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Lecture 7

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37 views3 pages

Lecture 7

Uploaded by

Amel BOULEMIIZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dr.

Belmerabet Fatiha

LMD ONE: 2020- 2021 GROUPS: 3&4

L e c t u r e s e v e n : The Tudor House 1485-1603

1. Henry VII (1485-1509)


Henry Tudor, son of Edmund Tudor, from the house of Lancaster, was originally from
Wales. In the war of the roses, he fought King Richard III (from York) and defeated his army,
and killed him at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It is said that he found the crown of
Richard III on the battlefield and took it and crowned himself. A year later, he married
Elizabeth of York, the daughter of King Edward IV (brother of King Richard III), and ended
the war between these two branches of the royal family of England.
To establish his power confidently, he deprived the great feudal lords of their right to
maintain armed men. His reign witnessed stability and firm royal authority.

2. Henry VIII and the Church of England


Henry VIII (1509-1547) was the son of Henry VII. He began his reign by fighting France
and Scotland and could subdue the latter. In 1521, he received from the Pope, the title of
‘Fidei Defensor’, for writing a treatise in which he defended Catholicism. However, six years
later, he asked the Pope for permission to divorce his first of six wives, Catherine of Aragon.
The Pope refused and Henry broke all religious relations with the Catholic Pope in Rome and
declared himself the sole head of the Church in England in 1534. To do this he was
encouraged by his Bishop Thomas Cranmer. He abolished the monasteries, confiscated their
goods, and persecuted the papists. The Catholic humanist, Thomas More, was executed in
1535. This event is known as the reformation by which the official religion of England
became Protestantism, instead of Catholicism. Thus, England became independent from
Rome in religious matters. The Pope could no longer appoint the archbishops and other
clergies from Rome and control England through them. The reign of Henry the VIII coincided
with a great cultural and intellectual event in Europe and, of course, in England which was the
Renaissance.

3. Edward VI
After the death of Henry VIII, it was the turn for his son King Edward VI (1547-1553) to
rule England. Under this king, parliament passed the act of uniformity, which emphasized the
Protestant character of the Anglican liturgy and made obligatory the use of the Book of
Common Prayer written by Bishop Thomas Cranmer.

4. Mary Tudor and the Catholic revenge


Mary I or Mary Tudor (1553-1558), daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, was
a passionate Roman Catholic. In 1554, she married the future Philip II of Spain and re-
established the Papal authority in England. The Protestants were persecuted and she burned
more than 300 of them in three years. Bishop Cranmer was burnt alive in 1556. Under the
reign of Mary I, the French recaptured Calais, which had been under English rule for 211
years.

5. Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)


After the death of Mary Tudor, Queen Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne
Boleyn, ascended the throne.
She, first of all, re-established the Protestant Church of England, because Mary Tudor had
banished Protestantism and re-established Catholicism before her. So, under Elizabeth I,
Protestantism became again the official religion of England. However, she followed a policy
of toleration towards her Catholic subjects and did not persecute them. This did not please the
Puritans, who were extremist Protestants. The Puritans had succeeded Lollardism as a
religious movement.
To protect herself against Scotland which was always trying to ally with France against
England, she deposed her cousin Mary Stuart, the Queen of Scots. Mary of Scots was the only
daughter of King James V of Scotland and her French mother Mary of Guise. However, she
inherited Tudor's blood through her grandmother Margaret, the sister of Henry VIII. Because
she was supposed to become Queen of England after the death of Elizabeth I, Catholic France
and Spain were plotting to make her Queen of England to control England. King Philip II of
Spain had even started to plot with Mary Stuart and others to assassinate Elizabeth I. That was
the reason why Elizabeth deposed her and imprisoned her in the Tower of London and finally
executed her for treason in 1587.
Above all, she made England a great maritime power and challenged the Spanish
American Empire. An attempted Spanish invasion of England under Philip II led to the defeat
of the Spanish invincible Armada in 1588. Now, England became the mistress of the seas and
started to establish a colonial empire overseas. Sir Walter Raleigh established Virginia in
North America and named it after the Virgin Queen. The merchant middle class became very
rich from the slave trade. The last India Company was founded in 1600. It was in her reign
that Modern England was born. There was also a great blossoming of literature in her time.
William Shakespeare was the best fruit of her late Renaissance age.
Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch, died in 1603 and was succeeded by James Stuart, the
son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was already King James VI of Scotland when he became
King James I of England.
With James I, a new royal family began in England, which was the Stuart dynasty that
ruled England from 1603 to 1714. The Stuart monarchs were James I, Charles I, Charles II,
James II, William and Mary, and Queen Anne.

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