C Programming

Sequential and Conditional Control

No
a>b
Yes

a=a-b a=b-a

1 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 2 / 59
Programs for programming

• Integrated Development Environment

• Microsoft Visual Studio (default option)
• Dev-C++ (recommended)
• VScode
• Codeblocks
• Any text editors + C compiler
• Microsoft C compiler (default option)
• GCC (recommended)
• ICC: believed to be the most efficient one
• Turbo C: classic but being forgotten

C Programming 3 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 4 / 59
 The first program

• Create a new file named main.c.

• Open it in your text editor of choice.
• Fill it as follows:
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( v o i d )
3 {
4 p r i n t f ( ” H e l l o World ! \ n” ) ;
5 /∗ P r i n t ” H e l l o World ! ” on t h e command l i n e ∗/
6 return 0;
7 }
8

C Programming 5 / 59
From source to bits
Source code: main.c
⇓

$ g c c main . c

(Preprocessing → compiling → assembling → linking)

⇓
Executable program

Linux/Mac OS X (a.out) Windows (a.exe)

$ . / a . out $ ./ a .
$ Hello exe
World ! $
H e l l o World !

C Programming 6 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 7 / 59
 A basic program

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> Preprocessing statements

2 i n t main ( )
3 { 
4 p r i n t f ( ” H e l l o World ! \ n” ) ; 


/∗ P r i n t ” H e l l o World ! ” on t h e
5



command l i n e ∗/

6 return 0;
Main function

}
7




8



• Processed before compilation

• Have their own language, start with a #
• In ‘stdio.h’, function ‘printf()’ has been defined

C Programming 8 / 59
 The main function

• Basic function of every program

• Exists exactly once per program
• Called on program start

1 i n t main ( v o i d )
2 {

• As a function, main() can take parameters and return a value

• Get used to void and int. They will be explained later
• ’{’ marks the start of the main function scope

C Programming 9 / 59
 The main function scope

• Contains program statements

• They are processed from top to bottom

1 return 0;
2 }

• Last statement, ends main function (and thus the whole program)
• 0 tells the OS that everything went right
• ’}’ marks the end of the main function scope

C Programming 10 / 59
 Statements

• Instructions for the computer

• End with a ; (semicolon)

1 p r i n t f ( ” H e l l o World ! \ n” ) ;

• Here is the empty statement:

• All statements are located in function blocks

C Programming 11 / 59
 Comments
• Information for the programmer, cut out before compilation
Single line comments:
1 // P r i n t s ” H e l l o World ! ” on t h e command l i n e

Block comments (multi-line):

1 /∗ P r i n t s ” H e l l o World ! ”
2 on t h e command l i n e ∗/

Better style of block comments:

1 /∗
2 ∗ P r i n t s ” H e l l o World ! ”
3 ∗ on t h e command l i n e
4 ∗/

C Programming 12 / 59
 Order of execution

• Statements inside one function executed from top to bottom

• This is a convention for languages

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 { 1 H e l l o China !
4 p r i n t f ( ” H e l l o C h i n a ! \ n” ) ; 2 H e l l o World !
5 p r i n t f ( ” H e l l o World ! \ n” ) ; 3 Hello Universe !
6 p r i n t f ( ” H e l l o U n i v e r s e ! \ n” ) ; 4
7 return 0;
8 }

• For clarity, one statement in one line

C Programming 13 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 14 / 59
Calculate the Area of a circle (1)

• Available information
• radius, π = 3.1415
• Requirements
• Allows user input radius of a circle
• Calculate its area and print it out
a = pi · r 2
• Let’s do it step by step

C Programming 15 / 59
Calculate the Area of a circle (2)

• Create a new file named main.c

• Open it in your editor
• Fill it as follows:

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 return 0;
5 }
6

C Programming 16 / 59
Calculate the Area of a circle (3)

• Define variables needed

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 float pi = 3.1415;
5 f l o a t r = 0;
6 return 0;
7 }
8

C Programming 17 / 59
Calculate the Area of a circle (4)

• Allows user to input radius,

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 float pi = 3.1415;
5 f l o a t r = 0;
6 s c a n f ( ”%f ” , &r ) ;
7 return 0;
8 }
9

C Programming 18 / 59
 Calculate the Area of a circle (5)

• The complete program

• Allows user to input radius
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
3 {
4 float pi = 3.1415;
4 float pi = 3.1415;
5 f l o a t r = 0 , area = 0;
5 f l o a t r = 0 , area = 0;
6 s c a n f ( ”%f ” , &r ) ;
6 s c a n f ( ”%f ” , &r ) ;
7 area = r ∗ r ∗ pi ;
7 area = r ∗ r ∗ pi ;
8 p r i n t f ( ” Area : %f ” , a r e a ) ;
8 return 0;
9 return 0;
9 }
10 }
10
11

C Programming 19 / 59
Solve Quadratic Equation (1)

• Given following equation

• Allows user input a, b and c
ax 2 + bx + c = 0

• Solve x out

C Programming 20 / 59
Solve Quadratic Equation (2)

• The solution for this quadratic equation is well-known

• Given b 2 − 4ac > 0, we have
√
−b +b 2 − 4ac
x1 =
√2a
−b − b 2 − 4ac
x2 =
2a

• In order to simplify the calculation

• We have

−b √
2 −4ac
p= , q = b 2a
2a
x1 = p + q, x2 = p − q

C Programming 21 / 59
Solve Quadratic Equation (3)
• Let’s now think about how to implement it in C
−b √
2 −4ac
p= , q = b 2a
2a
x1 = p + q, x2 = p − q

• Define variables and user input

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 f l o a t a = 0 , b = 0 , c = 0 , delta = 0;
5 f l o a t x1 = 0 , x2 = 0 , p = 0 , q = 0 ;
6 p r i n t f ( ” I n p u t a , b and c : \ n” ) ;
7 s c a n f ( ”%f%f%f ” , &a , &b , &c ) ;
8 return 0;
9 }
10

C Programming 22 / 59
Solve Quadratic Equation (4)
−b √
2 −4ac
p= , q = b 2a
2a
x1 = p + q, x2 = p − q
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 #i n c l u d e <math . h>
3 i n t main ( )
4 {
5 f l o a t a = 0 , b = 0 , c = 0 , delta = 0;
6 f l o a t x1 = 0 , x2 = 0 , p = 0 , q = 0 ;
7 p r i n t f ( ” I n p u t a , b and c : \ n” ) ;
8 s c a n f ( ”%f%f%f ” , &a , &b , &c ) ;
9 d e l t a = b∗b − 4∗ a ∗ c ;
10 p = −b / ( 2 ∗ a ) ;
11 q = s q r t ( d e l t a ) /(2∗ a ) ;
12 x1 = p + q ; x2 = p − q ;
13 p r i n t f ( ” x1=%f , x2=%f \n” , x1 , x2 ) ;
14 return 0;
15 }
16

C Programming 23 / 59
Comments

−b √
2 −4ac
p= , q = b 2a
2a
x1 = p + q, x2 = p − q

• In above example, we did not consider the case

• b 2 − 4ac < 0
• For which, we should output “no real solution”
• That means, we should check b 2 − 4ac
• For different case, we give different answer
• This is where if...else fits in

C Programming 24 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 25 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 26 / 59
 Start with a simple example
• Guess what the following code for

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 int x = 5;
5 i f ( x%2 == 0 )
6 {
7 p r i n t f ( ” x i s an e v e n number . ” ) ;
8 }
9 return 0;
10 }
11

• if statement makes a judgement

• If the logic/conditional expression is true
• The statment(s) inside {...} will be executed
• Otherwise, statment(s) will be ignored
C Programming 27 / 59
 Logic/conditional expression (1)
• Let’s now focus on the conditional expression

1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 int x = 5;
5 if ( conditional expression )
6 {
7 p r i n t f ( ” x i s an e v e n number . ” ) ;
8 }
9 return 0;
10 }
11

• It is a expression that returns true or false

• For example, statement “you are undergraduate student”
• We can judge whether it is true or false
• Paradox, story shared
C Programming 28 / 59
 Logic/conditional expression (2)
• In C, expression with relational operators is used as conditional
expressions
• They are
1 <, >, <=, >=
2 == for “equal to”
3 != for “not equal to”
• It returns 1 (true) or 0 (false)

1 i n t main ( )
2 {
3 int a = 0 , b = 0 , c = 0;
4 a = (3 > 5) ;
5 b = (2∗2 > 4) ;
6 c = ( 3 == 3 ) ;
7 return 0;
8 }

C Programming 29 / 59
Comments

−b √
2 −4ac
p= , q = b 2a
2a
x1 = p + q, x2 = p − q

• For the case b 2 − 4ac < 0

• We should output “no real solution”
• For the case, b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0
• We should output x1 and x2

C Programming 30 / 59
Solve Quadratic Equation
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 #i n c l u d e <math . h>
3 i n t main ( )
4 {
5 f l o a t a = 0 , b = 0 , c = 0 , delta = 0;
6 f l o a t x1 = 0 , x2 = 0 , p = 0 , q = 0 ;
7 p r i n t f ( ” I n p u t a , b and c : \ n” ) ;
8 s c a n f ( ”%f%f%f ” , &a , &b , &c ) ;
9 d e l t a = b∗b − 4∗ a ∗ c ;
10 i f ( d e l t a >= 0 ) {
11 p = −b / ( 2 ∗ a ) ;
12 q = s q r t ( d e l t a ) /(2∗ a ) ;
13 x1 = p + q ; x2 = p − q ;
14 p r i n t f ( ” x1=%f , x2=%f \n” , x1 , x2 ) ;
15 }else{
16 p r i n t f ( ”No r e a l s o l u t i o n ! \ n” ) ;
17 }
18 return 0;
19 }

C Programming 31 / 59
Exercise
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 i n t a = −1;
5 unsigned i n t b = 600;
6 i f (a > b)
7 {
8 p r i n t f ( ”%d i s g r e a t e r t h a n %d\n” , a , b ) ;
9 }else{
10 p r i n t f ( ”%d i s s m a l l e r t h a n %d\n” , a , b ) ;
11 }
12 return 0;
13 }
14

• What is the answer??

C Programming 32 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 33 / 59
Logical Operators (1)

• In some cases, single conditional statement is not enough

• For example, we want to express following condition
• If a > b AND b > c, then ...
• We need a way to connect several statements
• Usually, we use AND, OR and NOT
• In C, they are &&, || and !
• AND (c1 && c2): means only when c1 and c2 both are true, it is true
• OR (c1 || c2): means when either c1 or c2 is true, it is true
• NOT (!c1): means reverse it, c1 is true, !c1 is false; c1 is false, !c1 is
true

C Programming 34 / 59
 Logical Operators (2)

• AND (c1 && c2): means only when c1 and c2 both are true, it is true
• OR (c1 || c2): means when either c1 or c2 both is true, it is true
• NOT (!c1): means reverse it, c1 is true, !c1 is false; c1 is false, !c1 is
true
1 i n t main ( )
2 {
3 int a = 0 , b = 0 , c = 0;
4 a = ( 3 > 5 ) &&(2 > 1 ) ;
5 b = ( 2 ∗ 2 > 4 ) | | ( 2 == 1 ) ;
6 c = ! ( 3 == 3 ) ;
7 return 0;
8 }

C Programming 35 / 59
Logical Operators (3): truth tables

c1 c2 c1 && c2 c1 c2 c1 || c2
1 1 1 1 1 1 c1 !c1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0

• One should be able to deduce for cases that more than two
statements are involved

C Programming 36 / 59
 Priority of Relational Operators (1)

1 5>3 && 2 | | 8<4−!0

• “!” is higher than +, -, *, /

• “>”, “<”, “<=”, “>=” and “==” are lower than +, -, *, /
• “&&” and “∥” are the lowest
• Please tell me the result of this expression (3 minutes)

C Programming 37 / 59
 Priority of Relational Operators (2)

1 5>3 && 2 || 8<4−!0

2 5>3 && 2 || 8<4−1
3 5>3 && 2 || 8<3
4 5>3 && 2 || 0
5 1 && 2 || 0
6 1 || 0
7 1

• “!” is higher than +, -, *, /

• “>”, “<”, “<=”, “>=” and “==” are lower than +, -, *, /
• “&&” and “∥” are the lowest

C Programming 38 / 59
 Priority of Relational Operators (3)

1 (5 >3) && 2 | | (8 <(4 −!0) )

• Usually, we put ‘()’ to regularize the priority levels

C Programming 39 / 59
 How the logic expression is evaluated in C
• C actually checks only whether it is zero or non-zero
• For example

1 i n t main ( )
2 {
3 f l o a t a = 3.1 , b = 0;
4 i f (a){
5 printf (” it i s true ”) ;
6 }else{
7 printf (” it is false ”) ;
8 }
9 i f ( a && b ) {
10 printf (” it i s true ”) ;
11 }else{
12 printf (” it is false ”) ;
13 }
14 return 0;
15 }

C Programming 40 / 59
Outline

1 Editors and IDE

2 Basic Ingradients of a C Program

3 Program structure

4 Program of Sequtial Control

5 Conditional Controls
if-else clause
Logical operators

6 Conditions

C Programming 41 / 59
if...else
Decisions are made during run time:
i f ( condition )
statement1 ;
else
statement2 ;

statement1 is only executed if the truth value of condition is true.

Otherwise statement2 is executed.
For multiple statements inside the if-else, use braces {}:
i f ( condition ) {
statement1 ;
statement2 ;
}

• The else part is OPTIONAL

C Programming 42 / 59
else if

To differentiate between more than two cases, you can use the if condition
as a statement in the else body:

condition1 i f ( condition1 )
false statement1 ;
condition2 else i f ( condition2 )
statement2 ;
false
true else i f ( condition3 )
condition3 statement3 ;
true else
false
statement4 ;
true
st.1 st.2 st.3 st.4

C Programming 43 / 59
Judge the Type of an Input Character (1)

• Judge an input character is a digit, a character, space or something

else
• Steps outlined
1 Accept/take input character
2 Check whether in digit range (‘0’-‘9’)
3 Otherwise, check whether it is in character range (‘a’-‘z’)
4 Otherwise, check whether it is in (‘A’-‘Z’)
5 Otherwise, check whether it is space (‘ ’)
• Work it by yourself first...

C Programming 44 / 59
 Judge the Type of an Input Character (2)
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 c h a r ch = ’ ’ ;
5 p r i n t f (” Please input a character : ”) ;
6 ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ;
7 p r i n t f ( ” C h a r a c t e r i s : %c ” , ch ) ;
8 i f ( ch >= ’ 0 ’ && ch <= ’ 9 ’ ) {
9 p r i n t f ( ” a d i g i t \n” ) ;
10 } e l s e i f ( ch >= ’ a ’ && ch <= ’ z ’ ) {
11 p r i n t f ( ” c h a r i n l o w e r c a s e \n” ) ;
12 } e l s e i f ( ch >= ’A ’ && ch <= ’ Z ’ ) {
13 p r i n t f ( ” c h a r i n u p p e r c a s e \n” ) ;
14 } e l s e i f ( ch == ’ ’ ) {
15 p r i n t f ( ” I t i s s p a c e \n” ) ;
16 }else{
17 p r i n t f ( ” n o t d i g i t , c h a r o r s p a c e \n” ) ;
18 }
19 return 0;
20 }

C Programming 45 / 59
Judge whether it is a leap year (1)

• Leap year should satisfy one of follow two conditions

1 It is dividable by 4, but not by 100
2 It is dividable by 400
[Steps]
1 Accept input number
2 Check whether it is dividable by 400
3 If yes, it is leap year
4 Otherwise, check whether it is dividable by 4 and NOT dividable by
100
1 If yes, it is leap year
2 Otherwise, it is not leap year
Give your solution first....

C Programming 46 / 59
 Judge whether it is a leap year (2)
1 #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
2 i n t main ( )
3 {
4 int year = 0 , leap = 0;
5 p r i n t f ( ” Please enter the year : ” ) ;
6 s c a n f ( ”%d” , &y e a r ) ;
7 i f ( y e a r %400 == 0 ) {
8 leap = 1;
9 } e l s e i f ( y e a r%4 == 0 && y e a r %100 != 0 ) {
10 leap = 1;
11 }else{
12 leap = 0;
13 }
14 i f ( l e a p == 1 ) {
15 p r i n t f ( ”%d i s l e a p y e a r \n” , y e a r ) ;
16 }else{
17 p r i n t f ( ”%d i s n o t l e a p y e a r \n” , y e a r ) ;
18 }
19 }

C Programming 47 / 59
 More about if-else clause (1)

• See the result of following code

1 i n t main ( )
2 {
3 int a = 3 , b = 5 , c = 3;
4 i f ( a != 3 )
5 i f ( b > 9)
6 p r i n t f ( ”b = %d” , b ) ;
7 else
8 p r i n t f ( ” c = %d” , c ) ;
9 return 0;
10 }

C Programming 48 / 59
 More about if-else clause (2)

• See the result of following code

1 i n t main ( )
1 i n t main ( )
2 {
2 {
3 int a = 3 , b = 5 , c = 3;
3 int a = 3 , b = 5;
4 i f ( a != 3 )
4 int c = 3;
5 {
5 i f ( a != 3 )
6 i f ( b > 9)
6 i f ( b > 9)
7 p r i n t f ( ”b = %d” , b ) ;
7 p r i n t f ( ”b = %d” , b ) ;
8 else
8 else
9 p r i n t f ( ” c = %d” , c ) ;
9 p r i n t f ( ” c = %d” , c ) ;
10 }
10 return 0;
11 return 0;
11 }
12 }

C Programming 49 / 59
A few words on style

• Do not put statements and conditions on the same line

i f ( cond ) { s t a t e m e n t ; } /∗ bad s t y l e ∗/

i f ( cond ) { /∗ l o o k s b e t t e r , s t i l l bad s t y l e ∗/
statement ;
}

i f ( cond )
statement ; /∗ I t i s OK b u t n o t recommnended , p u t {} a l l
t h e t i m e ∗/

C Programming 50 / 59
More words on style
• Inside an if-else structure
• Put all blocks of this structure in braces
i f ( cond ) /∗ bad s t y l e , i n c o n s i s t e n t ∗/
statement ;
else {
statement ;
statement ;
}

i f ( cond )
i f ( cond ) {
{
/∗ way b e t t e r s t y l e ∗/
statement ;
statement ;
}else
}else{
{
statement ;
statement ;
statement ;
statement ;
}
}

C Programming 51 / 59
 Operator: L=a⋇b?c:d

• Following codes produce the same results

1 i n t main ( )
2 {
3 int a = 3 , b = 4 , c = 1;
1 i n t main ( )
4 i f (a > b)
2 {
5 {
3 int a = 3 , b = 4 , c = 1;
6 a = c;
4 a = a > b? c : b ;
7 }else{
5 p r i n t f ( ” a = %d” , a ) ;
8 a = b;
6 }
9 }
10 p r i n t f ( ” a = %d” , a ) ;
11 }

• “a⋇b” is a logic expression

• If it is true, c is assigned to the left
• Otherwise, d is assigned to the left

C Programming 52 / 59
Application: Convert lower case char to upper case (1)

• Given a char of unknown case, convert it to uppercase

• ‘a’-‘z’ to ‘A’-‘Z’
• Solution:
1 Check whether ch is in the range of ‘a’-‘z’
2 If it is in this range, ch = ch - 32
3 Otherwise, do not do anything

C Programming 53 / 59
 Application: Convert lower case char to upper case (2)

1 i n t main ( )
2 { 1 i n t main ( )
3 c h a r ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ; 2 {
4 i f ( ch >= ’ a ’ && ch <= ’ z ’ ) 3 c h a r ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ;
5 { 4 ch = ( ch>=’ a ’ && ch <= ’ z ’ )
6 ch = ch − 3 2 ; ? ( ch −32) : ch ;
7 } 5 p r i n t f ( ” ch = %c ” , ch ) ;
8 p r i n t f ( ” ch = %c ” , ch ) ; 6 return 0;
9 return 0; 7 }
10 }

• It is concise
• Do not make your expression too long
• Take the left way when you are uncertain

C Programming 54 / 59
if clause: the last example

1 i n t main ( )
2 {
3 int a = 3 , b = 5 , c = 2;
4 i f ( a > b) ;
5 {
6 a = c;
7 }
8 a = a ∗2;
9 p r i n t f ( ” a = %d\n” , a ) ;
10 return 0;
11 }

C Programming 55 / 59
switch-case clause (1)
• Now you are given a new task
• Convert numbers (1-12) to Month (January - December)
• We can do it by if-else clause
i n t main ( )
{
int n = 0;
s c a n f ( ”%d” , &n ) ;
i f ( n == 1 )
{
p r i n t f ( ” J a n u a r y \n” ) ;
} e l s e i f ( n == 2 ) {
p r i n t f ( ” F e b u a r y \n” ) ;
} e l s e i f ( n == 3 ) {
p r i n t f ( ” March \n” ) ;
}
...
...
...
}

C Programming 56 / 59
switch-case clause (2)
• Now you are given a new task
• Convert numbers (1-12) to Month (January - December)
• We can do it by if-else clause
i n t main ( )
{
int n = 0;
s c a n f ( ”%d” , &n ) ;
switch (n)
{
c a s e 1 : { p r i n t f ( ” J a n u a r y \n” ) ; b r e a k ; }
case 2: { p r i n t f ( ” Febuary ” ) ; break ; }
c a s e 3 : { p r i n t f ( ” March \n” ) ; b r e a k ; }
c a s e 1 2 : { p r i n t f ( ” December \n” ) ; b r e a k ; }
}
return 0;
}

C Programming 57 / 59
switch-case clause (3)

• If you have to check one variable for many constant values

• switch-case is your friend:)

switch ( variable )
{
case option1 : statement1 ; break ;
case option2 : statement2 ; break ;
case option3 : statement3 ; break ;
d e f a u l t : statement4 ; break ;
}

• case option defines a jump label

• More than one statement after it possible without braces
• All statements until the next break; will be executed

C Programming 58 / 59
switch-case clause (4)
• What break means
• Work out the output of following codes
i n t main ( )
{
int n = 3;
switch (n)
{
c a s e 1 : { p r i n t f ( ” J a n u a r y \n” ) ; }
case 2: { p r i n t f ( ” Febuary ” ) ; break ; }
c a s e 3 : { p r i n t f ( ” March \n” ) ; }
c a s e 4 : { p r i n t f ( ” A p r i l \n” ) ; }
c a s e 5 : { p r i n t f ( ”May\n” ) ; b r e a k ; }
c a s e 1 2 : { p r i n t f ( ” December \n” ) ; b r e a k ; }
d e f a u l t : break ;
}
return 0;
}

C Programming 59 / 59