Workshop File

A lab file submi ed in par al fulfilment of the requirement for the

th
7 Semester of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
Anjan Narula (21001017009)
Under the supervision
of
Kusum Ma’am

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING FACULTY

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY J.C. BOSE

UBIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOGY, YMCA

FARIDABAD-121006

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 Experiment 1

Objec ve: To study and analyze the process of frequency modula on (FM) and
demodula on, and to observe the waveforms at different stages.
Apparatus Required:

Func on generator, Frequency modulator circuit, Frequency demodulator circuit,

Oscilloscope (CRO or DSO), Power supply, Connec ng wires, Audio signal source (op
onal, for modula ng signal), Breadboard or PCB (if required for assembling circuits)

Theory:

Frequency Modula on (FM):

In frequency modula on, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modula ng signal (message
signal). The amplitude of the carrier wave remains constant, making FM less
suscep ble to noise compared to amplitude modula on (AM).
Frequency Demodula on:
Demodula on is the reverse process, where the original message signal is retrieved
from the modulated FM signal. A frequency demodulator circuit converts frequency
varia ons back into amplitude varia ons corresponding to the original message.

Procedure:

Frequency Modula on:

1. Setup the modulator circuit:

o Connect the func on generator to generate a sine wave or audio

signal as the modula ng signal m(t)m(t)m(t).
o Use a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) or dedicated FM IC
(e.g., LM566) to implement the modulator circuit.
o Connect the modula ng signal m(t)m(t)m(t) to the control input of the
modulator circuit.
2. Adjust the signals:

o Set the carrier signal frequency to a higher value (e.g., 100 kHz).

o Adjust the amplitude and frequency of the modula ng signal

m(t)m(t)m(t) as required (e.g., a sine wave of 1 kHz).
3. Observe the FM signal:

o Connect the output of the modulator to the oscilloscope.

o Observe the frequency varia on of the carrier wave on the oscilloscope.

Frequency Demodula on:

4. Setup the demodulator circuit:

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 o Use a frequency demodulator circuit, such as a PLL (Phase-Locked Loop, e.g., LM565)
or a discriminator circuit, to retrieve the modula ng signal from the FM signal.

o Connect the output of the FM modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit.

5. Observe the demodulated signal:

o Connect the output of the demodulator to the oscilloscope.

o Compare the retrieved signal with the original modula ng signal by

displaying both on the oscilloscope.
6. Vary parameters and analyze:

o Change the amplitude and frequency of the modula ng signal.

o Observe the corresponding changes in the modulated and demodulated signals.

Result:

1. The FM signal was successfully generated, and the carrier frequency was
observed to vary according to the amplitude of the modula ng signal.
2. The original modula ng signal was successfully retrieved using the
demodulator circuit, and the output closely matched the input signal.
3. The waveforms of the modula ng signal, FM signal, and demodulated signal
were observed and analyzed.

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 Experiment-2

Objec ve: To study the process of amplitude modula on (AM) and demodula on
using the BC108 transistor.
Apparatus Required: BC108 transistor, Func on generator, Oscilloscope, Power
supply, Resistors, Capacitors, Breadboard, Connec ng wires
Theory

Amplitude Modula on (AM):

Amplitude modula on is the process in which the amplitude of a high-frequency
carrier wave is varied in propor on to the instantaneous amplitude of the modula
ng signal (audio or message signal). The carrier wave remains constant in
frequency, while its amplitude changes with the modula ng signal.
Demodula on:
Demodula on is the reverse process of modula on. It retrieves the original modula ng signal from
the modulated carrier wave. This is achieved using a diode detector or a transistor-based circuit.

BC108 Transistor:
The BC108 is a general-purpose NPN transistor widely used in amplifica on and switching
applica ons. It has a good frequency response, making it suitable for modula on and
demodula on experiments.
Procedure

1. Modula on
1. Connect the modula on circuit using a BC108 transistor as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set up the func on generator to provide the modula ng signal (e.g., a 1 kHz
sine wave) and the carrier signal (e.g., a 100 kHz sine wave).
3. Feed the modula ng signal to the base of the BC108 through a coupling capacitor.

4. Apply the carrier signal to the transistor through a resistor-divider network.

5. Connect the modulated output to the oscilloscope through a coupling

capacitor to observe the amplitude-modulated waveform.
2. Demodula on

1. Set up the demodula on circuit using another BC108 transistor.

2. Feed the modulated signal output from the modula on circuit to the demodula
on circuit's input.
3. Use a capacitor-resistor filter network to smooth out the high-frequency
carrier signal, leaving the original modula ng signal.
4. Observe the demodulated waveform on the oscilloscope.
5. (Op onal) Connect a speaker or headphone to hear the recovered audio signal.

Result

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 1. The amplitude modula on was successfully implemented, with the amplitude
of the carrier wave varying according to the modula ng signal.
2. The original modula ng signal was successfully retrieved through demodula
on using the BC108 transistor.
Precau ons

1. Ensure proper biasing of the transistor to avoid damage.

2. Verify all connec ons before powering the circuit.

3. Use appropriate coupling capacitors to block DC components in the signals.

4. Adjust the frequency and amplitude of the modula ng and carrier signals for clear results.

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 Experiment-3

Objec ve: To generate and demodulate a Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal
using IC 555 Timer and observe the modulated and demodulated waveforms.

Apparatus Required: IC 555 Timer, Func on generator, Resistors, Capacitors,

Breadboard and connec ng wires, Oscilloscope
Theory

Pulse Amplitude Modula on (PAM):

PAM is a type of modula on where the amplitude of a series of pulses is varied in
propor on to the amplitude of the modula ng signal. It is widely used as the basis for
digital communica on systems like PCM.
Demodula on of PAM:
Demodula on involves extrac ng the original message signal from the PAM signal. This can
be achieved using a low-pass filter to smooth the pulses and retrieve the original signal.

Procedure

A. PAM Modula on

1. Generate the Carrier Signal:

o Configure the first IC 555 in astable mode.

o Set the resistor and capacitor values to obtain a desired carrier

frequency (e.g., 1 kHz).
o Verify the square wave output using an oscilloscope.

2. Generate the Modula ng Signal:

o Use a func on generator to create a sine wave signal (e.g., 100 Hz).

o Adjust the amplitude and frequency as required.

3. Combine Carrier and Modula ng Signal:

o Connect the output of the func on generator (modula ng signal) to

the control voltage (pin 5) of the IC 555.
o The amplitude of the square wave output will now vary according to the
modula ng signal, producing a PAM waveform.
o Observe the PAM signal on the oscilloscope.

B.PAM Demodula on

1. Pass the PAM Signal through a Diode:

o Connect a diode to the output of the PAM signal to allow only the posi
ve por on of the signal.
2. Smooth the Signal with a Low-Pass Filter:

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 o Use an RC low-pass filter to remove the high-frequency
components of the PAM signal and retain the modula ng signal.
o Select the cutoff frequency of the filter appropriately (slightly
higher than the frequency of the modula ng signal).
3. Observe the Demodulated Signal:

o Connect the output of the low-pass filter to the oscilloscope.

o Verify that the recovered signal matches the original modula ng signal

Result

1. PAM signal was successfully generated using the IC 555 Timer.

2. The original modula ng signal was demodulated and recovered using a

diode and RC low-pass filter.

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 Experiment-4

Objec ve: To generate and demodulate Pulse Posi on Modula on (PPM) signals
using an IC 555 mer.
Apparatus Required: IC 555 mer, Resistors, Capacitors, Poten ometer (10 kΩ), Signal
generator, Oscilloscope, Breadboard and connec ng wires, DC power supply (5V to 15V)

Theory
Pulse Posi on Modula on (PPM) is a technique where the posi on of a pulse is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of the modula ng signal, while the pulse width and amplitude remain constant.
PPM is derived from Pulse Width Modula on (PWM) and is widely used in communica on systems.

Modula on: PPM signals are created by varying the delay of a fixed-width pulse
with respect to the modula ng signal.
Demodula on: Extrac ng the modula ng signal from the PPM signal involves conver ng
the varying pulse posi ons back into the amplitude of the original signal.

Procedure

Part A: PPM Modula on

1. Setup PWM Genera on (IC 555 Timer 1):

o Connect the IC 555 in the monostable mode.

o Use the signal generator to feed the modula ng signal (a sinusoidal

or triangular wave) to the trigger pin of IC 555 (Pin 2).
o Adjust the poten ometer to vary the pulse width based on the
amplitude of the modula ng signal.
o Observe the PWM signal on the oscilloscope.

2. Convert PWM to PPM (IC 555 Timer 2):

o Use a second IC 555 configured in monostable mode to process the PWM signal.

o Connect the PWM output to the trigger pin of the second IC 555 (Pin 2).

o The output from IC 555 Timer 2 will be the PPM signal, where the
pulse posi ons vary with the input signal.
3. Observe the PPM signal on the oscilloscope and note how the pulse posi on
varies with the modula ng signal.
Part B: PPM Demodula on

1. Setup Demodulator Circuit:

o Use a low-pass RC filter to extract the amplitude of the original signal

from the PPM signal.
o Feed the PPM signal to the input of the filter.

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 o Adjust the filter's cutoff frequency to match the frequency range of
the original modula ng signal.
2. Observe the Output Signal:

o Connect the output of the filter to the oscilloscope.

o Verify that the demodulated signal matches the original modula ng

signal in shape and frequency.
Result

PPM Modula on: Successfully observed PPM signals where pulse posi ons
varied according to the amplitude of the modula ng signal.
PPM Demodulation: Reconstructed the original modulating signal using a low-pass filter.

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 Experiment-5

Objec ve: To understand the principle of Pulse Width Modula on (PWM) and
demodula on using the 555 Timer IC.
Apparatus Required: IC 555 mer, Resistors, Capacitor, Poten ometer (10kΩ),
Oscilloscope, Func on generator, DC power supply, Breadboard and connec ng wires
Theory

Pulse Width Modula on (PWM):

PWM is a modula on technique where the width of the pulse is varied in propor on to
the amplitude of the input signal. This method is widely used in power control, motor
speed control, and communica on systems.
In this experiment, the 555 mer is used in an astable mode to generate PWM signals.
By applying a modula ng signal to the control voltage (pin 5) of the 555 mer, the
pulse width of the output signal can be varied.
Demodula on:
To retrieve the original modula ng signal, a simple low-pass filter (RC circuit) is
used to smooth the PWM signal back into an analog waveform.
Procedure

Part 1: PWM Modula on

1. Assemble the 555 mer in astable mode:

o Connect Pin 8 to Vcc and Pin 1 to GND.

o Connect R1 between Vcc and Pin 7, R2 between Pin 7 and Pin 6, and a
capacitor C1 between Pin 6 and GND.
o Short Pin 6 and Pin 2 together.

o Connect a capacitor (0.01µF) between Pin 5 and GND to stabilize the

control voltage pin.
2. Connect the output (Pin 3) to an oscilloscope to monitor the PWM signal.

3. Apply a modula ng signal (e.g., a sine wave or triangular wave) to Pin 5

using a func on generator.
4. Observe how the duty cycle of the output signal changes with the modula ng signal.

Part 2: PWM Demodula on

1. Connect an RC low-pass filter to the output of the 555 mer (Pin 3).

2. Choose appropriate resistor and capacitor values for the filter to smooth
out the high-frequency components.
3. Monitor the output of the filter using an oscilloscope and observe the demodulated signal.

Result

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 The PWM signal generated by the 555 mer varied its duty cycle according to
the amplitude of the modula ng signal.
The low-pass filter successfully demodulated the PWM signal, reconstruc
ng the original modula ng signal.

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 Experiment - 6

Objec ve: To study and implement the Amplitude Shi Keying (ASK) modula on and
demodula on technique using IC CD4016.
Apparatus Required: IC CD4016, Func on generator, Resistors, Capacitors,
Breadboard and connec ng wires, Oscilloscope, DC Power Supply
Theory

Amplitude Shi Keying (ASK):

ASK is a type of amplitude modula on where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in
propor on to the digital input signal (binary data). A binary '1' corresponds to the presence
of the carrier wave, and a binary '0' corresponds to the absence of the carrier wave.

Modula on: This involves combining a carrier signal with a digital message
signal to produce an ASK signal.
Demodula on: The process of recovering the original digital message signal
from the ASK signal.
IC CD4016:
The CD4016 is a quad bilateral switch IC, which acts as an electronic switch. It
can be used to modulate or demodulate the signal by controlling the flow of the
carrier signal with the digital message signal.
Procedure

Modula on

1. Carrier Signal Genera on:

Generate a sinusoidal carrier wave (e.g., 10 kHz) using a func on generator.

2. Message Signal Genera on:

Generate a square wave (digital message) signal (e.g., 1 kHz) using
another func on generator.
3. Connec ons:

o Connect the carrier signal to one input of the IC CD4016 switch.

o Connect the message signal to the control pin of the IC CD4016.

o The output of the switch is the ASK-modulated signal.

4. Observa on:
Observe the ASK signal at the output pin of the IC CD4016 on the oscilloscope.

Demodula on

1. Envelope Detec on:

Pass the ASK signal through an envelope detector circuit to extract the amplitude varia ons.

2. Filtering and Recovery:

Use a low-pass filter to remove high-frequency components and obtain the message signal.

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 3. Observa on:
Observe the demodulated message signal on the oscilloscope and
compare it with the original input message signal.
Result
1. The ASK-modulated signal was successfully observed at the output of the IC CD4016.

2. The original digital message signal was recovered through demodula on.

3. The experiment demonstrates the applica on of IC CD4016 in ASK

modula on and demodula on.

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 Experiment-7

Objec ve: To study and implement Frequency Shi Keying (FSK) modula on and
demodula on using the 555 Timer IC.
Apparatus Required: 555 Timer IC, Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Breadboard,
Connec ng wires, Func on generator, Oscilloscope, DC power supply (5V or 9V)
Theory:

Frequency Shi Keying (FSK):

FSK is a digital modula on technique where the frequency of the carrier wave is varied
between two dis nct values corresponding to binary states (0 and 1). This technique is
widely used in digital communica on systems such as modems and RF communica on.

FSK Modula on: Binary 1 and 0 are represented by two di fferent frequencies,
known as mark frequency (f1) and space frequency (f0), respec vely.

FSK Demodula on: The process of recovering the original binary data from
the modulated FSK signal.
Role of the 555 Timer IC:
The 555 Timer IC can operate in astable mode to generate square wave signals. By varying
the frequency based on the input signal, it can be used to implement FSK modula on.
Similarly, for demodula on, an envelope detector circuit can recover the digital signal.

Procedure:

Part A: FSK Modula on

1. Set up the 555 Timer IC in astable mode:

o Choose resistors and capacitors to generate two dis nct frequencies (f1 and f0) based
on the formula: f=1.44(R1+2R2)Cf = \frac{1.44}{(R1 + 2R2)C}f=(R1+2R2)C1.44

o Use a mul plexer or a switch to vary the resistor values based on the binary input.

2. Input the binary signal:

o Use a func on generator to provide a square wave represen ng the

binary input signal (e.g., 1 kHz for binary 1 and 0 Hz for binary 0).
3. Observe the modulated signal:

o Connect the output of the 555 Timer IC to an oscilloscope.

o Verify that the output frequency changes according to the binary input.

Part B: FSK Demodula on

1. Filter the modulated signal:

o Use an LC circuit or bandpass filter to isolate one frequency at a me.

2. Detect the envelope:

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 o Pass the filtered signal through a diode and RC network to detect the
envelope of the signal.
3. Recover the binary data:

o Use another 555 Timer IC or a comparator to regenerate the

square wave represen ng the binary data.
4. Observe the recovered signal:
o Connect the output to an oscilloscope and compare it with the original input.

Result:

The experiment demonstrates the FSK modula on and demodula on using a 555
Timer IC. The frequencies f1 and f0 represent binary states, and the original binary
signal is successfully recovered during demodula on.

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 Experiment-8

Objec ve: To design and implement a func on generator using IC 8038 to generate
triangular, square, and sine waves and to observe their outputs on an oscilloscope.
Apparatus Required: IC 8038, Resistors, Capacitors, Poten ometer (10 kΩ), breadboard
and connec ng wires, DC power supply (+12V or +15V), Oscilloscope, Mul meter.

Theory:
IC 8038 is a versa le precision waveform generator IC capable of genera ng sine, square,
and triangular waveforms over a wide frequency range. The frequency of oscilla on can
be adjusted using external resistors and capacitors. Key features of IC 8038 include:

1. Low distor on sine wave genera on.

2. Adjustable frequency, duty cycle, and waveform shape.

3. Usable frequency range from 0.001 Hz to 300 kHz.

Procedure:

1. Circuit Setup:

o Assemble the circuit as per the circuit diagram on the breadboard.

o Connect the appropriate resistors, capacitors, and poten ometer

for se ng frequency and waveform shape.
2. Power On:

o Connect the DC power supply (+12V or +15V) to Pin 10 of the IC and

ground to Pin 11.
o Ensure the connec ons are correct to avoid damaging the IC.

3. Waveform Observa on:

o Connect an oscilloscope to Pin 1, Pin 2, and Pin 3 of the IC to observe

the triangular, square, and sine waveforms, respec vely.
o Adjust the poten ometer to modify the shape and symmetry of the waveforms.

4. Frequency Adjustment:

o Modify R1R1R1 and C1C1C1 values to vary the frequency.

o Note down the frequency, amplitude, and shape of the waveforms

observed on the oscilloscope.
5. Tes ng:

o Check the outputs for proper func onality of triangular, square,

and sine wave genera on.
Result: The IC 8038 successfully generated triangular, square, and sine
waveforms. The frequency, shape, and symmetry of the waveforms could be
adjusted using external components and the poten ometer.

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The observed results matched the theore cal values for waveform genera on,
confirming the correct func onality of the circuit.

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