0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views9 pages

CJES Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 45-53-2

Uploaded by

Enas Alkhawaja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views9 pages

CJES Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 45-53-2

Uploaded by

Enas Alkhawaja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Removal of Cu (II) from industrial wastewaters through locally-produced

adsorbent prepared from orange peel


Zainab A. Naser*, Hayder M. Abdul-Hameed
Department of Environmental Engineering, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad ,Iraq

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: zainabrazak6@gmail.com


ABSTRACT
Heavy metal ion contamination is a commonality in industries such as mining, electroplating, and metal
processing. By increased discharge of copper contaminated water, toxic waste due to Cu (II) has become a severe
ecological dilemma globally. Adsorption is considered one of the more practicable techniques suggested for heavy
metal removal because of its sensitivity, ease of operation and reproducibility alongside economic benefits such
as effectiveness. This study examined the adsorption characteristics of an adsorbent prepared from orange peel
(OP) for copper (II) in solutions that were aqueous. In evaluating the useful benefit of the sorbent material, changes
in solution pH, initial Cu (II) concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time on the adsorption process were also
examined. Additionally, adsorption equilibrium isotherm as well as adsorption kinetics were explored to
understand adsorption processes.
Keywords: Agricultural wastes, Wastewater, Heavy metals, Adsorbent, Orange peel.
Article type: Research Article.

INTRODUCTION
Increased wastewater discharge from industries that is polluted with hazardous heavy metals as a result of rapid
industrialization is a worldwide environmental matter (Razak et al. 2020; Rushdi et al. 2020). Toxic heavy metal
ion contamination of water is commonly seen in mining, electroplating, and metal processing industries, as well
as textile and battery manufacturing as heavy metals, such as copper, are released into water streams (Amarasinghe
& Williams 2007; Al-Sharify et al. 2018). Unintended absorption of excessive Cu (II) through copper-
contaminated water presents a multitude of health challenges in humans causing death in extreme cases or
vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and epigastric pain in others. Technologies currently used for the elimination of Cu
(II) from wastewaters are various and include conventional methods such as chemical precipitation (Hutchison
et al. 2008; Al-Qaisi et al. 2018), adsorption (Skinner et al. 2007), biological treatment, and membrane filtration
(Urgun-Demirtas et al. 2012; Al Jaaf et al. 2020). Adsorption is considered one of the more practicable techniques
because of its reproducibility, ease of operation, and sensitivity alongside economic benefits such as effectiveness
and economy. Comparatively, chemical precipitation necessitates a separation procedure, biological methods are
either inefficient or too time-consuming to treat because of the heavy metals and microbial activity inhibition.
Membrane filtration is also expensive. Underutilized resources such as natural materials in huge quantities or
agricultural waste can potentially be employed as inexpensive adsorbents because they are available widely and
are naturally beneficial (Deans & Dixon 1992). Several previous studies have examined the use of inexpensive
natural adsorbents such as waste by-products, agricultural products and carbonaceous substances (Nguyen & Do
2001; Singh et al. 2005; Abdel-Ghani et al. 2007; Lahieb et al. 2020; Almhana et al. 2020; Gadhban et al. 2020)
as possible alternatives to traditional techniques like precipitation. However, using raw wastes from plant as
adsorbents can cause various issues and are becoming a growing concern worldwide (Gallouze et al. 2021).
Increased COD, BOD and TOC levels from soluble organic components and their release often found in materials
from plants such as cellulose, pectin, tannin and lignin (Nakajima & Sakaguchi 1990; Misran et al. 2021) can
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 20 No. 1 pp. 45-53 Received: May 23, 2021 Revised: July 24, 2021 Accepted: Oct. 25, 2021
DOI: 10.22124/CJES.2022.5391 © The Author(s)
Publisher: University of Guilan, Iran
46 Removal of Cu (II) from…

deplete oxygen levels in the water, endangering aquatic life. So far, remedies such as treatments with chemicals
of solid adsorbents have been utilized as an approach for enhancing their chemical as well as physical
characteristics alongside boosting their capacity for adsorption to solve such difficulties (Reddy et al. 1997; Feng
et al. 2009; Mohammadi & Fataei 2019; Rzaij et al. 2020; Olasehinde et al. 2020; Amer Alshamri et al. 2021;
Aljeboori et al. 2021; Abdouni et al. 2021). Orange peel (OP) is an inexpensive, readily and abundantly available
agricultural byproduct of the orange juicing business. OP’s chemical makeup consists of limonene, chlorophyll
pigments, lignin, pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Numerous studies have examined the use of orange waste
in the preparation of an adsorbent as a precursor material by chemical treatment (Khormaei et al. 2007; Biswas et
al. 2007; Lahieb et al. 2020). This paper discusses and examines the results of an experimental work done on
preparing an adsorbent from OP while elaborating on its adsorption characteristics for copper (II) in aqueous
solutions. In evaluating the benefits of the sorbent material, changes in pH of solution, initial Cu (II)
concentrations, adsorbent doses as well as contact times on the process of adsorption were also explored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS


2.1 Adsorbent preparation
All the compounds utilized in this study were analytically pure. CuSO 45H2O was used to make a stock solution
of Cu (II) in 0.5 g L-1 concentration, which was subsequently diluted to the required concentrations for each test.
The solution pH was modified with 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH and 0.1 mol L-1 HCl. OP waste was gathered from a local
juice market, and then rinsed with distilled water. After drying the OP at room temperature, it was pulverized and
crushed. Later, the OP waste was carbonized at 250 °C for 1 hour at 0.5 L min-1 using carbon dioxide gas. After
reaching the ultimate temperature, the gas flow was changed to nitrogen, and the activation temperature (350 °C)
was altered by 0.4 L min-1 for 1 hour (abbreviated as OPAC). Physical and material qualities for OP and OPAC
were estimated in the labs (Petroleum R&D Center) and are reported in Table 1 based on information from the
provider.

Table 1. Physical and concoction successes for orange peel.


Properties OP OPAC
Experimental area, m2 g-1 0.3974 2.0909
Bulk density (g cm-3) 0.3215 0.2359
Appearance density (g cm-3) 0.2851 0.2097
real density (g cm-3) 1.5888 1.4494

2.2 Adsorption isotherm and kinetics order


In the understanding of an adsorption process, adsorption equilibrium is the key. For designing an efficient
adsorption system, a good understanding of adsorption isotherms is critical (Lin & Wang 2009). Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherms are two-parameter ones. The Langmuir adsorption equation, first developed to portray the
adsorption of a gas-solid phase, is utilized to compare as well as measure different adsorptive capacities (Elmorsi
2011). To account for surface coverages, the Langmuir isotherm balances the relative adsorption and desorption
rates. The Langmuir equation can be stated linearly as follows (Dąbrowski 2001):

qe = (qm b Ce)/ (1+b Ce) (1)

where the quantity of adsorbed adsorbate per unit mass of activated carbon is denoted by qe (mg g-1) while the
adsorbate’s equilibrium concentration is abbreviated as Ce (mg L-1) and qe is the quantity of adsorbate adsorbed
per unit mass of activated carbon (mg g-1). The Langmuir constant and maximum uptake of Cu+2 per unit mass
of adsorbent b (mg g-1), and the Langmuir constant are both linked to the adsorption rate KL (L mg-1) and are
derived using (Ce/qe) vs Ce plots. The equilibrium parameter RL given by equation 2 is one more feature of the
Langmuir isotherm, defining the type of adsorption process that can be either irreversible (RL = 0), favorable (0
< RL < 1), linear (RL = 1) or unfavorable (RL > 1).

R = 1/ (1+b C0) (2)

The Freundlich isotherm, that is related to the process of adsorption which occurs on surfaces that are
heterogonous (Gallouze et al. 2021), is an isotherm that describes heterogeneity on a surface and the exponential
Naser & Abdul-Hameed
47

distribution of active sites with their energies (Ayawei et al. 2015). The Freundlich isotherm in its non-linear form
is as follow (Fost & Aly 1981; Ruthven 1984):

qe = Kf 〖Ce〗^(1/n) (3)

where Freundlich constants Kf and n are found from the intercept and slope of the ln qe vs ln Ceq plots, with Kf
and n suggesting the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and the favorableness (n > 1) of the adsorption process,
respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


3.1. Adsorbent characterization:
To determine the functional groups responsible for the adsorption process, shown in Fig. 1a-b, FTIR spectra of
OP in the region of 800–3800 cm was conducted. When compared to the activated orange peel, the spectrum
pattern of OP showed variations in peak absorption between OP and OPAC. The OP FTIR spectrum helps identify
the major bands for aliphatic structures (2938 cm−1 ), lignin-like compounds (1435.79, 1100.73, and 1013.71
cm−1), and polysaccharide markers (2938.72 and 581.93 cm−1; Abu‐Ilaiwi et al. 2004). It is perceived that C = O
stretching in carboxylic acids (−COOH) and/or alkyl esters (−COOR) is the reason for the 1814.48 cm−1 peak. As
discussed in literature (Zaccheo et al. 2002), this is typical of pectin. The peak at 1435.79 cm-1 is characteristic of
lignin. Such outcomes seem to be in agreement with the existence of pectin, lignin and cellulose in OP. Moreover,
it is determined that aliphatic structures CH2 and their C–H stretching vibrations result in the peak identified at
2938.72 cm−1. On the other hand, carboxylate (COO−) and its C = C and / or asymmetric C = O stretching results
in the peak at 1614.48 cm−1 (Zaccheo et al. 2002). Lastly, it appears that symmetric C–O stretching of COO−
could lead to the peak at 1435 cm−1. A wide band is visible at 1049.13 cm−1. This could be due to polysaccharide
structures and their O-H deformation along with C–O stretching (Deepashree et al. 2012). In this broad band,
some minor peaks can be discerned, though they are not well-defined. These minor peaks, together with the
(631.34-591.93) cm-1 peak attributed to out of phase ring stretching, are typical of cellulose. The major
discrepancies between the OP and OPAC spectra were noted in around 2942.65, 2026.65 and 873.57 cm -1.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization for OP before and after carbonization and activation were
examined. Significant adjustments in the morphology of the biosorbents surfaces were exposed. Surface
morphologies of OP and OPAC are not comparable as OP surface is less uneven as compared to the activated
carbonated OP. This indicates the chemical binding of AC which means that it readily attaches itself to the OP
surface (Figs. 1 and 2).

Fig. 1. SEM of orange peel before activation.

Fig. 2. SEM of orange peel after activation.


48 Removal of Cu (II) from…

3.2 Effects of pH
The reaction mixture’s initial pH affects the efficiency of metal ion removal (Abia et al. 2003). The effects of
initial pH were evaluated using pH values of 4, 6.5, and 11 for the removal of copper (II) from a solution of 75
mg L-1. For cations sorption, the increased pH brought about an elevated copper (II) uptake. The optimum removal
rate of 99.6% was obtained for a pH value of 6.5, thereafter, the removal efficiency declined as a result of the
competing OH- and copper (II) ions.

150

Removal (%) 100

50

0
0 5 pH 10 15
Fig. 3. Effect of pH on copper (II) removal, dose = 0.5 g L-1, time = 180 min, Cu = 1 mg L-1.
3.3 Effects of adsorbent dose
Effects of adsorbent doses on the removal procedure were examined using varying values of OPAC (0.5, 1, 1.5
and 2 g L-1). It turns out that an elevation in the adsorbent dose, upraises the amount of copper removed. This
elevation can be linked to the large amount of active sites for OPAC that are available as dosage is increased. The
best removal value was obtained when the dose value for OPAC was 1 g L-1. Additional dosage did not lead to
improvement which can be attributed to the overlapping of particles.

102
Removal (%)

100
98
96
94
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Dosage (g L-1)
Fig. 4. Effects of doses on copper (II) removal, pH = 6.5, time = 180 min, Cu = 1 mg L-1.

3.4 Effect of Agitation Speed (RPM)


Agitation speed has an important effect on pollutant uptake. To study the effect of RPM, several values were
tested (100, 150, 200, 250, and 300). The removal percent was found to increase as agitation speed was raised up
to 200 RPM, reaching a removal rate of 99.63% at its peak, afterward it started to decline (Fig. 5). The rate of
shaking used must be suitable to stir all the available binding sites for metal uptake. In low speed the adsorbent
accumulates at bottom. However, higher speeds lower the removal of metal as sufficient time is not allowed for
the metal ions to be adsorbed (Anwar et al. 2010). A rise in the agitation speed (RPM), increases the molecular
diffusion rate from the bulk liquid to the liquid boundary layer containing the OPAC particles. This is due to an
increased turbulence as well as a reduction in the liquid boundary layer thickness (Kuśmierek & ͆Wia¸tkowski
2015).

150
Removal (%)

100

50

0
0 100 200 300 400
RPM

Fig. 5. Effect of RPM on copper (II) removal, pH = 6.5, dose = 0.5 g L1, time = 180min, Cu = 1 mg L-1.
Naser & Abdul-Hameed
49

3.5 Effect of contact time


Contact duration was found to be critical in influencing adsorption efficiency. Uptake of metal ions grew from
71.81% to 99.48% as contact time increased from 15 to 90 min. The best contact time is defined as the time that
gives the best removal, and not the highest removal in the shortest time. The removal percent after 60 min becomes
nearly constant due to occupation of all binding groups by metal ions, so this point is considered as equilibrium
time (Hamzezadeh et al. 2020).
150

100

Removal (%) 50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

contact time (min)

Fig. 6. Effects of contact time on copper (II) removal, pH = 6.5, dose = 0.5 g L-1, Cu = 1 mg L-1.

3.6 Effects of initial concentration


Fig. 7 illustrates the effects of initial metal concentration on efficiency of adsorption. Tests for adsorption took
place in a mixed metal ion solution at various initial Cu2+ concentrations. These were in the 0.5 to 2 mg L-1 range.
An elevated metal ion removal (%) took place with a reduction in the initial ion concentration. This can be linked
to the rise in the percentage of surface-active sites to the total metal ions existing in the solution as ion
concentrations are reduced. As a result, the absorbent may have an interaction with all metal ions which might
lead to the removal of these ions from the mixture. The adsorbent’s per unit weight can determine the quantity of
metal adsorbent (Amarasinghe & Williams 2007).

3.7 Adsorption isotherm experiments


Experiments for equilibrium isotherm took place through the mix up of 0.5 g OPAC with 50 mL metal ion solution
for 3 hours. Different initial metal concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg L-1) were tested. The Langmuir model has
a better fit for Cu+2 adsorption on OPAC (R2 > 0.964) than Freundlich one. This suggests that the process of
adsorption is a monolayer adsorption. The equilibrium parameter RL suggests that the nature of adsorption is
favorable given 0 < RL < 1 (Mohammed et al. 2021).

150
Removal (%)

100

50

0
0 1 2 3
Initial concentration (mg L-1)

Fig. 7. Effects of initial concentration on removal of copper (II), dose = 0.5 g L-1, time = 180 min, pH = 6.5.
qexp
.(mg

qexp.(mg g-1)

Ce (mg L-1)
Fig. 8. Adsorption isotherms for Cu onto OP waste at 25 ºC.
50 Removal of Cu (II) from…

Table 2. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm constants for Cu onto OP waste at 25 ºC.
Freundlich Langmuir
kf 1/n R q b R
0.163 6.87 0.895 0.1397 297.2 0.964

3.8 Adsorption kinetics


Studying adsorption kinetics is substantial as it offers great importance to the reaction pathway and the appropriate
absorption mechanism. There are several kinetic models: first, second, pseudo first, and pseudo-second order
models. The parameters of each individual kinetic model is illustrated in Table 3 where K 1 is the constant of first
order kinetics (min−1), K2 is the constant of second order kinetics [(mg L-1)-1 min-1], and R2 is the correlation
coefficient. According to the regression correlation coefficients (R2), Cu+2 adsorption following the 2nd order
kinetic model, that is linked to the assumption of chemisorption, is the rate-limiting step (Snyder et al. 2003; Lin
& Wang 2009).

Table 3. Kinetic parameters to remove the Cu+2 in optimum conditions.


Parameters
Model Equation
C0 (mg L-1) K R2
C (𝐭) = 𝐂𝐨 𝐞 −𝐊𝟏𝐭 1 0.0634 0.9651
First-order kinetic
1 1
Second-order kinetic = + 𝐤𝟐𝐭 1 2.6527 0.7218
C(t) 𝐶0
1 0.00018 0.639
Pseudo-first-order Ln (qe – qt) = qe –K1t
𝑡 1 𝑡 1 1.063 0.99825
Pseudo-second-order = +
𝑞𝑡 𝑘2 𝑞𝑒2 𝑞𝑒

Pseudo-first-order
1.555
1.554
1.553
1.552
ln(qe-qt)

1.551
1.55
1.549
1.548
1.547
1.546
0 50 100
Time (min)
Fig. 9a. Experimental data and the fitted linear equations of pseudo 1 st order for Cu+2 adsorption on OPAC.

Pseudo-second-order
1000
900
800
700
600
qt/t

500
400
300
200
100
0
0 50 100
Time (min)

Fig. 9b. Experimental data and the fitted linear equations of pseudo 2 nd order for Cu+2 adsorption on OPAC.
Naser & Abdul-Hameed
51

First-order kinetic
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
-2

ln(Co/Ct)
-4

-6 y = -0.0634x - 0.1001
R² = 0.9651
-8

Time (min)
Fig. 9c. Experimental data and the fitted linear equations of 1st order kinetic for Cu+2 adsorption on OPAC.

Second-order kinetic
300 y = 2.6527x - 44.511
R² = 0.7218
200
1/C

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
-100
Time (min)
Fig. 9d. Experimental data and the fitted linear equations of 2nd order kinetics for Cu+2 adsorption on OPAC.

CONCLUSION
OP and chemically modified OP are both effective copper (II) biosorbents as compared to other bio-sorbents
discussed in earlier studies. This work's primary conclusions are as follows:
The uptake of copper (II) increased with a rise in the solution pH. Optimum removal rate of 99.6% was obtained
when pH value was 6.5.
The best removal value is obtained when the adsorbent dose concentration is 1g L-1.
Metal ion removal percent elevates as agitation speed is upraised. Removal rate peaks at 99.63% at 200 RPM,
afterward the removal rate starts to decline.
Metal ions uptake grows from 71.81% to 99.48% as contact time increases from 15 to 90 min. The best contact
time was 60 min.
Adsorption tests were performed at varying initial Cu2+ concentrations in the ranges of 0.5 to 2 mg L-1. The ratio
of ion removal elevates by a decreased initial ion concentration. The highest removal rate achieved was 99.63%
at 1 mg L-1.
Linked to the assumption of chemisorption, the 2nd order model is the rate limiting step. The Langmuir model has
a better fit for Cu+2 adsorption on OPAC (R2 > 0.964) than the Freundlich one. This suggests that adsorption
processes are monolayer adsorption ones. The equilibrium parameter RL suggests that the nature of adsorption is
favorable given 0 < RL < 1.
REFERENCES
Abdouni, AE, Bouhout, S, Merimi, I, Hammouti, B, Haboubi, K 2021, Physicochemical characterization of
wastewater from the Al-Hoceima slaughterhouse in Morocco. Caspian Journal of Environmental
Sciences, 19: 423-429.
Abia, AA, Horsfall Jr, M & Didi, O 2003, The use of chemically modified and unmodified cassava waste for the
removal of Cd, Cu and Zn ions from aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology, 90: 345-348.
Abu‐Ilaiwi, FA, Ahmad, MB, Ibrahim, NA, Ab Rahman, MZ, Dahlan, KZM & Zin Wan Yunus, WM 2004,
Optimized conditions for the grafting reaction of poly (methyl acrylate) onto rubberwood fiber. Polymer
International, 53: 386-391.
Al Jaaf, HJM, Al-Ubaidy, MIB & Al-Sharify, ZT 2020, Removal of Cd (ll) from polluted water by filtration
52 Removal of Cu (II) from…

using iron oxide coated sand media. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 870 (1),
art. no. 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012077.
Aljeboree, AM 2021, Textile dyes as a major problem for the environment: Comparative removal of the highly
toxic textile dyes from aqueous solution. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19: 267-275.
Almhana, NM, Ali, SA, Al-Najjar, SZ & Al-Sharify, ZT 2020, Assessment of cobalt ions removal in synthetic
wastewater using broad bean peels. Journal of Green Engineering, 10: 10157-10173.
Al-Qaisi, MQ, Lahieb Faisal, MA, Al-Sharify, ZT & Al-Sharify, TA 2018, Possibility of utilizing from lemon
peel as a sorbent in removing of contaminant such as copper ions from simulated aqueous solution.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9: 571-579.
Al-Sharify, ZT, Faisal, LMA, Al-Sharif, TA, Al-Sharify, NT & Faisal, FMA 2018, Removal of analgesic
paracetamol from wastewater using dried olive stone. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Technology, 9: 293-299.
Amer MJ Alshamri, AM, Aljeboree, AB, Alqaragully, MF, Alkaim, A 2021, Removal of toxic textile dyes from
aqueous solution through adsorption onto coconut husk waste: Thermodynamic and isotherm studies.
Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19: 513-522.
Amarasinghe, BMWPK & Williams, RA 2007, Tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb
from wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 132: 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.01.016
Anwar, J, Shafique, U, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Salman, M, Dar, A & Anwar, S 2010, Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II)
from water by adsorption on peels of banana. Bioresource Technology, 101: 1752-1755.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.021
Ayawei, N, Ekubo, AT, Wankasi, D & Dikio, ED 2015, Adsorption of congo red by Ni/Al-CO3: Equilibrium,
thermodynamic and kinetic studies. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 31: 1307.
Biswas, BK, Inoue, K, Ghimire, KN, Ohta, S, Harada, H, Ohto, K & Kawakita, H 2007, The adsorption of
phosphate from an aquatic environment using metal-loaded orange waste. Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science, 312: 214-223.
Dąbrowski, A 2001, Adsorption-from theory to practice. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 93: 135-
224.
Deans, JR & Dixon, BG 1992, Uptake of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by novel biopolymers. Water Research, 26: 469-472.
Deepashree, C, Komal Kumar, J, Devi Prasad, A & Zarei, M 2012, FTIR spectroscopic studies on cleome
gynandra - Comparative analysis of functional group before and after extraction. Romanian Journal of
Biophysics, 22: 137-143.
Elmorsi, TM 2011, Equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies of removal of methylene blue dye by adsorption
onto miswak leaves as a natural adsorbent. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2: 817.
Feng, N, Guo, X & Liang, S 2009, Adsorption study of copper (II) by chemically modified orange peel. Journal
of Hazardous Materials, 164: 1286-1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.096
Fost, SD & Aly, MO 1981, Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment. Betterworth Publications, Stoneharm,
Massachusetts, Mass, USA.
Gallouze, H, Akretche, DE, Daniel, C, Coelhoso, I & Crespo, JG 2021, Removal of synthetic estrogen from
water by adsorption on modified bentonites. Environmental Engineering Science, 38: 4-14.
https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2020.0048.
Gadhban, MY, RiadhAbdulmajed, Y, Ali, FD, Al-Sharify, ZT 2020, Preparation of nano zeolite and its
application in water treatment. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 870 (1), art.
no. 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012054
Hamzezadeh, A, Rashtbari, Y, Afshin, S, Morovati, M & Vosoughi, M 2020, Application of low-cost material
for adsorption of dye from aqueous solution. International Journal of Environmental Analytical
Chemistry, 00(00), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1720011.
Hutchison, A, Atwood, D & Santilliann-Jiminez, QE 2008, The removal of mercury from water by open chain
ligands containing multiple sulfurs. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156: 458-465.
Khormaei, M, Nasernejad, B, Edrisi, M & Eslamzadeh, T 2007, Copper biosorption from aqueous solutions by
sour orange residue. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 149: 269-274.
Kuśmierek, K & ͆wia¸tkowski, A 2015, The influence of different agitation techniques on the adsorption kinetics
of 4-chlorophenol on granular activated carbon. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 116: 261-
Naser & Abdul-Hameed
53

271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-015-0889-1.
Lahieb Faisal, M, Al-Najjar, SZ & Al-Sharify, ZT 2020, Modified orange peel as sorbent in removing of heavy
metals from aqueous solution. Journal of Green Engineering, 10: 10600-10615.
Lahieb Faisal, M, Al-Sharify, ZT & Farah Faisal, M 2020, Role of rice husk as natural sorbent in paracetamol
sorption equilibrium and kinetics. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 870 (1), art.
no. 012053. https://doi.10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012053.
Lin, J & Wang, L 2009, Comparison between linear and non-linear forms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-
second-order adsorption kinetic models for the removal of methylene blue by activated carbon. Frontiers
of Environmental Science and Engineering in China, 3: 320-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-009-
0030-7
Misran, E, Bani, O, Situmeang, EM & Purba, AS 2021, Banana stem based activated carbon as a low-cost
adsorbent for methylene blue removal: Isotherm, kinetics, and reusability. Alexandria Engineering
Journal.
Mohammadi, M, Fataei, E 2019, Comparative life cycle assessment of municipal wastewater treatment systems:
lagoon and activated sludge. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 17: 327-336.
Mohammed, SJ, M-Ridha, MJ, Abed, KM & Elgharbawy, AAM 2021, Removal of levofloxacin and
ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions and an economic evaluation using the electrocoagulation process.
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, pp. 1-19.
Nakajima, A & Sakaguchi, T 1990, Recovery and removal of uranium by using plant wastes. Biomass, 21: 55-
63.
Olasehinde, EF, Abegunde, SM, Adebayo, MA 2020, Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic
studies of methylene blue dye removal using Raphia taedigera seed activated carbon. Caspian Journal of
Environmental Sciences, 18: 329-344.
Razak, ZA, Rushdi, S, Gadhban, MY, Al-Najjar, SZ & Al-Sharify, ZT 2020, Possibility of utilizing the lemon
peels in removing of red reactive (RR) dye from simulated aqueous solution. Journal of Green
Engineering, 10: 7343-7359.
Reddy, BR, Mirghaffari, N & Gaballah, I 1997, Removal and recycling of copper from aqueous solutions using
treated Indian barks. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 21: 227-245.
Ruthven, DM 1984, Principles of adsorption and adsorption processes. John Wiley & Sons.
Rushdi, S, Hameed, KK, Janna, H & Al-Sharify, ZT 2020, Investigation on production of sustainable activated
carbon from walnuts shell to be used in protection from COVID-19 disease. Journal of Green
Engineering, 10: 7517-7526.
Rzaij, DR, Al-Jaaf, HJ, Al-Najjar, SZ, Al-Sharify, ZT, Al-Moameri, HH & Mohammed, NA 2020, Studying the
concentrations of nitrite and nitrate of Tigris River water in Baghdad and their suitability to the conditions
permitted internationally. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 870 (1), art. no.
012025. https://doi.10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012025.
Skinner, K, Wright, N & Porter-Goff, E 2007, Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species of aquatic
plants. Environmental Pollution, 145: 234-237.
Snyder, SA, Westerhoff, P, Yoon, Y & Sedlak, DL 2003, Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and
endocrine disruptors in water: implications for the water industry. Environmental Engineering Science,
20: 449-469.
Urgun-Demirtas, M, Benda, PL, Gillenwater, PS, Negri, MC, Xiong, H & Snyder, SW 2012, Achieving very low
mercury levels in refinery wastewater by membrane filtration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 215: 98-
107.
Zaccheo, P, Ricca, G & Crippa, L 2002, Organic matter characterization of composts from different feedstocks.
Compost Science & Utilization, 10: 29-38.

Bibliographic information of this paper for citing:

Naser, ZA, Abdul-Hameed, HM 2022, Removal of Cu (II) from industrial wastewaters through locally-produced adsorbent prepared from
orange peel. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20: 45-53.
Copyright © 2022

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy