is the opposing force that is set up between the surface of Solar1 Solar energy into sound energy.
contact, when one body slides or rolls or tends to do so on the Candl Chemical energy into light and heat energy.
surface of another body. Sitar
" Due to friction we are able to move on the surface of earth. |Mechanical energy into sound energy.
 Gener

Power " Escape velocity at the earth's surface is 11.2 km/s.

" Escape velocity at the moon's surface is 2,4 kn/s. Due to low
work is called power. Its unit is watt.
Rateofdoing Work
escape velocity there is no atrnosphere on the moon.
Power
Time
hour=3600joule 1 kilowatt hour
Waves
1 watt
3.6 x10 joule A wave is a disturbancewhich propagates energy from one place
1HP=746watr
to the other without the transporation of matter.
Waves are broadly of two types
Gravitation () Mechanical wave (longitudinal wave and transverse wave)
(ii) Electromagnetic wave
Every body in the universe attracts other body by a force
led force of gravitation. The gravitational force of earth is Longitudinal Waves
called gravity.
In this wave the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction
he acceleration produced in a body due to force of gravity is of propagation off wave.
led acceleration due to gravity (g) and its value is 9.8 m/s.
Aoceleration due to gravity is independent of shape, size and Waves on springs or sound waves in air are exanples of
mass of the body. longitudinalwaves.
Salue ofg decreases with height or depth from earth surface.
gi8 minimum at poles. Transverse Waves
EiS minimum at equator. In this wave the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular
1g decreases due to rotation of earth. to the direction of propagation of wave.
rdecreases if angular speed of earth increases and increases
fangular speed of earth decreases. The acceleration due to Waves on strings under tension, waves on the surface of water
are the examples of transverse waves.
ravity at the moon is one-sixth that of the earth. So, the
weight of a person on the surface of the moon will be
ene-sixth of his actual weight on earth. Electromagnetic Waves
" The waves which do not require medium for their
Satellite propagation i.e., which can propagate even through the
vacuum are called electromagnetic waves.
Satellites are natural or artificial bodies revolving around a " Light and heat are the examples of electrom agnetic waves.
planet under its gravitational attraction. This wave propagate with the velocity of light.
Moon is a natural satellite while INSAT-B is an artificial " Cathode rays, Canal rays, -rays, B-rays, sound waves and
satellite of earth. The period of revolution of satellite
revolving near the surface of earth is 1 hour 24 minutes (84 ultrasonicwaves are not electromagnetic waves.
minutes).
Geo-stationary satellite revolves around the earth at a
Sound Waves
beight of 3600 km. The orbit of geo-stationary satellite is Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves. Based on their
called parking orbit. frequency range sound waves are divided into following
Geo-stationary satellite revolves in equatorial plane from categories.
West toEast. Time period of rotation of geo-stationary is 24 h. " The sound waves which lie in the frequency range 20 Hz to
The earth rotates on its axis from West to East. This 2000 Hz are called audible waves.
rotation makes the sun and the stars appears to be moving " The sound waves having frequencies less than 20 Hz are
across the sky from East to West. called infrasonic.
Geo-stationary satellite is used to reflect TV signals and " The sound waves having frequencies greater than 2000 Hz are
telecast TV programmes from one part of the world to called ultrasonic waves.
anather in weather for casting in predictions of floods and
droughts Uses of Ultrasonic Waves
Polar Satellite revolves around the earth in polar orbit at a ) For sending signals, (i1) For measuring the depth of sea, (iit)
height of 800 kn (app.) Time periods of these satelites is 84 For cleaning cloths, aeroplanes and machinery parts of clocks,
min These are used for weather forecasting, happing ete. (iv) For removing lamp-shoot from the chimney of factories, (v)
In sterilizing of a liquid, (vi) In ultrasonography.
Escape Velocity Mach Number
ape velocity is that minimum velocity with which a body
ould be projected from the surface of earth, 80 as it goes out of It is a dimensionless quantity, which is a ratio of the speed of the
ravitational field of earth and never return to earth. object is a medium of the speed of the sound in the particular
Escape velocity is N2 times the orbital velocity. medium.
 General Properties of Matter Density
" Density is defined as mass per unit
volume.
Elasticity
Elasticity is the property of material of a body by virtue of which
Relativedensity is measured by hydro- meter.
The density of sea water is more than that,of
the body acquires its original shape and size
after the removal " The density of iron is more than that of water
normal water
of deforming force. that of mercury. So, a solid chunk of iron sink
but less than
Steel is more elastic than rubber.
in water bu
float in mercury.
" If ice floating in water in a vessel melts, the level of
Pressure the vessel does not change. water n
Pressure is defined as force acting normally an unit area of the Surface Tension
surface.
Surface tension decrease with rise in
Pressure = Force
Area
become zero at the critical temnperature. temperature and
" The surface tension of clean water is higher than
Its unit is N/m. It is a scalar
" Sudden fall in barometric
quantity. soap solution. that of a
reading is the indication of storm. " Formation of lead shots, spraying result in coldnes
" Slow fall in barometric reading is
the indication of rain. floatation of needle on water, dancing of camphor on wate
" Slow rise in the barometric are based on surface tension.
reading is the indication of clear
weather. Liquid drop from sphericalshape due to surface tension
" Atmospheric pressure is measured by barometer. When kerosene oil is sprinkled on water, its surface tens
The pressure exerted by liquid column at the decreases, due to which the excess of mosquitoes floating an
surface
p=hdg, where d is the density of liquid, h is height given as
of liquid the surface of water die due to sinking.
column. " When a ship enters in asee from a river it raise a bit becanse
In a static liquid at same horizontal level, the density of saline water is higher.
all points.
pressure is same at
" Pressure at a point in a liquid is
Cohesive & Adhesive Force
the liquid. proportional to the density of Force of attraction applied between molecules of same
substance is called cohesive force while attractive force
between molecules of different substance is called adhesive

Archimedes' Principleliquid,
When body immersed partly wholly
a is or in a
force.
Asolid melts into liquid due to adhesive force,
there is an
apparent loss in the weight of the body which is equal to the
weight of liquid displaced by the body. Capillarity
The weight of water displaced by an iron ball is less than its The phenomenon of rise or depression of liquids in a capillary
OWn weight. Whereas water displaces by the immersed tube is called capillarity.
portion of a ship is equal to its weight.So, small ball of iron ball
sink in water but large ship float.
A fat person will quickly learn the swimming as compared to a Bernoulli's Theorem
slim person because he will displace more water so will be When an incompressible and non-viscous liquid (or gas)
streamlined motion fromn one place to another, then atflows
more balanced.
in
point of its path the total energy per unit volume every
Hydrogen filled ballon float in air because hydrogen is lighter (pressure
than air. energy) + kinetic energy + potential energy) is constant.
A person can lift more weight in water.
Venturimeter, Bunsen's Burner, Atomizer, filter pump, nmotion
of aeroplane and Maynus effect are based upon the Bernoulis
Laws of Floatation theorem.
Abody floats in a liquid if
(i) the density of materials of body is less than or equal to the
Simple Pendulum
" Simple pendulum is a heavy point mass
density of liquid. suspended from a
rigid support by means of an elastic inextensible
(ii) the density of material of body is equal to density of liquid, " The maximum time period of a simple
string.
the body floats fully submerged in liquid in pendulum 84.6 min.
is
" A pendulum clock goes slow in summer and
neutral equilibrium when body floats in neutral fast in winter:
" Ifa simple pendulum is suspended in a lift
equilibrium the weight of the body is equal to the weight of descending down
with acceleration, then time period of pendulum
displaced liquid. will De
increase. If lift is ascending, then time period of pendulum
(iv) the centre of gravity of the body and centre of gravity of the will be decrease. If a lift falling freely under gravity, then the
displaced liquid should be in one vertical line. time period of the pendulum is infinite.
 It team dot atent bend. so
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Magnets Radioactivity Becquerel Madame
Magnetieys piece f iron or her
misterials that can tirac adioativity was disoered by Henrythey jointly win Nobel
containing objeet snd that
pended pointa North andfth when Curie and Pierre Curie for which
Prize They
,When magnet js freely spended, its 83 or more are unstable.
The nucieus having protans became elemment o
stable. The
directstoWnrds the North This pole is calledoneorth
ple alwaye
pole. The emit , and perticles sndradioective elementa and the
Aher poie is called uth pole such rucles are called andT particles is called
Bioilorpoles repel ench oher and dissirnilar oles phenomeon of eninsion ofaB
each other attract radioactivity
Madame Curie disoonered a
Robert Pierre and his wife
new radivactive elernent radium
Atomic and Nuclear Physics The end produt of all natural
radinactive elements afer
ermission of radivactive ragys is lead
Cathode Rays With the ernission an a-particle,
atomic number is decreased
ehode rays, discovered bry Bir Willism Crooke. by 2 and mass nunber is deereased
by4
These travel in straight lines, atomic number is increased by
These produce fluoreseenee With the emission of a B-particle
1and mass number does not change.
.These can penetrate through thin foils of tnetal,.
.These are deflected by both electric and magnetic fields. Properties of Fundamental Particles
Discoverer
. These have velocity ranging 1-30th to 1-10th of thevelocity of Particle Mass (kg) Charge (C)
Rutherford
light.
Proton
1672 1o + 16 x 10-29
Chadwick
1675 x 10-4 0
Neutron -16 x10 J3 Thomson
Positive or Canal Rays Electron
9108 x 10-47

These rays were discovered by Goldstein,

The positive rays consists of positively charged particles, Nuclear Fission
These rays travel in straight line. nucleus splits into two
" The nuclear reaction in which a heavy
These rays are deflected by clectric and magnetie fields. nuclei of nearly equal mass is nuclear fssion.
These rays are capable of producing physical and chernical U n'’Ba4 gKr-3 n+energy
changes. Strassman and 0
" Nuclear fission was first denonstrated by
These rays can produce ionisation in gasen. Hahn.
and Pu are
" Atom Bomb is based on nuclear ission.U
X-Rays used as fissionable material.
Xrays are electromagnetic waves with wavelength range
0.1 A-100 A. X-rays were discovered by Roentgen. Nuclear Fusion
Xrays travel in straight line. These show reflection, When two or nore light nuclei conbin ed together to forma
refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization and do heavier nucleus is nuclear fusion.
not. deflected by electric and magnetic fields. " For the nuclear fusion, a temperature of the order of 10 Kis
Longexposers of X-rays is injurious for human body. required.
" Xrays ahows photoelectric effect. " Hydrogen Bomb was made by the American Scientist in
1952.This is based on nuclear fusion. It is 1000 times more
powerful than atom bomb.
Uses of X-rays
the
In medical sciences X-rays are used in surgery for like Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Pile
detection of fractures, diseased organs, foreign matter " Nuclear reactor is an arrangement in which controlled
bullet,stones etc.They are used in treatment of can cer and
nuclear fission reaction takes place.
in skin diseases.
faults, cracks, " First nuclear reactor was established in Chicago University
Engineering Xrays are used in detectingproducts and in under the supervision of Prof Fermi.
Tlaws and gas pockets in the finished metal
heavy metal sheets. Uses of Nuclear Reactor
Scientific work X-rays are used in studying erystal (6) To produce electrical energy from the energy released
structure and conplex molecules. during fission.
In custom departnent X-rays are used in custom (11) Toproduce different isotopes which can be used medical,
kept hidden.
department for detection of banned materials physical and agriculture science.
 Chemistry
Physical and Chemical Uranium dating is used to determine
minerals and rocks.
the age of
eart
Changes
" Physical changes are the change which only affect the physical Colloids
properties like colour, hardness, density, melting point etcof These are heterogeneous solutions, containing
matter but do not affect the composition and chemical dispersed phase and dispersion medium. two phase
properties of matter.
" These show Tyndall effect (i.e., scattering of light bby collot
" Crystallisation, sublimation, boiling, melting, vaporisation, particles) and Brownian motion.
cutting of trees, dissolving sugar or salt in water etc are
Colloids can be dispersion medium loving (.e., lyophili)
physical changes.
Chemical changes affect the composition as well as chemical dispersion medium hating (.e., lyopho bic). Lyophilic ol
properties of matter and result in the formation of a new are more stable and reversible in nature.
substance. " Dialysis a technique to purify colloids is used to
" Burning of fuel, burning of candle and paper, electrolysis of blood with the help of artificial kidney machine. purih
water, photo- synthesis, ripening of fruits etc are examples of
chemical changes.
Burning of candle involves both physical and chemical change. Battery
" Battery is a device, used to convert chemical energy int
electrical energy and is of two types
BoilingPoint Primary batteries (non-rechargeable) act as galva
" It is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid cell, e.g., dry cell, mercury cell etc.
becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.
" The boiling point increases in the presence of Secondary batteries (rechargeable) act as galvanie
impurities. That's why boiling point of sea water is more well as voltaic cell e.g., lead storage battery, nickel- cadmine
than the boiling point of pure water (as the former contains battery etc.
impurity). In electrolytic refining, anode is made by impure metal anda
" At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is less than strip of pure metal acts as cathode.
sea level and hence, water boils at a lower temperature (less
than 100°C) and food takes more time to cook. Corrosion
" Inside the pressure cooker, pressure is higher and hence, " The oxidative deterioration of a metal surface by the action d
water boils at a higher temnperature (i.e., boiling point of environment is called corrosion, an electrochemical proces
water increases) and food is cooked quickly.
" The air escaping from a punctured tyre is cold because the " When exposed to air, iron surface turns brown due to the
air escapes froma region of high pressure to low pressure. formation of hydratedferric oxide (Fe,O, xH,0) which
is also called rust, silver surface turns black due to the
Atom, Molecule and Element formation of silver sulphide (Ag,S) and copper and bronze
" Atom is the smallest part of a matter that takes part in surfaces turn green due to the formation of basic coppe
chemicalreactions but cannot exist in free state. carbonate, Cu(OH),- CuCO,
Atom is made up of electron, proton and neutron. Protons " Corrosion of iron is called rusting and is accelerated b
and neutrons reside in the nucleus (at the centre of atom) the presence of impurities, H,electrolyte such as NaCl and
whereas electrons revolve around the nucleus. Atoms gases like CO,, SO,, NO, etc.
combine to form molecules, the smallest part of matter which " Corrosion is prevented by electroplating, by applying
can exist in free state.
grease, paint, varnish etc or by galvanisation (i.e., deposit
" Element contains only one type of atoms. e.g., carbon (C), of zinc layer over iron articles).
sulphur (S), diamond, graphite etc.
" A sliced apple, when exposed to air, turns brown aile
sometime. This is because apple contains iron which g
Isotopes and Isobars oxidised and gives a brownish colour to apple.
" Isotopes have the samne number of protons (i.e., atomic
number) but different number of neutrons and mass number
(atomic number +number of neutrons),e.g., ,H', ,H", H. Renewable and Non-renewable Natura
" Isobars have the same mass number but different atomic
number. e.g., 1Ar 19K, and o, Ca40
Resources
" Renewable resources are available in large excess, i.e.,
ends, e.g, air, sunlight etc. quantit
Dating Techniques " Non-renewable resources are available in limited of tune
" Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of carbon and end, if used excessively, after a limited period
bearing materials like wood, animal fossil etc. e.g., mineral, coal, petroleum, natural gas et.
Fuels Calorific Valueof Some Substances
he substances which produce heat and light on combustion
ne called fuela. A strong foul smelling aubatance, called Fuel Calorifie Value (kJ/g)
athvl mercaptan, CHSH, is added to LPQ to detect its Coal 25-32
loakage as LPG is an odourlesa gas. Keronene oil
he amount of heat obtained when lg of a fuel ia burned in Petrol 50
excess of oxygen is called calorific value. Diesel
Vehicle carrying inflammable substances, have metallie
nopes touching the ground during motion in order to provide Biogas 86-40
LPG
earthing for lightning. Fuels used in rocket are called rocket Cow dung 6-8
propellants. A mixture of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen,
is most common rocket propellant. Hydrogen 160
Natural gas 35-50

Some Important Fuels and their Compositions

Fuel Composition Sources
Water Gas Carbon monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H>) By passing steam over red hot coke
Producer Gas Carbon monoxide (CO) + Nitrogen (N,) By pasing insufficient air over red hot coke
Coal Gas
Hydrogen + Methane + Ethylene (C ,H) + By fractional distillation of wood
Acetylene (C,H ,) + CO
Natural Gas Methane (83%) + Ethane From petroleum
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Butane (C,H 1o)+ Propane (CgH &) From oil wells
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Methane (CH ) 95% From petroleum
Biogas or Gobar Gas Methane (CH) + Carbon dioxide (CO 2) + From organic wastes
hydrogen (H,) +Nitrogen (N 2)

Coal Carbon dioxide, which is generated by the reaction of baking

Coal is obtained by carbonisation of vegetable matter and is soda with acid, is used to extinguish electrical or oil fires.
available in different varities : Peat (60% C), lignite or brown Quality of petrol is measured in terms of octane number and
coal (709% C), bituminous coal (80% C), anthracite coal (90%C). that of diesel in terms of number. TEL (Tetra Ethyl Lead) is
Out of these, bituminous is the most common form. an antilknock compound.

Flame
Flame contains three parts
Safety Match
() Innermost part which is black due to the presence of In safety match, the stick consists of a mixture of antimony
unburned carbon particles-has lowest temperature. trisulphide and potassium chlorate at its one end. The box side
() Middle part is yellow due to incomplete combustion of contains a mixture of powdered glass and red phosphorus.
fuel.
(ii) Outermost part which is blue due to complete combustion
of fuel, is the hottest and used by goldsmith to heat the Acids and Bases
gold. " Acids turn blue litmus red and gives proton (H" ) in water.
" Bases turn red litmus blue and accept proton (H ) from other
Fire Extinguishers substances.
" Water is the most common fire extinguisher, i.e., used to
extinguish fire.
" pH is the measure of acidity/basicity.
" Water extinguishes fire because as it evaporates, the vapours " pH of some important substances are
surround the burning substance, cutting off the oxygen supply, " Gastric juice 1.0 to 3.0
thus inhibiting burning process. " Urine (Human) 4.8 to 8.4
" Hot water will extinguish fire more quickly than cold water " Saliva (Human) 6.5 to 7.5
as hot water will evaporate faster. in case of electrical or oil " Tears 7.4
(petrol) fires, water cannot be used as extinguisher. This is " Milk (Cow) 6.3 to 6.6
because water is a conductor of electricity and heavier than
oil. Thus, oil floats over it and continues to burn. Sea water 8.5
 ances
Inorganic and Organic Colour Substance Added

Chemistry
Carbon Dioxide
Red
Green
Violet
Copper oxide (Cu,0)
Chromium oxide (Cr,04)
Manganese oxide (MnO,)
It is an acidíc oxide of carbon and is Blue Cobalt oxide (CoO)
used by green plants for
photosynthesis. does not help in burning.
It Brown Iron oxide (Fe,O, )
Air and our breath contain carbon
water is kept in air or we pass our dioxide. Thus, when lime
breath into it., the lime water Hard WNater
turnsmilky
When 'ENO' is dissolved in water, there appears The water in which soluble bicarbonates of
due to liberation of carbon dioxide effervesconce magnesium are present, is called calcium and
and in which soluble sulphates andtemporary
chlorides of hard
gas.
water
Carbon Monoxide
and calcium are present is called
permanent hard
" The temporary hardness of water is removedl by
magnesiwateur
It is a neutral oxide of air and has
more affinity towards adding calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH),-the
Clark' boiling or by
s
haemoglobin than oxygen (about 200 times more). That's why in " The permanent hardness of water is removed byprocess
the environment of carbon
gas-people die for the needmonoxidewhich
of oxygen.
is a non-poisonous sodium carbonate (Na,CO,), or calgon (sodium adding
phosphate, Na,[Na,(PO,)|]) or zeolite- which is hexarneta
Plaster of Paris
Permutit (hydrated sodium
aluminium also callet
" It is chemically calcium sulphate
Na,Al,Si,0gxH,0). silicate
hemihydrate (CaSO,H,0) Pesticides
and is prepared by heating gypsum-which is calcium
sulphate dihydrate (CaSO,- 2H,0)-at 373 K. These chemicals are used to destroy the organisms that har
On mixing with water, plaster of Paris further sets into a the crop. These are of following types
hard solid, called gypsum. Thus, it is used to plaster factured Insecticides e.g., DDT, gammaxane, aluminium phosphate
bones, for making toys, materials for decoration and for
making surfaces smooth. Fungicides e.g., Bordeux mixture, Organo
compounds. mercury
Heavy Water Herbicides e.g., Benzipam, sodium chlorate.
Heavy water is deuterium oxide (D,0), its mnolecul ar mass is 20. Rodenticide e.g., Aluminium phosphide.
It is called heavy due to the
presence of deuterium, the heavy
hydrogen. Medicines
These are the chemicals used for treating diseases and reducing
Portland Cement suffering from pain.
It is a complex mixture of silicates and aluminates of calcium
with smnall amount of gypsum. Raw material used for the
manufacture of Portland cement are limestone and clay.
Hardening of Oil (Hydrogeration)
Oil an unsaturated fat when heated with nickel catalyst
" The composition of Portland cement is calcium oxide and hydrogen gets converted into a solid mass, called
(50-60%), alumina (5-10%), and magnesium oxide (2-3%) ghee-a saturated fat. This process is called hardening of oiland
Gypsumn is added to cement to decrease its rate of setting. is carried out through Hydrogenation in the presence of nickel
In cement, if lime is in excess, cement cracks during setting as a catalyst.
and if lime is less, cement is of weak strength.
" Mortar amixture of sand, cement and water is used for
joining bricks and plastering walls. Concrete--a mixture of
gravel, sand, cement and water is used for flooring and
Carbon and Its Compounds
Carbon
making roads. Reinforced Concrete (RC)-which is concrete
with steel bars and wires is used for constructing roofs, " Itis a member of group 14 on the Periodic Table, with symbl
Cand atomic number 6.
bridges and pillars. It has three erystalline allotropes.
Glass Graphite
" Glass-an amorphous solid or super- cooled liquidcontains It is opaque and black.
mainly silica (SiO,). " Itis a very good conductor.
" Different substan ces are added to obtain glass of different
" It is soft enough to form a streak on paper.
colours e.g.,
plamond
ehighlytransparent. Saturated
These
hydrocarbons
thehardest
materials known. compounds
called alkanes orcontain only single bonds. These are
e
verylow electrical conductivity. paraffins also
thasa
normal conditions, it has the highest thermal " C,Hn 2 where, n= 1,2,3 ... and haye general formula
Under fall known materials.
Methaneis the first member of this
oonductivityof: group.
Fullerenes Unsaturated
" These have
hydrocarbons
general formula
)looks like a 80ccer ball (or bucky ball). alkynes. These have at leastC,H,for alkene and
one double () orCHn-2 for
triple ()
contains 20 six membered and 12 five membered rings of bond, and are called alkene and alkynes
t
carbonatoms
respectively.
Ethylene (C,H,) is the first member of alkene and
as wonderful lubricant and the alkali metal (C,H,) is the first mernber of alkyne. acetylene
t acts
eompounds of Ceo are used as superconducting substance at
of 10-40 K
the temperature range Aromatic hydrocarbons
" These have ring structure with alternate double bonds and
her Differences between Diamond and Graphite (4n + 2) ne (Huckle's rule).
Graphite
Diamond
Damond is the ultimate Graphite is a very good lubricant, Functional group
t is an atom or group of atoms in a molecule, which is
abrasive. displaying super lubricity. responsible for the chemical properties of the molecules.
Damond is an excellent Graphite is a conductor of "-OH is alcoholic group, -CHO is aldehyde group, >C=0 is
dectrical insulator. electricity. keto group, -COOH is carboxylic acid group, -0- ether
Nemond is the best known Some forms of graphite are used for group.
aturally occurring thermal thermal insulation (i. e., firebreaks
oonductor. and heat shields)
Diamond is highly Graphite is opaque. Homologous series
transparent. " It is a series of compounds in which adjacent members differ
by a -CH, unit (14 unit mass). All members of a homologous
series have same functional group and same chemical
Graphene properties.
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon. Its structure
isone-atom-thick planar sheets of carbon atoms that are Isomerism
densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. The term " Compounds having the same molecular formula but different
graphene was coined as a combination of graphite and the structure are called isomers and the phenomenon is called
sufix -ene by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described isomerism. e.g., C,H,0 can have the following structure
single-layer carbon foils in 1962. CH,0CH, and C,H,OH,
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Uses of some important organic
It is formed by incomplete combustion. It is a colourless, compounds
odourless gas. " Methane (CH,) is used to manu- facture printer ink,
It contain a triple bond and are fairly polar, resulting in a methyl alcohol and to obtain light and energy.
tendency to bind permanently to haemoglobin molecules, Ethylene (C,H,) is used to prepare mustard gas (war gas)
displacing oxygen, which has a lower binding affinity. and for ripening of fruits.
Organic Compounds Glycol (C,H,0,)is used as a antifreeze mixture in car
radiator and to prevent the freezing of fuel in space crafts.
These are the compounds of mainly carbon and hydrogen or
compounds of carbon and hydrogen with other elements like " Acetylene (C,H,) is used to generate light, to weld metals
phosphorus,oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, halogens ete. as oxy-acetylene flame and to prepare synthetic rubber
(neoprene).
" Urea is the first synthesised organic compound (by wholer). " Methyl alcohol (CH,OH) is used as a fuel with petrol,
Acetic acid was the first organic compound synthesised in the
laboratoxy from its elerments. used to synthesise varnish and polish, used to denature
ethanol.
Chloroform (CHCI, ) is used as an aneasthetic and to
Hydrocarbons and hydrogen. preserve substances obtained from plants and animals. It
These are the compounds of only carbon converts into poisonous phosgene (COCI,), when exposed to
These are of there types sunlight. So, it is kept in dark bottles.
 solvent for oil fat
" Benzene (CH) is used as a
" Glycerene (C,H,0,) is used to synthesise explosive cleaning. Sodium benzoate is a food preservative and in dty
nitroglycerine, stamp ink and boot polish.
" Formic acid (HCOOH) 1s used as a preservative for iruits Toluene (C,H,CH, )is used to synthesis explosive
and juices, in lather industry and in coagula- tion of rubber. dry cleaning and for the synthesis of
chloramine. medicines
" Acetic acid (CH,COOH) is used in vinegar, medicines,
and as a solvent. " Phenol (CH,OH) is used to synthesis explosive,
" Oxalic acid (C,H,0,) is used in printing of clothes, in 6-trinitro- phenol (picric acid) and bakelite.
photography and in the synthesis of coaltar. Ethyl alcohol (C,H,OH) is use for drinking, in
" Glucose (CH,,0,)is used for the synthesis of alcohol and to prepare tincture and as
insecticide. medicine
as a preservative for fruit juice.

Biology
" Monera includes bacteria and Mycoplasma while
" Biology (coined by Lamarck and Treviranus 1802), is
branch of science which deals with study of living organisms.
includes Protozoa and some eukaryotes. Protista
" Viruses are sub-microscopic, obligate parasite, intracell.l
It mainly includes Botany (Study of plants), Zoology (Study consisting of nucleoprotein.
of animals) and Microbiology (Study of micro organisms).
WM Stanley crystalibed TMV.
" Viroids are smallest infectious single stranded Py
Popular Scientists and their molecules discovered by TO Diener.
Contribution
" Chardes Darwin wrote origin of species' and proposed The Ce
theory of natural selection'. " According to cell theory proposed by Schleiden and
Mendel (1866) proposed law of inheritance' and called Schwann (1838) cell is the structural and functional unit st
father of genetics' living organisms.
" NE Borlaug is called father of green revolution in world'. " An organism composed of single cell (called unicellular) or
" MS Swaminathan is called father of green revolution in many cells (called multicellular).
India'. Prokaryotic cell is found in bacteria, mgcoplasma and
" Anand Mohan Chakraborty developed superbug blue-green algae while eukaryotic cell in plants, animals nd
(Pseudomonas putida) by genetic engineering. fungi.
" Kohler and Milstein discovered hybridoma technology. " Cells are of two types i. e., prokaryotic (which lacks nuclens
" Alec Zaffrey discovered of DNA fingerprinting. and membrane bound organelles) and eukaryotic (which
" Robert Hooke (1665) discovered cell and wrote book have nucleus and membrane bound organelles).
Micrographia'.
" Weismam (1885) proposed theory of germplasm'.
" Hugo de Vries proposed 'mutation theory. Human Systems
Watson and Crick prposed double helical model of DNA. The cells of human and other multicellular animals ar
" Hargovind Khurartificially synthesized gene. organised into tissues. Two or more tissues grouped together o
" Kary Mullis (1956/invented 'polymerase chain reaction'. form organs.
An organ system is a group of organs that function together
Living World carry out the principal activities of the body.
In 18th century Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial Digestion
nomenclature for living organisms i.e., scientific name
consists of genus and species. Digestion is the process by which complex food is conver
Whittaker (1969) classified living organisms into five into simnple components with the help of digestive enzyie
kingdoms-- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. i.e., hydrolysis process.
 Major Enzymes of Digestion
Saxyae Source Where Active Substrate Main Breakdown Product
Carbohydrate Digestion
Slvryamylase Salivary glands Mouth Polysaccharides
pnereaticamylase
Panereas Small intestinePolysaccharides Disaccharides
paaccharides Small intestine Disaccharides
Small intestineDisaccharides Monosaccharides (o.g., glucose)
proteinDigestion
Stomach mucosa Stomach Proteins
fopeinandchymotrypsin Pancreas Peptide fragments
Small intestine Proteins and polypeptide Peptide
Orboxypeptidase Pancreas Small intestine fragments
Aminopeptidase
Peptide fragments Amino acids
Intestnial mucosa Small intestine Peptide fragments Amino acids
FatDigestion

Lpase Pancreas Small intestine Triglycerides Free fatty acids, monoglycerides

Nucleic Acid Digestion
Pancreaticnucleases Pancreas Small intestine DNA, RNA Nucleotides
atestinal nucleases |Intestinal mucosa Small intestine Nucleotides Nucleotides bases, monosaccharides

Respiratory System Blood (Lymphatic System)

bsniration in an oxidative process involving oxidation of food " Fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and blood cells.
etances such as carbohydrate, fat and proteins to form C0,, " An adult person has 5-6 litre blood.
ster and release energy. Respiration may be anaerobic (i.e., " It is slightly alkaline having pH 7.3-7.4.
hout O,)and aerobic (i.e., with O,) " Plasma is pale yellow transparent and constitute about 60%
volume of blood.
Respiratory Organs of Animals " Plasma is composed of 90-92% water 7% organic substances
Organs Animals (albumin, globulin and fibrinogen protein) and 1% inorganic
substances.
Lungs Reptiles, mammals Red blood corpuscles (Most abundant) are non nucleated and
Gills Fishes, tadpoles, prawns contain haemoglobin the respiratory pigment.
Tracheae Insects centipedes, millipedes " White blood cell or
Body surface Protozoans, porifers, coelenterates colourless, nucleated and granular or
agranular.
Book lungs Spider, scorpion, ticks, mites
Mental Mollusca (Unio) Eosinophils also called acidophils (2-8%) are phagocytic
Air bladdar Long fish, bony fishes (e.g., Labeo) granulocytes and play important role in hypersensitivity.
Airsacs/lungs Birds " Basophils (2%) are non-phagocytic and increase in
chickenpox.
Vitamins
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin Name Rich Food Source Function
A
Deficieney Disease
Retinol Fish liver oils, dairy products liver. Needed for healthy epithelial cells. Dry skin, night blindness
Most leafy vegetables and carrots Needed for regeneration of
contain carotene that can be rhodopsin in rod cells of the eye
converted into retinol
D Calciferol Fish oils, egg yolk, butter. It can be Promotes absorption of calcium from Rickets in children ('soft' bones
made by the action of sunlight on intes- tines. Necessary for formationthat bend easily) Osteamalacea
skin
of normal bone and reabsorption of painful bones in adults
phosphate from urine
Tocopherol Vegetable oils, cereal products and In rats, formation of red blood Mild anaemia and sterility in rats.
many other foods cells, affects muscles and Deficiency is rare in humans
reproductive system. Unclear in
human8
K Phyllo Fresh, dark green vegetables. Also Formation of prothrombin Delayed clotting time. May occur
quinone made by gut bacteria (involved in blood clotting) in new-born babies before their gut
bacteria become established
 energy Irom carbohydrates
B, Riboflavin Liver, milk, eggs, green vegetables Coenzyme in cell respiration.
degeneration)
Cracked skin, blurred
Precursor of FAD
B, Niacin Liver, yeast, whole cereals, beans Coenzyme in cell respiration. Pellagra (severe vision
Precursor of NAD/NADP
diarrhoea, skin
dementia)
Be Pyridoxine Meat, fish, eggs, cereals bran,
8ome vegetables
Interconversion of amino acids. Skin problema
problems, nerve
Bs Pentothenic acidAnimal tissue, whole grain cereals Need to manufacture
legumes hormone
adrenal unclear disorder
B Cyanoco- balamin Liver milk, fish, yeast. None in
plant foods
Maturation of red blood cells in
bone marrow. Maintenance of Pernicious
disorders anaemia, nerve
myelin sheath of nerves
Bo Folicacid Liver, raw green vegetables yeast,
gut bacteria
Formation of nucleic acids.
Formation of red blood cells Anaemia,
pregnancy
especially during
Ascorbic acid
Blackcurrants peppers, sprouts,
citrus fruits
Formation of collagen and Scurvy poor wound healing
intercellular cement

Blood Groups, Genotypes and their Transfusion Possibility

Blood groups Antigen in Red Antibodies in Can Give Blood Can Receive
phenotype) Blood Cells
None
Plasma
Anti-a, Anti-b
to Groups
0, A, B, AB
Blood from Group Genotype
A A Anti-b A, AB 0,A
B B Anti-a B, AB 0, B
AB A and B None AB
or1r
0, A, B, AB
Teutrophils (65%) are phagocytic and increase during " Human urine contains 95%o water, 2% salts. 2.6% res
acterial infection.
0.3% uric acid.
Ionocytes (05%) are agranulocytes called policeman of " pH of urine is 6.0 (mildly acidic).
lood and increae in tuberculosis Lymphocytes (26%) are
granulocytes producing antibodies and increase during viral
fection. Main Excretory Organs
latelets (thrombocytes) are non-nucleated. Exeretory Organs Animals
h factor (discovered by Landsteiner & Veiner in Rhesus
onkey is responsible for erythroblastos foetalis disease. Contractile vacuole Amoeba
nportant component of blood clotting are fibrinogen, Flame cells/solenocytes Tapeworm
rothrombin, thrombo- plastin, calcium ions and vitamin-K. Renette cell Ascaris
Nephridia Earthworm
art Malpighian tubules Cockroach
uman heart is myogenic i.e. , contraction is initiated by a Coxal glands Scorpion
inuAtrial node (SA node)located in right atrium. It is also Green glands Prawn
lled pacemaker.
irst heart sound is lubb and second heart sound is dub. Main Excretory Products
ontraction of heart is called systole. 120 mm Hg while Produet
elaxation is called diastole (80 mm Hg). Animals
Ammonia Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibia amphibian
cretion Urea Ascaris, earthworm, cartilaginous fishes,
xeretion is the elimination of harmful waste products from and mammals
Uric acid Insects, land reptiles, birds
ne animal body to regulate the composition of the body
uids and tissues. Amino acids Molluscs, echinoderms
Tuman exeretory system comnposed of two kidneys. Nephron " The urine on standing gives a pungent smell. It is
structural and functional unit.
Folour of urine is pale yellow. It is due to pigment conversion of urea into ammonia by bacteria.
rochrome. Specificgravity of urine is 1.015-1.025.
Volume of urine is 1 to 2 L per day.
 Water soluble Vitamin
Function
Deficiency Disease
Vitamin Name Rich Food Source Beri-beri (severe muscle
Coenzyme in cell respiration, of
B, Thiamine Yeast, cereals, nuts, seeds, pork
necessary for complete
release
energy from carbohydrates
stunted growth, nerve
degeneration)
Cracked skin, blurred vision
wastage,
vegetablesCoenzyme in cell respiration.
B2 Riboflavin Liver, milk, eggs, green Precursor of FAD
Liver, yeast, whole cereals, beans Coenzyme in cell respiration. Pellagra (severe skin problems
B3 Niacin Precursor of NADNADP diarrhoea, dementia)
Interconversion of amino acids. Skin problems, nerve disordex
Be Pyridoxine Meat, fish, eggs, cereals bran,
some vegetables unclear
Bs Pentothenic acid Animal tissue, whole grain cerealsNeed to manufactureadrenal
hormone
legumes Pernicious anaemia, nerve
Cyanoco- balamin Liver milk, fish, yeast.None inMaturation of red blood cells in
B12 plant foods bone marrow. Maintenance
of disorders
myelin sheath of nerves
Formation of nucleic acids. Anaemia, especially during
B10 Folic acid Liver, raw green vegetables yeast, pregnancy
gut bacteria Formation of red blood cells
Formation of collagen and Scurvy poor wound healing
C Ascorbic acid Blackcurrants peppers, sprouts, intercellular cement
citrus fruits

Blood Groups, Genotypes and their Transfusion Possibility

Can Give Blood Can Receive
Blood groups Antigen in Red Antibodies in
to Groups Blood from Group Genotype
(phenotype) Blood Cells Plasma
None Anti-a, Anti-b 0, A, B, AB
A A Anti-b A, AB 0, A
B B Anti-a B, AB 0, B
AB A and B None AB 0, A, B, AB

Human urine contains 95% water, 2% salts, 2.6% urea and

" Neutrophils (65%) are phagocytic and increase during
bacterial infection. 0.3% uric acid.
Monocytes (05%) are agranulocytes called policeman of " pH of urine is 6.0 (mildly acidic).
blood and increae in tuberculosis Lymphocytes (26%) are
agranulocytes producing antibodies and increase during viral Main Excretory Organs
infection.
Excretory Organs Animals
" Platelets (thrombocytes) are non-nucleated.
Rh factor (discovered by Landsteiner & Veiner in Rhesus Contractile vacuole Amoeba
monkey is responsible for erythroblastos foetalis disease. Flame cells/solen ocytes Tapeworm
" Important compon ent of blood clotting are fibrinogen, Renette cell Ascaris
prothrombin, thrombo- plastin, calcium ions and vitamin-K. Earthworm
Nephridia
Malpighian tubules Cockroach
Heart Coxal glands Scorpion
" Human heart is myogenic i.e., contraction is initiated by a
Green glands Prawn
SinuAtrial node (SA node) located in right atrium. It is also
called pacemaker.
First heart sound is lubb and second heart sound is dub. Main Excretory Products
" Contraction of heart is called systole. 120 mm Hg while Product Animals
relaxation is called diastole (80 mm Hg).
Ammonia Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibia amphibian
Excretion Urea Ascaris, earthworm, cartilaginous fishes,
and mammals
" Exeretion is the elimination of harmful waste products from Uric acid Insects, land reptiles, birds
the animal body to regulate the composition of the body Amino acids Molluscs, echinoderms
fluids and tissues.
dueto
" Human exeretory system composed of two kidneys. Nephron " The urine on standing gives a pungent smell. It is
is structural and functional unit.
conversion of urea into ammonia by bacteria.
" Colour of urine is pale yellow. It is due to pigment Specific gravity of urine is 1.015-1.025.
urochrome.
" Volumne of urine is 1 to 2 L per day.
 ontralNervous System
brainisthe organising and processing centre. It is the site of consciousness, sensation, memory and intelligence. The brain
immpulses
from the spinal cord and from 12 pairs of cranial nerves coming from and extending to the senses and to other
Inaddition, the
oeYes brain initiates activities without environmental stimuli. Three major portions ofthe brain are recognised.
hindbrain, midbrain and the forebrain.
e
Important Functions of Brain
Forebrain
ptfactoryregion Smell

Cerebrum Thinking, intelligence, memory, ability to learn from experience, will power, skilled work, reasoning
knowledge, conscious, speech.
Control
Laughing weeping, micturition (passing of urine), defecation voluntary forced breathing voluntary
muscular coordination.
Jhenoephalon (sensation of) Heat, cold and pain control centre of autonomic nervous system, control hunger, thirst sweating sleeping and sex.
Kpothalamus Regulated body temperature so thermostat of body. Appetite and satifety control emotions like love, anger
pleasure and satisfaction. Control metabolism of carbohy drate, fat and water.
Midbrain Reflex centre of visual and auditory sensation.
Hindbrain

Cerebellum Involuntary muscular coordination, maintain posture, orientation and equilibrium of the body.
Medulla oblongata Regulate heart rate, involuntary breathing, respiratory centre, blood pressure (vasoconstriction and
vasodilation) gut peristalsis, food swallowing, vomiting gland secretion.

Ecology " Diclofenac is a drug substance used in animal drugs and

pairkillers for humans which is proved ethel for valtures if
Ecology (term used by Reiter) deals with various principles
which govern the relationship between organisms and their feeded upon caricatures of such humans or animals.
environment. " Endosulfan is an organic pollutant used as a pesticide in
Southern States for cashew crops, which is otherwise barned
Pyramid of number is upright in grassland and pond world over.
eco-system while inverted in tree eco-system.
" Chernobyl disaster occurred in Ukraine (USSR) 26 April,
Pyramid of biomass is upright in grassland and forest 1986 due to explosion of nuclear power station.
eco-system whereas inverted in pond eco-system. Nitrate fertilizers caused blue baby syndrome or
Pyramid of energyis always upright. methamoglobinima.
" Noise pollution is measured in decibels (beyond 80 dB).
Pollution
Motor vehicle contribute 60% of air pollution in major cities.
"Photochemical smog comprising of O,, H,0, PAN, etc.
Biotechnology
" Biotechnology consists of controlled use of biological
CO has 250 times more binding with haemoglobin as agents such as microorganisms or cellular components for
compared to O,. beneficial use.
Burning of fossil fuel is main cause of SO, pollution.
Gene Revolution
Acid rain is composed of H,SO,and HNO3
Gene Revolution uses biotechnology (BT) to create new
"Chloro fluorocarbons released into stratosphere release free genetically modified (GM) crops. Genomics is the study of an
chlorine atom that causes depletion of ozone. organism's entire genetic instructions.
Sewage is major source of water pollution. Genetically modified crops can potentially produce more food
with fewer chemicals and higher nutritional value than
traditional crops.
Pollutants in News BT cotton was the first GM crop developed in Indis having
resistance against bacteria against bacteria Bacillbes
Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms to Thuringesis.
remove environmental pollutant is eneco-friendly manner ex:
oil-zapper
" Biomagnification is increases in concentration of
The enzyme which case internal cuts in DNA are called
restriction endonucleases and the site as recognition
persistent chemicals by organisms in successive trophic levels. sites.
 "Cryopreservation is conservation of germplasnat-190°C Some Antibiotics Developed Through
(Liquid nitrogen).
" Humulin is genetically engineered insulin.
Smallest in the World
Antibiotics
Penicillin
Bacitracin
Microbial Sources
Biotechnol
Penicillium notatum, P chryogenum
Bacillus subtllis
Bacteria Dialister Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acremoniurm
Bird Humming bird (Cuba) Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofuluum
Bone Stapes Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Endocrine gland Pituitary Tetracycline Serythraeus
Flower Wolfia microscopica Erythromycin S aureofaciens
Mammal Shrew (Suncus ctruscus)
Muscles Stapedius or arrector pilli
ChloramnphenicolSuenezeunlae
Virus Foot and mouth disease virus Cycloheximide Sgriseus

Some Human Diseases Caused by Viruses

Disease Pathogen Incubation Symptoms Vaccines
Chickenpox (Varicella) Herpes zoOster virus 12-20 days Dark red coloured rash or pox changing into
vesicles, crusts and falling
Smallpox Variola virus 12 days Appearance of rash changing into pustules, Smallpx Vaccine
8capsand falling pockmarks are left
Poliomyelitis Polio virus 7-14 days Damages motor neurons causing stiffness of Salk vaccine and Orsl b
neck, convulsion, paralysis of generally legs Vaccine (OPV)
Measles (Rubella Rubella virus 10 days Rubella (skin eruptions), coughing, sneezing, Edomonston B-vacine
disease) etc isolation
Mumps Mumps virus 12-26 days Painful enlargement of parotid and salivary Mumps-vaccine, isolation
glands
Rabies (Hydrophobia) Rabies virus 10 days to Spasm of throat and chest muscles, fears Immunization of dogs
1-3months from water, paralysis and death

Some Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Disease Pathogen Incubation Period Symptoms Vaccines
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium 2-10 weeks Coughing, chest pain and bloody BCGvaccine
tuberculosis sputum with tuberculin
Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae2-6 days Inflammation of mucosa of nasal DPT va ccine
chamber, throat, ete, respiratory track
blocked
Cholera Vibrio cholerae 6h to 2-3 days Acute diarrhoea and dehydration Sanitation, boiling of wate
and cholera vaccine

Leprosy |Mycobacterium leprae 2-5 years Skin hypopigmentation, nodulated Isolation

skin, deformity of fingers and toes
Lepromin in skin tests
Tetanus Clostridium tetani 3-21 days Degeneration of motor neurons, rigid ATS and DPT vaccines
(Lock jaw) jaw muscles,spasm and paralysis
Typhoid |Salmonellatyphi 1-3 weeks Classic typhoid fever, Widal test TAB vaccine & screening
food andwater
Plague Pasteurella pestis 2-6 days Bubonic plague affects, lymph nodes, Killing of rats and ratfes
pneumonic plague affects lungs and plague vaccine
septicemic plague causes anaemia
Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2-10 days Inflammation of urinogenital tract Avoid prostitution
Pneumonia Diplococcus pneumoniae 1-3 days Decrease in respiratory efficiency Isolation
Salmonellosis Salmonella enteridis 48 h Diarrhoea Isolation
 Different Branches of Science
Concerned Field Branch Concerned Field
nuautics Science of flight of airplanes. Horticulture Study of garden cultivation.
raaomy Study of heavenly bodies. Myology Study of muscles.
edbology Study of flowers. Neurology Study of kidneys
hropology Study of apes and man. Numismatics Study of coins and medals.
siuture Honey industry (Bee Keeping). Obstetrics Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy
shemistry Deals with the study of chemical reactions in Philology Study of languages.
relation to life activities. Pedology Study of soils
Study of heart. Study of disease causing organismns.
pdology Pathology
Study concerning with the application and uses of Physiology Science dealing with the study of functions of
genics
very low temperature. various parts of organisms.
Study of cells. Pisciculture Study of fish.
yaloy Study of skin.
aatology Seismology Study of earthquakes.
palution Deals with the study of origin of new from old. Sericulture Silk industry (culture of sillk moth and pupa).
Saiculture Study of flower yielding plants. Serpentology Study of snakes.
netics Study of heredity and variations. Taxonomy Study of classification of organisms.
entology Study of growing old. Virology Study of virus.

Objective Questions
1The best conductor of electricity is 7. Which of the following are most penetrating?
(a) filtered hot water (a) -rays (b) B-rays (c) y-rays (d) X-rays
(b) distilled water 8. Old-written material, which cannot be read easily, can
(c) filtered water at room temperature be read by
(d) salt water (a) cosmic rays (b) ultraviolet rays
2 Twocars, passing each other at high speed, are in danger (c) infrared rays (d) None of these
of side swiping because
9. Cryogenic engines find applications in
(a)of the increase in air pressure in the space between (a) rocket technology
them
(b)frost-free refrigerators
(b) of decrease in the velocity of air molecules between (c) sub-marine propulsion
them
c) of decrease in air pressure in the space between them (d) researches in supercon-ductivity
(d) increase in the velocity of air molecules between 10. What will happen if the star having mass greater than
them five timnes of the sun, is dead?
1 Nuclear fission is caused by the impact of (a) White dwarf will form (b) Neutron star will form
(a) proton (b) electron (c) Black hole will form (d) Nebula will form
(c) neutron (d) None of thesce 11. Acar is moving with high velocity when it takes a turn, a
* Which of the following is used as a coolant in nuclear force acts on it outwardly because of
reactors? (a) centrifugal force (b) centripetal force
(a) Heavy water (b) Cadmium (c) gravitational force (d) All of these
de) Liquid sodium (d) Graphite 12. What happens to the level of mercury in the barometer
Which of the following has the least penetrating power? tube when it is taken down a coal mine? It
(a) Alpha particles (a) falls (b) remains unaltered
(b) Beta particles (c) rises (d) rises and then falls
(o) Gamma rays 13. Which of the following statements is/are true?
(d) All have the same penetrating power 1. Sound is a form of energy
Which of the following is responsible for the energy 2. Sound stops when vibration of an object stops
release by stars? 3. Sound is a transverse wave
(a) Fission (b) Fusion 4. Sound travels better ina heavy gas than in a light gas
(c) Chemical Section (d) Gravitational Collepse (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1,2 and 3 (c) 1, 2and 4 (d) 1 and 3