How to Write Working Papers

HEADINGS
give basic information including the name of the committee that wrote the resolution, the
resolution number, sponsors, and signatories.

PREAMBULATORY CLAUSES
or “preambs,” introduce a resolution, state its purpose, and put it into
the context of prior UN actions. Commas separate preambulatory clauses, and the first
phrase is underlined or italicized. Remember, friendly or unfriendly amendments cannot
change preambulatory clauses once a resolution has been submitted. Therefore, it is
important to choose your words wisely. Common phrases that begin with preambs
include, but are not limited to:
- Affirming
- Deeply regretting
- Fully aware
- Observing
- Alarmed by
- Desiring Fully
- believing
- Realizing
- Approving
- Emphasizing
- Having devoted attention
- Reaffirming
- Aware of
- Expecting
- Having examined
- Recalling
- Believing
- Expressing its appreciation
- Having studied
- Recognizing
- Bearing in mind
- Expressing its satisfaction
- Having heard
- Referring
- Cognizant
- Fulfilling
- Having received
- Seeking
- Confident
- Fully alarmed
- In support of
 - Taking into account
- Contemplating
- Fully aware
- In view of
- Taking into consideration
- Convinced
- Fully believing
- Keeping in mind
- Taking note
- Declaring
- Further deploring
- Noting with regret
- Viewing with appreciation
- Deeply concerned
- Further recalling
- Noting with satisfaction
- Welcoming
- Deeply conscious
- Guided by
- Noting with deep concern
- Deeply convinced
- Having adopted
- Noting further
- Deeply disturbed
- Having considered
- Noting with approval

OPERATIVE CLAUSES
are the action portion of a resolution. Depending on the nature and scope of
the committee, operative clauses can request countries or international organizations to
take action, request fact-finding missions, form new committees, define or clarify terms,
suggest guidelines for economic, environmental, health or social issues, set international
environmental, economic, health, or other standards (not applicable to all committees),
clarify or discuss international law (not applicable to all committees), or propose or
suggest changes to the organization of the UN or other organizations (not applicable to all
committees). The United Nations Security Council is the only committee that has the
power to require that countries take action or condemn a country. Each clause starts with
a verb and addresses only one complete idea. Clauses are numbered and separated with
semicolons. The last operative clause concludes with a period at the end of the resolution.
Common words to start operative clauses include, but are not limited to:
- Accepts
- Encourages
- Reaffirms
- Affirms
- Endorses
- Recommends
 - Approves
- Expresses its appreciation
- Reminds
- Authorizes
- Expresses its hope
- Regrets
- Calls Further invite
- Requests
- Calls upon
- Further proclaims
- Solemnly affirms
- Condemns
- Further reminds
- Solemnly resolves
- Congratulates
- Further recommends
- Strongly condemns
- Confirms
- Further requests
- Supports
- Considers
- Further resolves
- Takes note of
- Declares
- Accordingly
- Has resolved
- Trusts
- Deplores
- Identifies
- Transmits
- Draws the attention
- Notes
- Urges
- Designated
- Notes with regret
- Warns
- Emphasizes
- Proclaims
**For more words and phrases visit http://www.paxmun.org/calmun/resolutions.html.

RULES AND VOCABULARY

♦ Sponsors: Sponsors are co-authors of the working paper and resolution who have
significantly contributed ideas to the body of the resolution. At least two delegations must
sponsor a working paper. A delegate’s country name rather than personal name is
recorded as the sponsor of a resolution (this goes for signatories as well).
♦ Signatories: Signatories are delegations who may or may not have contributed to the
working paper; signatories do not even have to agree its contents. Signing the document
simply means a delegation would like to discuss the ideas raised in the paper.

♦ Friendly Amendments: A friendly amendment is a change in a formally-introduced

resolution (signed and approved by the dais) that is agreeable to all sponsors and
presented to the dais only after all sponsors agree to it. Once approved by the dais they
automatically become part of the resolution.

♦ Unfriendly Amendments: Unfriendly amendments propose a change that is not

agreeable to all the sponsors of a resolution. Unfriendly amendments must have the
signature of a set number (usually one fifth)
of those delegations present and be approved by the dais before it can be formally
introduced and voted upon.