INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER INTRODUCTION The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on a single iniegrated circuit, Generally building a complete microprocessor system on single chip reduces the cost of building simple products using microprocessor. When microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip microcontroller, it is also ‘alled microprocessor as all the major parts are in the IC. It is generally used for control function so it is termed as microcontroller. Generally microcontroller must include a full implementation of a standard: rricroprocessor, ROM, RAM, Parallel 1/O port timers and a clock. Single chip 4-bit microcontrollers were available shortly after mid 1970's. ‘Texas instruments introduced TM S-1000 series of single chip 4 bit microcontroll in mid 1970's and at the same time Fairchild introduced 8 bit two chip system. 8B nicrocontrollers become available after 1977 and 1978. 7 4.1 ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER Since the microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer it can be u dedicated functions. Itcan be used as independent controllers in various machines. ] | It includes all the essentials of a computer on a single chip like CE memory, ROM it can be used as a microcomputer ‘ Itreduces the cost of a system than microprocessor based system. SO it Used in low cost products like toys. 4 42 APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLER Most personal computer keyboards are implemented with a microcont Teplaces scanning, debounce matrix decoding, and serial transmission cireuits 2 Generally in low cost products, such as toys, electric drills, meronyaaal 3, VCRs microcontrollers are used. : ee * Microcontrollers are used as machine tools, chemical processors and in instruments, | Ttalso controls mechanism of electronic systems, music system, home: system, ete, In this chapter we will study a brief overview of 8051 microcontrollers.Introduction to Microcg 4.2 MICROCONTROLLER 8051 The 8051 is a second generation 8-bit microcontroller. ‘The first Int microcontroller was the 8048,The 8051 provide a more powerful architecture, a m powerful instruction set, a full serial port. Main Features Of 8051 Microcontroller 1) An8bitALU 2) 4Kx8 ROM (OR EPROM) 2) 128x8RAM_ 4) Dual 16 bit timer event counter 5) 32 1/0 lines 6) Addresses of 64 Kbytes of program memory 7) Addresses of 64 Kbytes of data memory 8) Powerful 111 instruction set 9) Full featured serial port 10) Up to 12 MHz. clock 11) Two external interrupts P0.0-PO.7 P2.0-P2.7 Port 0 drives] [Port 2 drives] 4) EPROM ROM: [Por 2 atch PortO latch resister [PooN|scon|Tmon| | tHo | THo | THt Tu suBr| ie [IP Interrupt, serial port and timer blocks Port 1 latch Port 3 latch Port 0 drives] Port 3 drives| tf1 bi-directional /O ports. Fis toa clock crystal and also provide architecture Of 8051 "There are 32 pins né sional pins provide power and control signals. arse standard functions, which make up a microprovessof SF in the center © ane diagram. It includes the ALU, accumulator, stack pointer, a block of regist a general purpose registers. All of these devices are connected to 3051 data bus. ach VO port is also connected to the 8 bit internal data bus through é of epister. These registers hold data during VO transfers and control YO also having ROM and RAM. eded by the four 8+ ‘and allow to connect addi timing 8051 Memory Register Map Generally 8051 addresses two memory spaces. It uses one BSG storing programs and the other for storing variable data. The program m worn only memory space. You can read program instructions From the processor cannot write data or read data from these memory LOeaHG8 inemal ROM is in program memory space. All instructions fetches a Ze __|_memory spaces FFFF/ FFFF[—tpo eokoyies stenoral eee ot Kbytes EPROM Koytes | 4000 exenal 7 or and ROM orEPROM| OFFFU ovies intemal ROM EPROM 0000 Program Memory Fig.(4.2) Memory Map of 8051 tao ne ee ee from this memory space. The 8051 internal snag entero = nti hy noma pew eta Se erga way ee oo el Program:ROY space. If 8051 pin is connected to ground, it does not use the j ROM. If user needs more RAM, external data memory can be added, Kbytes, Generally 8051 operates with Separate program memory and dat *Pace but in some applications it is desirable to have these work as common |i that case 8051 has 64 Kbytes of total external memory. In this configuration 8051 can input a block of data through communication port, load data into memory and then execute that data as a ‘ This is called downloaded program, Other Microcontrollers In The 8051 Family 8048 is the first Intel Microcontroller. Itis similar to 8051. The architectural block diagram of 8048, 8049, 8050 all have architecture but memory size is different, It doubles in each case. 8048 suppo of internal memory 8049 support 2 KB and 8050 supports 4 KB. These three (8048, 8049, 8050) are very popular as they are inexpensive, 8052 is simple expansion of 8051. 8050 has 8 Kbytes of on board ROM and 256 bytes of on board RAM, 80 costs more than 8051. It has also one extra 16-bit counter timer, which piv Programmer more flexibility. 8051 and 8052 has on board ROM, which Programmed by device manufacturer, They are used generally in high applications, which can afford the cost of semiconductor operation, For low volume and prototyping applications 8751 and 8752 are used, Th uses on board EPROM. Using EPROM memory can be erased with ultraviolet and that memory can reprogram. Two alternate versions of 8051 and 8052 are 8031 and 8032. These devices not have on board ROM so external ROM (OR EPROM) has to be used for p memory. Another form of 8052 is 8052 AHBASIC. This special 8052 has Bi programming language in ROM. Using BASIC, programmer can write instraction 8052. Comparison with microprocessor Microprocessor 8085 a) Itis an 8-bit up. Microcontroller 8051 a) _Itis a 8-bit microcontroller. b) Address bus is 16-bit, hence can access | b) Address bus is 16-bit, hence can act 64KB memory. 64KB memory i It provides seven 8-bit registers ~A, B, | c) It provides 34 8-bit registers Av B H 32 general purpose registers. 8-bit of data bus but ports are not | d) Ithas four ports PO-P3 for VO available, Flag register is 8-bit and contains Five | e) Flag register is 8-bit and co1 flags. flags. Peripheral chips are required #) Peripheral chips are not required °) 4)269 hen Mery pte UCORED Microcontroller ny, QUESTIONS ect th como alternative and rewrite the following: ‘mierocontroller has an instruction set of. instructions. 1 8 (Mar. 202,05) , Sy The 8051 ;) 9, i) 111, it) 120, v) 110 pn 9051 sizeof internal ROM is ')4KB, i) 2 KB, iil) 8 KB, iv) 16 KB microcontroller onboard EPROM is used. '8048, ii) 8052, iv) None of these ee i) 8751, i) a) 8051 is bit microcontroller. +) 4 bit, iy 8 bit, it) 16 bit, iv) 32 bit ___ is amicrocontroller chip. }) 8085, i) 8086, if) 8051, iv) Pentium 3°) atin, (EO characteristic feature of 8051 microcontroller. ix | Gye of internal RAM, ii) 4 kbyte of internal ROM iii)4 parallel bidirectional /O port iv)Full featured serial port ¢) The 8051 microcontroller has an ALU of bytes of on bit capacity. it counter time 1 board ROM, 1 4) 8, i) 16, iit) 32, iv) 64 - Pb) see IC consists internal RAM. ied generally in ieee 2) 8080 b) 8085) 8051 4) 8086 By ; sot) )Among following is the latest 8-bit single chip micro eh, 2) 8048 —_b) 8051 c) 8096 d) 8044 be erased eee j)_____is a Microcontroller. a) 8086 b) 8051 c) 8088 d) 80286 1) Differentiate between Micro-controller and Microprocessor. 2) Define microcontroller. State any four advantages of the same over m system, « (Specimen Paper M | 3) Explain memory register map of 8051 with a suitable diagram. (Mar. y 4) Explain various applications of microcontroller. ‘ 5) Discuss the micro-controllers in 8051 family. 6) What are other microcontrollers available in 8051 family. Explain it, (Mi 7) List any six major features of 8051 microcontroller. (Mar.200 8) Explain in how 8051 microcontroller addresses two separate memory dnowers Q.a) 11 (b)4KB I + (8051 press (oes (@8-bit(e)8051(H) 4kbyte of internal RAM (g) 8 081