Fermatean Fuzzy Sets (FFS)

Fermatean fuzzy sets are introduced as an extension of fuzzy set theory, allowing for a
higher degree of flexibility in capturing uncertainty. An FFS is defined as a set that includes
elements characterized by

• Membership function
• Non-membership function

Membership Function (MSF)

A value that shows the degree to which an element belongs to the set.

Non-Membership Function (NMSF)

A value that indicates the degree to which an element does not belong to the set.

Condition

For any element , the membership and non-membership functions must satisfy an
equation

0 ≤ ( MSF (x))3 + ( NMSF (x))3 ≤ 1

Mathematical Example

For an element in an FFS, if and , then it satisfies the FFS condition because

(0.6)3 + (0.4)3= 0.216 + 0.064 = 0.28 ≤1

0 ≤ ( MSF (x))3 + ( NMSF (x))3 ≤ 1

Hence this condition satisfies.

Fermatean fuzzy CODAS method

The Fermatean Fuzzy CODAS (Combinative Distance-based Assessment) method is
used in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) to rank alternatives by assessing their
distances from an ideal solution. Below is a step-by-step example with formulas to
illustrate how the Fermatean Fuzzy CODAS method works in practice.

Mathematical Example
For example we are evaluating three suppliers (Supplier A, Supplier B, and Supplier C) for a
sustainable supply chain project based on two criteria:

• Cost (C1)
• Quality (C2)

Let each criterion have a Fermatean fuzzy rating for each supplier given by membership
and non-membership degrees, as follows

Suppliers Cost Quality

(C1) (C2)
A (0.8,0.3) (0.6,0.4)
B (0.7,0.4) (0.8,0.2)
C (0.9,0.2) (0.7,0.3)

We will proceed through the Fermatean Fuzzy CODAS method using Euclidean and Taxicab
distances to determine the best supplier.

Step 1

Define the Ideal Solution

In the Fermatean Fuzzy CODAS approach, the ideal solution for each criterion is typically
the maximum membership value and the minimum non-membership value across all
suppliers.

For Cost (C1)

Ideal Membership

Max (0.8,0.7,0.9)

=0.9

Ideal Non-Membership

Min (0.3,0.4,0.2)

= 0.2

ÃC1 = (0.8,0.3) , Ã*C1 = (0.9,0.2)

For Quality (C2)

Ideal Membership

Max(0.6,0.8,0.7)
=0.8

Ideal Non-Membership:

Min ( 0.4,0.2,0.3)

=0.2

So,

ÃC2 = (0.6,0.4) , Ã*C2 = (0.8,0.2)

Step 2

Calculate the Euclidean and Taxicab Distances

We calculate the Euclidean and Taxicab distances between each supplier and the ideal
solution for each criterion.

Euclidean Distance Formula

ED= √[(uA – uB)2 + (vA – vB)2].

Taxicab Distance Formula

TD =| uA – uB | + | vA – vB |

Distance Calculations for Each Supplier

Supplier A

Cost (C1)

ÃC1 = (0.8,0.3) , Ã*C1 = (0.9,0.2)

ED = 0.141

TD = 0.2

Quality (C2)

ÃC2 = (0.6,0.4) , Ã*C2 = (0.8,0.2)

ED = 0.283

TD = 0.4

Supplier B

Cost (C1)
BC1 = (0.7,0.4) , Ã*C1 = (0.9,0.2)

ED= 0.283

TD = 0.4

Quality (C2)

BC2 = (0.7,0.4) , Ã*C2 = (0.9,0.2)

ED = 0

TD = 0

Supplier C

Cost (C1)

CC1 = (0.9,0.2) , Ã*C1 = (0.9,0.2)

ED = 0

TD = 0

Quality (C2)

CC2= (0.7,0.3) , Ã*C2 = (0.8,0.2)

ED = 0

TD = 0

Step 3

Aggregate Distances and Rank Suppliers

For each supplier, aggregate the Euclidean and Taxicab distances across all criteria to
obtain a final score.

Suppliers Total ED Total TD

A 0.141+0.283=0.424 0.2+0.4=0.6
B 0.283+0= 0.283 0.4+0= 0.4
C 0+0.141= 0.141 0+0.2= 0.2

Why 0 is best and 1 is worst?.

0 indicates that the alternative is closest to the ideal solution across all criteria. This
means the alternative performs optimally in comparison to others.
1 indicates that the alternative is farthest to the ideal solution across all criteria. This
means the alternative performs worst in comparison to others.

Conclusion

The supplier with the lowest total distance is preferred, as it is closest to the ideal solution

Rank 1

Supplier C (Total ED = 0.141, Total TD = 0.2)

Rank 2

Supplier B (Total ED = 0.283, Total TD = 0.4)

Rank 3

Supplier A (Total ED = 0.424, Total TD = 0.6)

Thus, Supplier C is the best choice according to the Fermatean Fuzzy CODAS method.

Score and Accuracy Functions for Fermatean

Fuzzy Sets (FFS)

The Score Function (SF) and Accuracy Function (AF) are used in Fermatean Fuzzy Sets to
evaluate and rank alternatives in decision-making problems. They provide a quantitative
basis for comparing Fermatean fuzzy numbers (FFNs).

Formulas

For a Fermatean fuzzy number , where is the membership degree and is the non-
membership degree:

Score Function (SF)

S(f) = u3 – v3

Accuracy Function (AF)

L(f) = u3 +v3

Mathematical Example

Consider three Fermatean fuzzy numbers for alternatives , , and :

FA = (0.7,0.4)

FB = (0.8,0.3)

FC = (0.6,0.5)

Step 1

Compute the Score Function :

1. For FA = (0.7,0.4)

S(FA) = (0.7)3 – (0.4)3= 0.343 – 0.064 = 0.279

2. For : FB = (0.8,0.3)

S(FB) = (0.8)3 – (0.3)3 = 0.512 – 0.027 = 0.485

3. For : FC = (0.6,0.5)

S(FC) = (0.6)3 – (0.5)3 = 0.216 – 0.125 = 0.091

Step 2

Compute the Accuracy Function

1. For :FA = (0.7,0.4)

L(FA) = (0.7)3+ (0.4)3 = 0.343 + 0.064 = 0.407

2. For :FB = (0.8,0.3)

L(FB) = (0.8)3+ (0.3)3= 0.512 + 0.027 = 0.539

3. For :FC = (0.6,0.5)

L(FC) = (0.6)3 + (0.5)3 = 0.216 + 0.125 = 0.341

Step 3

Interpret the Results

1. Score Function :

The highest score (0.485), indicating it is the most favorable option among the three
alternatives in terms of net positivity.

Ranking by S(F)

B>A>C

2. Accuracy Function :

The highest accuracy (0.539), suggesting it is the most reliable option in terms of overall
membership and non-membership degree contributions.

Ranking by L(F)

B>A>C

Conclusion

Using both the Score Function and Accuracy Function, alternative (e.g., Supplier B) is
ranked the highest, followed by , and finally . These functions provide a robust method for
comparing alternatives in Fermatean fuzzy decision-making scenarios.

Fermatean Fuzzy -Continuity and Connectedness

Fermatean fuzzy -continuity and connectedness are key concepts in Fermatean fuzzy
topology. These concepts involve the relationships between Fermatean fuzzy sets and their
topological properties.

Fermatean Fuzzy -Continuity

Definition

A mapping f : X→ Y between two Fermatean fuzzy topological spaces is -continuous if the

pre-image of every Fermatean fuzzy -open set in is a Fermatean fuzzy -open set in .

Example

Let X = x 1, x 2 , x 3. And Y = y 1 , y2 , y 3 consider the Fermatean fuzzy topologies:

Fermatean fuzzy subsets of X = A ( x1, 0.7, 0.3) , ( x2, 0.6, 0.4), ( x3 , 0.8,0.2)

Fermatean fuzzy subsets of Y = B ( y1 , 0.9,0.1) , (y2 , 0.8,0.2)

Define a mapping as:

F:X→Y

F(x1) = y1, f(x2) = y2, f(x3) = y1.

Step 1

Check Pre-image of B

F-1(B) = {( x1, min(0.7,0.9), max( 0.3,0.1) ,(x2,min(0.6,0.8), max(0.4,0.2) , (x3, min(0.8,0.9)

max(0.2,0.1)

By Simplifying we will get :

= {(x1, 0.7, 0.3), (x2, 0.6, 0.4), (x3, 0.8, 0.2)}.

Since f-1(B) is a Fermatean fuzzy alpha -open set in X , f is alpha-continuous.

Fermatean Fuzzy Connectedness

Definition

A Fermatean fuzzy set is connected if it cannot be partitioned into two non-empty, disjoint
Fermatean fuzzy -open subsets and such that

U ∩ V = ∅. , A ⊆ U ∪ V

Example

Let X = x 1, x 2 , x 3. with the Fermatean fuzzy set:

A = {(x1, 0.8, 0.2), (x2, 0.7, 0.3), (x3, 0.6, 0.4),}.

Assume A is split into two subsets.

• U = (x1, 0.8, 0.2), (x2, 0.7, 0.3)

• V = (x3, 0.6, 0.4)

Step 1

Check Disjointness

The intersection of U and V is

U∩V=∅

Step 2

Verify Union

The union of U and V is

U ∪ V={(x1, 0.8, 0.2), (x2, 0.7, 0.3), (x3, 0.6, 0.4)}

=A

Since A can be partitioned into disjoint Fermatean fuzzy alpha -open subsets U and V ,
alpha is not connected.

Summary

Continuity Example

Showed that the pre-image of a Fermatean fuzzy alpha-open set under is also alpha-open.

Connectedness Example

Demonstrated that a Fermatean fuzzy set is not connected if it can be partitioned into
disjoint Fermatean fuzzy -open subsets.