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Geography Notes Grade 8 Term 1

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156 views3 pages

Geography Notes Grade 8 Term 1

Uploaded by

tascullard2499
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Maps and atlases

Latitude and longitude


 Lines of latitude go horizontally.
 The equator separates earth into the northern and
southern hemispheres.
 They are also known as parallel arcs. They are called arcs
because they are different sizes. The equator is the largest
arc.
 The arcs get smaller and further away they are from the
equator.
 Lines of longitude go vertically.
 The Greenwich Meridian separates the earth into the
eastern and western hemispheres.
 They are also known as meridians.
Scales and maps
There are three main scales of maps in an atlas:
 World scale: maps of the of the continents.
 Regional: parts of a continent.
 Local: maps of provinces, maps of one country.
Types of scales
Word scales
 Word scale uses a statement in words to describe the
scale of the map.
Line scale
 Shows the distance on the map compared to the distance
on the ground.
 The line is usually marked in equal sections.
 Line scales can be confusing because they compare
different measurements.
Ratio scale
 Compares distances on the map to distances on the
ground in the same measurements. Conversions:
10 mm : 1 cm

1
100 mm : 10 cm
1 000 mm : 1m
1 000 000 : 1 km
mm
The Globe
Earth’s rotation on its axis- day and night
 Earth’s axis- an imaginary line between the north and
south pole which Earth rotates.
 Its axis is tilted at 23 ½ °.
 It takes 24 hours for the Earth to rotate on its axis.
 As Earth rotates, different parts of Earth’s surface move in
and out of the sun’s rays.
 Earth’s rotation is the cause of the day and night.
 Earth rotates from west to east.
Time zones
 One of the 24 divisions of Earth which have the same
time.
 Earth’s time zones change by one hour for every 15°.
 Large countries, like the USA have several time zones.
 Other large countries, like China, decided to only have one
time zone even though the longitude position of China
means it should have four time zones.
 International Date Line- the 180° line of longitude opposite
the Greenwich Meridian where times change by one day
between the western and eastern hemispheres.
Earth’s revolution around the sun
 It takes 365 ¼ days for Earth to complete one revolution
around the sun.
Equinox, solstice and the change in the angle of the
midday sun
Equinox
 When the length of day and night is equal.
 21 March and 23 September.

2
 At these times of the year, the angle of the Earth’s axis
tilts neither towards the sun nor away from the sun. the
sun is directly above the equator during the equinoxes.
 The equinoxes are associated with the spring and autumn
seasons.
Solstice
 When one hemisphere has the longest number of hours of
daylight and the opposite hemisphere has the shortest
number of hours of daylight.
 21 December and 21 June.
 21 June- the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer.
 21 December- the sun is directly above the Tropic of
Capricorn.
 The solstices are associated with the summer and winter
seasons.
Seasonal temperature changes
 Places close to the equator receive similar amounts of
heating from the sun in every season.
 Places closer to the poles have much colder temperatures
because they receive less heating.
Satellite images
 Collect information about Earth which is used to compile a
satellite image.

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