NAME: Bontilao,Marie kris YEAR & SECTION: BSA 3A

SUBJECT: Animal nutrition DATE SUBMITTED:

The effect of different feed forms on the performance and carcass yield of broiler
chickens

Author: M F Habibi et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 387 012050

The primary goal of the broiler chicken industry is to meet human protein needs. Determining
the right feed for the chicken is essential to maximizing the production of broilers. A proper
feeding program improves production efficiency because the cost of feeding the chicken
accounts for 60–70% of the total cost of production. However, using the right feed form, the
planned feeding management should satisfy the nutrient requirements. The commercial feed
industry still produces broiler chicken feed in the forms of crumble, pellet, and mash. The broiler
chickens that were fed mash feeds for three to six weeks had the lowest feed intake and weight
gain.Furthermore, a key element influencing the performance and carcass production of broiler
chickens is the type of feed. Given that crumble-pellet diets have the highest weight gain and
the best FCR, broilers fed these diets gained noticeably more weight. Furthermore, the carcass
produced has an impact on the broiler chicken's performance. Following killing, the head, neck,
and leg are separated, the blood is released, the inner organ and feather are removed, and the
carcass is obtained. The purpose of this study is to determine how various feed types affect the
performance and carcass production of chickens.

The study divided 240 broiler chickens into five treatment groups: mash-mash, mash-
crumble, mash-pellet, crumble-crumble, and crumble-pellet. Chickens were fed either mash or
crumble during the starter phase (1-21 days) and then either mash, crumble, or pellet during the
finisher phase (22-35 days). The researchers monitored feed intake, weight gain, feed
conversion ratio, carcass weight, and carcass percentage. Data was analyzed using ANOVA
and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test to determine the effects of different feed forms on these
parameters.

The research aimed to determine the impact of different feed forms on the performance and
carcass production of broiler chickens. The study involved 240 New Lohmann MB 202 day-old
chickens divided into five groups: mash-mash, mash-crumble, mash-pellet, crumble-crumble,
and crumble-pellet.
The results showed that feed form had no significant effect on feed consumption and weight
gain. However, it did influence feed conversion, with the mash-pellet group exhibiting the best
feed conversion rate.
Regarding carcass yield, the feed form during the first 21 days had no significant impact.
However, birds fed with pelleted feed during the last 14 days had significantly higher carcass
weight compared to those fed with mashed or crumbled feed.
 In conclusion, the study suggests that feeding broiler chickens with mash-pellet feed can
improve feed conversion, and feeding pelleted feed during the final stage of rearing can
enhance carcass weight.

Effect of Feeding with Organic Microelement Complex on Blood

Composition and Beef Production of Young Cattle

Author:Ivan Fedorovich Gorlov1, Vladimir Ivanovich Levakhin2, Vasily Fedorovich Radchikov3,

Viktor Petrovich Tsai3 & Svetlana Evgenevna Bozhkova1

More efficient use of the nutrients greatly increases livestock production on the same feed
(Chechetkin, Golovatsky, Kaliman, et.al., 1982). Several studies have demonstrated that only
complete supplements of minerals and vitamins in the diet of animals have a high biological and
economic efficiency. The bioactive substances act as catalysts for many metabolic reactions in
the body, helping to reduce the essential nutrients loss associated with the process of
converting the nutrients into substances of the body and products.The balance of feed rations,
which give the animals zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, iodine, selenium, and other
nutrients, has drawn more attention from scientists and those on the ground in recent years
(Gorlov et al., 2014: Blanco, Casasús, et al., 2010; Sami.. Augustini, Schwarz, 2004). According
to Slavetsky, Pakhomov, and Razumovsky (2003), the Republic of Belarus is a biogeochemical
region with a low soil concentration of certain trace elements. This reality necessitates the
development and application of both organic and inorganic micronutrient supplements to animal
diets.

Mineral and vitamin supplements are crucial for animal health and productivity. These
supplements help animals absorb nutrients more efficiently, leading to increased meat and milk
production without needing more feed. Minerals are essential components of various body
tissues, and deficiencies can negatively impact animal health. The Republic of Belarus, in
particular, has soil naturally low in certain trace elements like zinc, copper and manganese. To
address this, researchers recommend incorporating organic mineral supplements into animal
feed. These organic supplements are believed to be more effective than inorganic ones. The
article mentions a specific organic mineral supplement called OMEC and details the amount of
each mineral it contains.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of an OMEC feed supplement on
calf growth and development.
Treatment 1: Calves were fed either a standard diet (control group I) or a diet supplemented
with OMEC (experimental group I). The experiment lasted 65 days, and the initial weight of the
calves was 41.9-42.5 kg.
Treatment 2: Calves were fed either a standard diet (control group II) or a diet supplemented
with OMEC (experimental group II). The experiment lasted 62 days, and the initial weight of the
calves was 89.1-89.8 kg.
Treatment 3: Calves were fed either a standard diet (control group III) or a diet supplemented
with OMEC (experimental group III). The experiment lasted 94 days, and the initial weight of the
calves was 175.0-176.0 kg.
The overall goal of these experiments was to assess the effectiveness of the OMEC feed
supplement in promoting calf growth and health.
 In conclusion,the OMEC is a cutting-edge, next-generation product that combines iron,
cobalt, zinc, copper, and manganese as aspartates, either with or without iodine and selenium.
Utilizing the OMEC considerably raises the digestibility of the components, which is crucial for
the body's regular operation. This type of trace element can greatly improve the nutrients'
bioavailability. This form assisted in lowering the initial mineral concentration. salts that are
essentially distinct from the typical feed additives. According to recent data, the High-quality
meat production is intensified through feeding optimization using trace components.

Designing supplementation programs for beef cattle fed forage-based diets

Author:W. E. Kunkle, J. T. Johns, M. H. Poore and D. B. Herd

Reasons for feeding supplements to cattle consuming for age-based diets include correcting
nutrient deficiencies, con- serving forage, improving forage utilization, improving ani- mal
performance, increasing economic return, and(or) managing cattle behavior. The challenge to
nutritionists and cattle producers is to determine the ingredients, additives, feed processing, and
delivery system that will improve per formance and(or) efficiency of cattle and improve forage
utilization in a cost-effective manner for a specific situation. This review focuses on identifying
the limiting nutrients, feeding level, and sources of carbohydrates in energy sup plements, feed
additives, and feeding systems.

Energy supplements, when balanced with other nutrients, can enhance the performance of
cattle fed on forage diets, especially those consuming lower-quality forage. However, increased
energy supplementation often leads to a decrease in forage intake and utilization. Research by
Moore et al. (1999) analyzed 66 publications to assess the impact of protein and energy
supplementation on non-lactating cattle fed forage diets. Their findings indicate that forage
intake declines when supplemental TDN intake exceeds 7% of body weight, the forage TDN:CP
ratio is below 7 (indicating adequate protein), or voluntary forage intake surpasses 1.75% of
body weight. Regression equations were developed to predict the effects of supplementation on
voluntary forage intake and total diet TDN, considering factors such as initial forage intake,
supplement intake, and the protein and energy content of both forage and supplement.

Soyhulls, a by-product of soybean processing, are a balanced feed for beef cattle, rich in
protein, calcium, and phosphorus. They are palatable and have a low risk of acidosis. Studies
have shown that soyhulls can be effectively used as a supplement for growing cattle, with
similar or even superior performance compared to corn-based supplements, especially at higher
feeding levels. Soyhulls may also have advantages in terms of forage intake and digestibility.

Wheat middlings, a by-product of wheat milling, are high in protein and phosphorus but low
in calcium. They are palatable and commonly used in blended supplements. Studies have
shown that wheat middlings can be an effective energy supplement for beef cattle, performing
similarly to corn-soybean meal in various feeding scenarios, including pregnant and lactating
cows, growing cattle on pasture, and those fed sorghum silage diets. In some cases, wheat
middlings have even outperformed corn-soybean meal, particularly at lower feeding levels.
 Corn gluten feed (CGF) is a high-protein by-product of corn processing. It has been used as
a protein supplement for beef cattle, often compared to corn-protein supplements. While some
studies have shown similar performance between CGF and corn-protein, others have reported
lower feed efficiency and weight gain with CGF, especially at higher inclusion rates. The feeding
value of CGF can be affected by factors like drying processes and sulfur content, which may
impact performance and health.

Beet pulp and citrus pulp are highly digestible by-products with low non-structural
carbohydrate (NSC) levels. They can be used as supplements for cattle, especially when fed
low-quality forage. Unlike high-NSC supplements, they may cause less reduction in forage
intake and digestion.

In conclusion,supplements can be used to convey feed additives, prolong forage supplies,

address specific nutrient deficits, or change the way animals behave. When creating
supplements, nutritionists should have a specific objective in mind and aim to achieve a financial
gain. To provide all the nutrients required in a certain circumstance, a single supplement ought
to be created. Feed additives, such as authorized antibiotics and ionophores, will frequently
provide financial answers for cattle grazing. Self-fed supplements and infrequent supplementing
can save labor costs and typically produce positive outcomes. However, additional study is
required to create tactics that produce consistent use of supplements.

Importance of feed structure (particle size) and feed form (mash vs. pellets ) in pig
nutrition

Author:Đuro Vukmirović, Radmilo Čolović, Slađana Rakita, Tea Brlek, Olivera Đuragić, David
Solà-Oriol

Mash pig feed, a type of compound feed, is a multi-component mixture of up to 40

ingredients that must be thoroughly mixed to ensure quality and safety. Cereal grains, the
primary energy source in pig diets, often require processing, including grinding, to improve their
nutritional value. Grinding increases the surface area of the grains, allowing for better contact
with digestive enzymes. This leads to increased digestibility of nutrients, improved feed
conversion efficiency, and better overall performance in pigs. Numerous studies have
demonstrated the positive effects of reducing particle size on various aspects of pig nutrition,
including increased digestibility of dry matter, starch, energy, and protein, as well as improved
growth rates and feed efficiency. The optimal particle size may vary depending on the age of the
pigs and the specific ingredients in the diet.

Pelleted pig feed is a common practice in modern pig farming. After mixing, feed ingredients
are processed into pellets through the application of heat, moisture, and pressure. This process
agglomerates small feed particles, improving feed quality and pig performance. Numerous
studies have demonstrated that pelleted diets can lead to significant improvements in feed
conversion ratio (FCR) and, in some cases, average daily gain (ADG). Additionally, pelleted
diets can enhance nutrient digestibility and reduce nitrogen excretion, benefiting both pig health
and environmental sustainability.
 Pelleting pig feed can improve performance, but pellet quality is crucial. Fine grinding
generally leads to better pellet quality due to increased surface area and better hydration during
steam conditioning. However, the impact of particle size on pellet quality can be influenced by
factors like pellet press settings and diet formulation. While some studies suggest that finer
grinding consistently improves pellet quality, others have found no significant differences. The
roller-die gap during pelleting can also affect pellet quality, especially with coarser grinding.
Increasing the roller-die gap can improve pellet quality, even with coarser ground materials.

Particle size and feed form significantly influence the gastrointestinal health of pigs. Fine
particle sizes and pelleted feed have been linked to increased incidence of gastric lesions and
ulcerations in pigs. Studies have shown that reducing particle size below 600 µm can lead to
negative effects on stomach morphology, including hyperkeratosis, mucosal erosions, and
bleeding ulcers. While fine particle sizes may improve growth performance and nutrient
digestibility, they can compromise overall gut health by damaging the stomach and small
intestine mucosa. Therefore, a balance must be struck between optimizing performance and
maintaining gastrointestinal health.

In conclusion,fine-grinding pig feed can improve performance but can also lead to
gastrointestinal issues. Pelleting, while beneficial in other ways, also has a similar negative
effect. The optimal particle size for pig feed is between 500-1600 µm, with a minimal proportion
of particles smaller than 400 µm. Coarsely ground mash feed can reduce the risk of bacterial
infections. For mash feed, a combination of a hammer mill and roller mill is effective for
achieving the desired particle size. For pelleted feed, coarse grinding before pelleting is optimal.
While expanding can be an alternative to pelleting, more research is needed.

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