LEADERSHIP SUMMIT

MASTERCLASS
21st Century Leadership:
Mastering Analytical Thinking,
Technical Communication and
Adaptive Leadership
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 DAY O N E

M OD U L E 1 : F U N D A M E N TA L S O F C R I T I CA L T HI N K I NG
B R E AK
M OD U L E 2 : P RO BL E M - S O LV IN G B AS IC S
LUNCH
M OD U LE 3 : AN A LY T I C S TE C H N I Q U E S & T O O L S
B R E AK
M OD U L E 4 : AN A LY T I C A L & C R I T I CA L T HI N K I NG CA S E S T U D I E S

DAY T W O

M O DUL E 5 : T E C H N I CA L CO M M U N I C AT I O N S KI L L S
BRE AK
M O DUL E 6 : W RI T T E N A ND S P O KE N S KI L L S
L UNCH
M O DUL E 7 : F U N D A M E N TA L L E A DE RS HI P S KI L L S
BRE AK
M O DUL E 8 : A N A L YS I N G R EA L - L I F E S CE NA RI O S I N T E C H N I CA L
CO M M U N I C AT I O N AND L E ADE RS HI P
 MODULE 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF
CRITICAL THINKING
 CONTENTS
I. I n t r o d u c ti on to C r it i c a l T h i nk i ng

II. Ke y P r in c i p l e s of C r it i c a l T h i nk i ng

III. L og i c a l R ea so n in g an d It s A p p l i c a t io n In C r it i c a l T h i nk i ng
Processes

IV. A s s e s s E v id en c e an d A r g u m e n t s S y st em at i c a l l y

V. U s i n g S o c r at ic Qu e st io n in g To E n h a nc e C r it i c a l T h i nk i ng An d
P r o b l e m - S ol v i ng S k i l l s

VI. A p p l y i ng C r it i c a l T h i nk i ng to R e a l - Wo r l d S c e n ar io s
Introduction of Critical Thinking

The ability to think clearly and rationally

about what to do or what to believe

The ability to engage in reflective and

independent thinking.
Someone with critical thinking skills is able to

Understand the logical connections

01 between ideas

02 Identify, construct, and evaluate

arguments

03 Detect inconsistencies and

common mistakes in reasoning

04 Solve problems systematically

Identify the relevance and importance of

05 ideas

06 Reflect on the justification of one’s own

beliefs and values
Relationship between Critical Thinking, Problem-Solving,
and Decision-Making

Critical Thinking
provides the cognitive
framework for analysing
information, identifying
problems, and evaluating
potential solutions

Problem-solving Decision-making
requires critical thinking to relies on critical thinking
identify the root causes of a to assess the pros and
problem, generate creative cons of various options,
ideas, and evaluate the weigh the potential risks
feasibility and effectiveness and benefits, and make
of different solutions informed choices
 Key Principles of Critical Thinking

Gather complete
information Evaluate
information
01
02
Develop
intellectual virtues 06 Conclude
03

Think critically 05
about arguments
04 Be sceptical
Logical Reasoning

Logical reasoning is a fundamental

component of critical thinking. It helps
individuals evaluate arguments, assess
evidence, detect inconsistencies, make
informed decisions, solve problems, avoid
biases, and communicate effectively.

By applying logical reasoning principles,

individuals can enhance their critical
thinking skills and make more logical and
rational judgments
Logical Reasoning and Its Application In Critical Thinking Processes

Identifying
Effective
valid
communication
arguments

Avoiding
Evaluating Logical
biases and
evidence reasoning
prejudices

Detecting Problem-
inconsistencies solving

Making
informed
decisions
Assess Evidence and Arguments Systematically

Argument Identification

The first step in analysing arguments is to

identify them correctly.

This involves distinguishing arguments from

other types of expressions, such as
statements of fact, opinions, or explanations.

Understanding the context and recognizing

indications of conclusions and premises are
crucial in this process.
 Types of Arguments

Deductive Analogical
Arguments Arguments

Ethical
Inductive Arguments
Arguments Types of
Arguments

Rhetorical
Arguments

Causal
Arguments Value
Arguments
Deductive Arguments Causal Arguments
Characteristics: Characteristics:
• Deductive reasoning aims to provide logically
• Causal reasoning involves
conclusive support for a claim or conclusion.
• It follows a specific structure where the
establishing a cause-and-effect
conclusion necessarily follows from the relationship between variables.
premises. • It asserts that one event or factor is

Example: responsible for another event or

• All men are mortal. Socrates is a man.
outcome.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Example:
Inductive Arguments • Smoking is a cause of lung cancer.

Characteristics: Value Arguments

• Inductive reasoning provides support that is
Characteristics:
probable or likely but not certain. • Value-based reasoning involves
• The conclusion is based on a generalization
judgments about the worth or merit of
from specific instances or patterns observed. something.
• It focuses on subjective preferences,
Example: ethics, or moral principles.
• The sun has risen every day so far.

Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow. Example:

• Animal cruelty is morally wrong.
Rhetorical Arguments Analogical Arguments
Characteristics: Characteristics:
Rhetorical arguments are crafted to
Analogical reasoning draws parallels
persuade or influence an audience.
They often appeal to emotions, credibility, between two or more situations,
or use stylistic elements to make a point. suggesting that if they are similar in
Example: certain respects, they are likely similar
A political speech aimed at convincing in other respects as well.
people to vote for a particular candidate.
The strength of the argument depends
on the relevance of the analogy.
Ethical Arguments
Characteristics:
Ethical reasoning involves judgments about
what is morally right or wrong. Example:
It often considers principles, values, and Since the heart circulates blood in
ethical theories in making a case.
the human body, and a pump
Example:
It is morally wrong to steal. circulates water in a closed system,
a heart is like a pump.
 Analyzing Arguments

Premises

Evidence

Logical
Coherence

Assumptions

Counterarguments
Using Socratic Questioning
A method of inquiry that involves asking thought-provoking
questions to stimulate critical thinking, challenge assumptions,
and encourage deeper understanding.

The goal of Socratic questioning is to promote active learning,

independent thinking, and the development of analytical skills

By asking open-ended questions, one can think critically,

analyse information, and articulate their thoughts effectively.

Socratic questioning also helps develop problem-solving skills,

improve their ability to reason, and gain a deeper understanding
of the subject matter.
 Types of Socratic Questions

Questions that
clarify concepts

01 Questions that probe

assumptions

06 02
Questions about the
question itself Questions that
explore reasons and
05 03 evidence

Questions that 04
explore implications Questions about viewpoints
and consequences and perspectives
 Applying Critical Thinking to Real-World Scenarios

Reflect and Learn Recognize Assumptions

7 1

2 Analyze Information
Seek Feedback 6
Applying
Critical
Thinking

5 3 Ask Questions
Consider Consequences

Evaluate Options