CLASS XII CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1: SOLUTIONS (STUDY MATERIAL)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Identify the law which is stated as :”for any solution, the partial vapour b
pressure of each volatile component in the solution is directly proportional
to its mole fraction”
a)Henry’s law
b)Raoult’s law
c)Dalton’s law
d)Gay-Lussac’s law
2. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids has a boiling point higher than either a
of the two liquids when it
a)shows large negative deviation from Raoult’s law
b)shows no deviation from Raoult’s law.
c)shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law
d)obeys Raoult’s law
3. Which one of the following pairs will not form an ideal solution? b
a)benzene and toluene
b)nitric acid and water
c)hexane and heptane
d)ethyl chloride and ethyl bromide
4. Which one of the following concentrations is not affected by temperature? b
a)normality
b)molality
c)molarity
d)formality
5. The colligative properties of a dilute solution depend on c
a)the nature of solute
b)the nature of the solvent
c)the number of particles of solute
d)the molecular mass of solute
6. The boiling point of a solvent containing a non-volatile solute b
a)is depressed
b)is elevated
c)does not change
d)none of the above
7. Which of the following colligative property is used to find the molar mass of a
proteins?
a)osmotic pressure
b)elevation in boiling point
c)depression in freezing point
d)relative lowering of vapour pressure
8. The value of van’t Hoff factor ‘I’ for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4respectively are b
 a)2,2,2
b)2,2,3
c)1,1,2
d)1,1,1
9. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling b
point?
a)1.0M NaOH
b)1.0M Na2SO4
c)1.0M NH4NO3
d)1.0M KNO3
10. The value of Henry’s constant KH a
a)increases with increase in temperature
b)decreases with increase in temperature
c)remains constant
d)first increase then decrease
11. Isotonic solutions have a
a)same osmotic pressure
b)same boiling point
c)same melting point
d)same vapour pressure
12. The value of Henry’s constant KH is b
a)greater for gases with higher solubility
b)greater for gases with lower solubility
c)constant for all gases
d)not related to the solubility of gases
13. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression b
in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgSO4 solution is
a) the same
b) about twice
c) about three times
d) about six times
14. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the b
highest boiling point?
a) 1.0 M Glucose
b) 1.0 M Na2SO4
c) 1.0 M KCl
d) 1.0 M Urea
15. If a molecule AB undergoes dimerization in Benzene, its Van’t c
Hoff factor is found to be 0.60. The degree of dissociation of
AB is
a) 20%
b) 60%
c) 80%
d) 50%
16. 12g of Urea is dissolved in 1L of water and 68.4g sucrose is d
dissolved in 1L of water. Relative lowering of vapour pressure
of Urea solution is:
a) Greater than sucrose solution
 b) Less than sucrose solution
c) Double that of sucrose solution
d) Equal to that of sucrose solution
17. KH value for Ar(g), CO2 (g), HCHO (g) and CH4 (g) are 40.39, c
1.67, 1.83×10 and 0.413 respectively. Arrange these gases
–5

in the order of their increasing solubility.

a) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar
b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
c) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
d) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
18. Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at a c
temperature of 300 K. The concentration in moles/lit will be:
a) 0.33
b) 0.666
c) 0.0033
d) 3
19. Mole fraction of glycerine C3H5(OH)3 in solution containing 36 g of water and c
46 g of glycerine is
a) 0.46
b) 0.40
c) 0.20
d) 0.36
20. People add sodium chloride to water while boiling eggs. This is to b
a) decrease the boiling point.
b) increase the boiling point.
c) prevent the breaking of eggs.
d) make eggs tasty.

ASSERTION –REASON QUESTIONS

Each question consists of two statements namely, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). For selecting the
correct answer, use the following code:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are the true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are the true but Reason (R) is not a correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true.
(e) Both assertion(A) and reason(A) are wrong statements

1. Assertion : If a liquid solute more volatile than the solvent is added to the c
solvent, the vapour pressure of the solution may increase i.e., ps > po.
Reason : In the presence of a more volatile liquid solute, only the solute will
form the vapours and solvent will not.

2. Assertion : If one component of a solution obeys Raoult’s law over a certain b

range of composition, the other component will not obey Henry’s law in that
range.
 Reason : Raoult’s law is a special case of Henry’s law.

3. Assertion : When methyl alcohol is added to water, boiling point of water e

increases.
Reason : When a volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent elevation in
boiling point is observed.

4. Assertion : When NaCl is added to water a depression in freezing point is a

observed.
Reason : The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in
the freezing point.

5. Assertion : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi- b

permeable membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure
solvent side to the solution side
Reason : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration
solution to a region of low concentration solution.

6. Assertion : Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature a

Reason : The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.

Assertion : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi-
7. permeable membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure b
solvent side to the solution side.
Reason : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration
solution to a region of low concentration solution.
Assertion: 0.1 M solution of glucose has same depression in the freezing
8. point as 0.1 M solution of urea. b
Reason: Kf for both has same value.
Assertion: Larger the value of cryoscopic constant of the solvent, lesser will
9. be the freezing of the solution. a
Reason: Extent of depression in the freezing-point depends on the nature of
the solvent.
Assertion: The water pouch of instant cold pack for treating athletic injuries
10. breaks when squeezed with NH4N03. d

Reason: Addition of non-volatile solute into solvent results into depression

of freezing point of solvent.
Assertion: If a non-volatile solute is mixed in a solution then elevation in
11. boiling point and depression in freezing point both will be same. d
Reason: Elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point both
depend on number of particles of solute
Assertion: Increasing pressure on pure water decreases its freezing point.
12. c
Reason: Density of water is maximum at 273 K.
Assertion: Osmotic pressure of 0.1 M urea solution is less than that of 0.1M
13. NaCl solution. c
 Reason: Osmotic pressure is not a colligative property.
Assertion: The preservation of meat by salting and fruits by adding sugar
14. protects against bacterial action. A
Reason: A bacterium on salted meat loses water due to osmosis shrivels and
ultimately dies.
Assertion: Water purifiers works on reverse osmosis.
15. Reason: Movement of solvent from a region of high concentration solution a
to a region of low concentration solution is reverse osmosis.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(2MARKS)

1. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water
increases, while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its
boiling point.
Answer: NaCl is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition of NaCl to water lowers the
vapour pressure of water. As a result boiling point of water increases. On the other hand,
methyl alcohol is more volatile than water, therefore its addition increases the total
vapour pressure over the solution. As a result, boiling point of water decreases.
2. Components of a binary mixture of two liquids A and B were being separated by
distillation. After some time separation of components stopped and composition of
vapour phase became same as that of liquid phase. Both the components started coming
in the distillate. Explain why does this happen?
Answer: Since both the components are coming in the distillate and composition of
liquid and vapour phase become same, this shows that liquids have formed azeotropic
mixture. Therefore, these components cannot be separated at this stage by distillation.
3. Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are
independent of temperature, however molarity is a function of temperature. Explain.
Answer: Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per
litre of solution. Since volume depends on temperature and changes with change in
temperature, therefore, the molarity will also change with change in temperature. On the
other hand, mass does not change with change in temperature, and therefore,
concentration terms such as mass percentage, mole fraction and molality which do not
involve volume are independent of temperature.
4. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow covered roads in hilly areas?
Explain the phenomenon involved in the process.
Answer: When salt is spread over snow covered roads, it lowers the freezing point of
water to such an extent that water does not freeze to form ice. As a result, the snow
starts melting from the surface and therefore, it helps in clearing the roads. Hence,
common salt acts as de-icing agent.
5. Why is the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of glucose lower than that of water?
Answer: In pure liquid water, the entire surface of liquid is occupied by the molecules of
water. When a non-volatile solute, such as glucose is dissolved in water some of the
surface is covered by non-volatile glucose molecules. Therefore, the fraction of surface
covered by the solvent molecules escaping. As a result
number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface also gets reduced and
consequently the vapour pressure of aqueous solution of glucose is reduced.
6. Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general
name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose
components cannot be separated by fractional distillation? How many types of such
mixtures are there?
Answer: The solution or mixture having same composition in liquid as well as in vapour
phase and boils at a constant temperature is known as azeotropes. Due to constant
composition it cannot be separated by fractional distillation. There are two types of
azeotropes
(i) Minimum boiling azeotropes: Solution which shows large positive deviation from
Raoult’s law form minimum boiling azeotropes at a specific composition, e.g., ethanol-
water mixture
(ii) Maximum boiling azeotropes: Solutions which show large negative deviation from
Raoult’s law form maximum boiling azeotropes, e.g., solution having composition 68%
HN03 and 32% water by mass.
7. What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’?
Answer:
If a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will
flow from the solution into the pure solvent through semipermeable membrane. This
process is called reverse osmosis (R.O.).
8. Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’.
What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative
properties for the determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions?
Answer:
Osmosis : The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the solvent to the
solution or from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a
semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.
Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution
to prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the semipermeable
membrane is called the osmotic pressure.
The osmotic pressure method has the advantage that it uses molarities instead of
molalities and it can be measured at room temperature.
9. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its
boiling point. The solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff
factor for trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)
Answer:
As ΔTb= iKbm
(100.18 – 100) °C = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m

∴ i = 0.3
0.18 K = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m

10. State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications.
Answer:
Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that “The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution “, Applications of Henry’s
law :
 To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed
under high pressure.
 To avoid a dangerous medical condition called bends, scuba divers use oxygen
diluted with less soluble helium gas.
 CONTENT BASED QUESTIONS( 4MARKS)

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
An everyday example of Henry's law is given by carbonated soft drinks. Before the
bottle or can is opened, the gas above the drink is almost pure carbon dioxide at a
pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure.When soft drinks bottle is opened
some of the gas escapes giving a specific pop sound, this is due to the lower pressure
above the liquid and carbon dioxide comes out as bubbles. Carbon dioxide reacts
with water, the electron rich oxygen of water donates an electron pair to the carbon.
After proton transfer from water to one oxygen of the CO2unit, carbonic acid is
formed.
Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of the gas on liquid. Henry's law is a gas law which states that at the amount
of gas that is dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
that gas above the liquid when the temperature is kept constant. The Henry law
constant for dissolution of a gas in an aqueous medium is 3×102 atm.We can use
Henry's Law to calculate the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in an aqueous
solution. The current average concentration of CO2 is 387 ppm, that is 387 x 10 -6 atm.
[CO2] = P/KH = 3.87 x 10-4 atm/29.41 atm M-1 = 1.32 x 10-5 M

1. Henry‘s law states that - A

A) Partial pressure of a component over a solution is proportional
to its mole fraction in the liquid
B) Partial pressure of a component over a solution is proportional
to the mole fraction in the vapour
C) Partial pressure is equal to the product of the mole fraction
and total pressure
D) Vapour pressure is equal to the product of the mole fraction
and total pressure
2. On increasing pressure of a gas, solubility of gas in liquid: B
A) Decreases
B) Increases
C) First Increases then decreases
D)None
3. The value of the Henry‘s law constant of a gas is dependent on D
A) Nature of gas
B) Nature of solvent
C) Temperature
D) All of these
4. Calculate the solubility of gaseous oxygen in water at 293 K when A
the partial pressure exerted by O2 is 1 bar.
(Given: KH of O2 is 34840 barLmol-1)
(A) 2.87x10-5 M
(B) 1.80x10-5 M
 (C) 3.07x10-5 M
(D) 2.87x10-2 M
5. The value of KH for CO2 at a temperature of 293 K is 1.6x103 C
-1
atm.L.mol . At what partial pressure would the gas have solubility
(in water) of 2x10-5 M?
(A) 2.032 atm
(B) 1.02 atm
(C) 0.032 atm
(D) 0.57 atm
2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The properties of the solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles
but not on the nature of the solute are called colligative properties. Relative lowering
in vapour pressure is also an example of colligative properties. For an experiment,
sugar solution is prepared for which lowering in vapour pressure was found to be
0.061 mm of Hg. (Vapour pressure of water at 200C is 17.5 mm of Hg)

1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure for the given solution is A

A) 0.00348
B) 0.061
C) 0.122
D) 1.75
2. The vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of solution will be C
A) 17.5
B) 0.61
C) 17.439
D) 0.00348
3. Mole fraction of sugar in the solution is A
A) 0.00348
B) 0.9965
C) 0.061
D) 1.75
4. If weight of sugar taken is 5 g in 108 g of water then molar mass C
of sugar will be
A) 358
B) 120
C) 240
D) 400
5. The vapour pressure of water at 293K when 25g of glucose is B
dissolved in 450 g of water is
A) 17.2
B) 17.4
C) 17.120
D) 17.02
 NUMERICALS (3MARKS)

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

10.
11

12.

13 Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500
g of water such that it boils at 100°C?
14 Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic
acid to lower its melting point by 1·5°C. (Kf for CH3COOH) = 3·9 K kg mol-1)

15 Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous
solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of acid if the density of the solution
is 1·504 g mL-1 ?
Sol: Mass of HNO3 in solution = 68 g
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g mol-1
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1·504 g mL-1

16 A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Sol: Mass of sugar in 5% (by mass) solution means 5gin 100g of solvent (water)
17 Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in
20g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of
AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol-1.
Calculate atomic masses of A and B.
Sol:

18 At 300 K, 36 g glucose present per litre in its solution has osmotic pressure of 4·98 bar. If
the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1·52 bar at the same temperature, what would be
its concentration?
Sol:
19 Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in
narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 x
10-3 m aqueous solution required for the above dose.
Solution:

20 Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2

litre of water at 25°C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
Solution:
Step I. Calculation of Van’t Hoff factor (i)
K2SO4 dissociates in water as :
 LONG ANSWER QUESTION(5MARKS)1.

1 State Raoult’s law. On the basis of Raoult’s law briefly explain the classification of solutions.
Answer:
In 1986, it was a French Chemist, Francois Marte Raoult who proposed a relationship between
partial pressure and mole fraction of volatile liquids. According to the law, ‘the mole fraction
of the solute component is directly proportional to its partial pressure’.
On the basis of Raoult’s Law, liquid-liquid solutions can be of two types. They are:
 Ideal Solutions
 Non-ideal Solutions
Ideal Solutions
The solutions which obey Raoult’s Law at every range of concentration and at all
temperatures are Ideal Solutions. We can obtain ideal solutions by mixing two ideal
components that are, solute and a solvent having similar molecular size and structure.
For Example, consider two liquids A and B, and mix them. The formed solution will
experience several intermolecular forces of attractions inside it, which will be:
 A – A intermolecular forces of attraction
 B – B intermolecular forces of attraction
 A – B intermolecular forces of attraction
The solution is said to be an ideal solution, only when the intermolecular forces of attraction
between A – A, B – B and A – B are nearly equal.
Characteristics of Ideal Solutions
Ideal Solutions generally have characteristics as follows:
 They follow Raoult’s Law. This implies that the partial pressure of components A and
B in a solution will be PA = PA0 xA and PB = PB0 xB . PA0 and PB0 are respective
vapour pressure in pure form. On the other hand, xA and xB are respective
mole fractions of components A and B
 The enthalpy of mixing of two components should be zero, that is, Δmix H = 0. This
signifies that no heat is released or absorbed during mixing of two pure components to
 form an ideal solution
 The volume of the mixing is equal to zero that is, Δmix V = 0. This means that total
volume of solution is exactly same as the sum of the volume of solute and solution.
Adding further, it also signifies that there will be contraction or expansion of
the volume while the mixing of two components is taking place.
 The solute-solute interaction and solvent-solvent interaction is almost similar to the
solute-solvent interaction.
Examples of Ideal Solutions
 n-hexane and n-heptane
 Bromoethane and Chloroethane
 Benzene and Toluene
 CCl4 and SiCl4
 Chlorobenzene and Bromobenzene
 Ethyl Bromide and Ethyl Iodide
 n-Butyl Chloride and n-Butyl Bromide
Non-Ideal Solutions
The solutions which don’t obey Raoult’s law at every range of concentration and at
all temperatures are Non-Ideal Solutions. Non-ideal solutions deviate from ideal solutions and
are also known as Non-Ideal Solutions.

Characteristics of Non-ideal Solutions

Non-ideal solutions depict characteristics as follows:
 The solute-solute and solvent-solvent interaction is different from that of solute-solvent
interaction
 The enthalpy of mixing that is, Δmix H ≠ 0, which means that heat might have released
if enthalpy of mixing is negative (Δmix H < 0) or the heat might have observed if
enthalpy of mixing is positive (Δmix H > 0)
 The volume of mixing that is, Δmix V ≠ 0, which depicts that there will be some
expansion or contraction in the dissolution of liquids
Non-ideal solutions are of two types:
 Non-ideal solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult’s Law
 Non-ideal solutions showing negative deviation from Raoult’s Law
i) Positive Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Positive Deviation from Raoult’s Law occurs when the vapour pressure of the component is
greater than what is expected in Raoult’s Law. For Example, consider two components A and
B to form non-ideal solutions. Let the vapour pressure, pure vapour pressure and mole
fraction of component A be PA , PA0 and xA respectively and that of component B be PB ,
PB0 and xB respectively. These liquids will show positive deviation when Raoult’s Law when:
 PA > PA0 xA and PB > P0B xB, as the total vapour pressure (PA0 xA + P0B xB) is greater than
what it should be according to Raoult’s Law.
 The solute-solvent forces of attraction is weaker than solute-solute and solvent-solvent
interaction that is, A – B < A – A or B – B
 The enthalpy of mixing is positive that is, Δmix H > 0 because the heat absorbed to form
new molecular interaction is less than the heat released on breaking of original
molecular interaction
 The volume of mixing is positive that is, Δmix V > 0 as the volume expands on the
dissolution of components A and B
Examples of Positive Deviation
Following are examples of solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult’s Law:
 Acetone and Carbon disulphide
 Acetone and Benzene
 Carbon Tetrachloride and Toluene or Chloroform
 Methyl Alcohol and Water
 Acetone and Ethanol
 Ethanol and Water
Negative Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Negative Deviation occurs when the total vapour pressure is less than what it should be
according to Raoult’s Law. Considering the same A and B components to form a non-ideal
solution, it will show negative deviation from Raoult’s Law only when:
 PA < PA0 xA and PB < P0B xB as the total vapour pressure (PA0 xA + P0B xB) is less than
what it should be with respect to Raoult’s Law
 The solute-solvent interaction is stronger than solute-solute and solvent-solvent
interaction that is, A – B > A – A or B – B
 The enthalpy of mixing is negative that is, Δmix H < 0 because more heat is released
when new molecular interactions are formed
 The volume of mixing is negative that is, Δmix V < 0 as the volume decreases on the
dissolution of components A and B
Following are examples of solutions showing negative deviation from Raoult’s Law
 Chloroform and Benzene
 Chloroform and Diether
 Acetone and Aniline
 Nitric Acid ( HNO3) and water
 Acetic Acid and pyridine
 Hydrochloric Acid ( HCl) and water