Volume I:

Engineering &
Specification
Manual

Industrial Technical
Manual Series
S E C O N D E D I T I O N

I P E X E N G I N E E R I N G & S P E C I F I CAT I O N
MANUAL

PVC, CPVC, ABS, PP, PVDF and PE

Engineering and Specification Manual

Industrial Technical Manual Series Vol. 1. 2nd Edition.

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© 2002 by IPEX. For information, address IPEX,

Marketing, 2441 Royal Windsor Drive, Mississauga,
Ontario, Canada, L5J 4C7.
 INTRODUCTION

This manual provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive information about plastic
piping systems. All aspects of the most commonly used thermoplastics are covered from
basic raw material properties to installation characteristics of the finished product. Written
with the engineer, contractor and distributor in mind, it is based on laboratory test results
combined with IPEX’s years of field experience.

At IPEX, we have been manufacturing nonmetallic pipe and fittings since 1951. We formulate
our own compounds, maintain strict quality controls during production, market and distribute
our products from regional branches throughout North America. As a result, we offer
systems including a complete line of piping, fittings, valves and custom-fabricated items.

More importantly, our commitment to customers extends beyond the sale. As a leader in the
plastic pipe industry, IPEX continually develops new products, modernizes manufacturing
equipment, and acquires inventive process technology. In addition, our staff takes pride in
their work, offering extensive industry knowledge and field experience with thermoplastic
materials to our customers. For further information or more specific details about any IPEX
product, contact our customer service department.

Contents

Safety-Alert Messages ............................................2

Benefits of Thermoplastics .....................................3 - 4
Applications ............................................................5
Material Description................................................6
Physical Properties .................................................7
Water Hammer Considerations...............................8
Flow Charts for Water Pipe .....................................9 - 16
Entrapped Air....................................................... 17
Expansion & Contraction ......................................18 - 20
Flow, Vacuum & Buckling.....................................21
Below Ground Installation Instructions.................22
Temperature Effects..............................................23
Chemical Effects ...................................................24
Thermal Conductivity, Heat Tracing & Abrasion ...25
Support Spacing ...................................................26 - 28
Fittings..................................................................29
Thermoplastic Valves............................................30
Actuators ..............................................................31
Industry Standards ...............................................32 - 34
Handling & Storage ..............................................35
Installation Procedures .........................................36 - 39
Cementing ............................................................40
Threading..............................................................41
Dimensional Data..................................................42
Flanged Joints.......................................................43 - 44
Roll or Cut-Grooved PVC Pipe ..............................45
Roll or Cut-Grooved Joints ...................................46
Grooved Joints .....................................................47
PVC Well Casing ...................................................48
PVC Exhaust System Ducting ...............................49
Air Flow.................................................................50
Short Form Specifications ....................................51 - 54
Tank Capacity .......................................................55
Conversion Charts ................................................56 - 60
Formulas...............................................................61
Glossary................................................................62 - 67
Abbreviations........................................................67
Additional Products ..............................................68
Dimensions, Weights &
1
Pressure Ratings for PVC & CPVC Pipe .............69 - 70
 SAFETY-ALERT MESSAGES

INTRODUCTION TO
THERMOPLASTICS
Understanding Safety-Alert Messages

Engineered thermoplastics are unique materials, but like more conventional materials they also have limitations in specific applica-
tions. This manual will address all of the warnings or cautions that should be recognized prior to installation.

There are several types of safety-alert messages which appear through this Technical Manual. Familiarize yourself with these types of
messages and the importance of the various signal words, as explained below.

This safety alert symbol indicates important safety messages in

this manual. When you see this symbol be alert to the possibility
of personal injury and carefully read and fully understand the
message that follows.

WARNING
“WARNING” identifies hazards or unsafe practices which can result in severe
personal injury or death if instructions, including recommended precautions, are
not followed.

CAUTION
“CAUTION” identifies hazards or unsafe practices which can result in minor
injury or product or property damage if instructions, including recommended
precautions, are not followed.

NOTE: The use of the word “NOTE” signifies special instructions which are
important but not related to hazards.

2
 BENEFITS OF THERMOPLASTICS
INTRODUCTION TO
THERMOPLASTICS

Our thermoplastic piping offers the unique Exceptional

combination of light weight, flexibility, Chemical Resistance
durability and exceptional corrosion
resistance. Substantial savings in both IPEX offers complete systems including
initial installation costs and ongoing pipe, fittings and valves with outstanding
maintenance costs are achieved through resistance to a wide range of chemicals
the selection and use of these quality such as most acids, alcohols, alkalies, salt
engineered materials. solutions, halogens and many others.
However, chemical resistance is a
The following details the benefits of function of concentration, pressure and
thermoplastic materials. temperature. For specific applications, see
the IPEX Chemical Resistance Guide.

Lower Installation
Costs Corrosion Resistance
In addition to a lower material cost, Our thermoplastic materials are immune to
thermoplastic pipe can significantly reduce damage from naturally corrosive soil
labor and transportation costs on a typical conditions as well as electrochemical and
installation. The reason? Plastics are easily galvanic corrosion. This is particularly
handled, stored, cut and joined. And, advantageous in underground installations
heavy equipment used to install metallic where galvanic reaction often causes
and other piping systems are not required, damage to metal piping products. Our
thereby reducing project costs. thermoplastic’s noncorroding properties
ensure improved flow, lower maintenance
costs and longer performance life.
Extended Life
IPEX thermoplastics are fundamentally Improved Flow
ageless and impervious to normal weather
conditions. Thermoplastic piping systems IPEX piping has a substantially lower
in uninterrupted service and in a variety of Roughness Factor than metal and other
demanding industrial applications have materials, and since thermoplastics do not
operated successfully for over 40 years. rust, pit, scale or corrode, the interior walls
During maintenance or revisions, examina- remain smooth in virtually any service. This
tions of the original plastic materials high carrying capacity may result in the use
showed excellent physical and hydraulic of flatter grades or smaller diameter pipe.
characteristics.

Once properly selected for the application Nontoxicity

and correctly installed, IPEX thermoplastics
provide years of maintenance-free service. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated
Our materials will not rust, pit, scale or polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and polypropy-
corrode on either interior or exterior lene (PP) are suitable for use with potable
surfaces. Unlike other types of piping, water as listed with the National Sanitation
thermoplastic systems are not adversely Foundation (NSF) and Canadian Standards
affected by aggressive soil or atmospheric Association (CSA). PVDF is also suitable
conditions. for use with potable water systems.

3
 BENEFITS OF THERMOPLASTICS

INTRODUCTION TO
THERMOPLASTICS
Temperature Range Energy Conservation
IPEX offers a variety of thermoplastic With energy conservation a prime topic of the day, you can rely on the fact that
materials designed to meet a broad range of IPEX’s manufacturing process for thermoplastic piping materials requires less than
service temperatures. PVC and PE have a half the energy needed to produce the equivalent size of carbon steel or steel alloy
recommended maximum service temperature materials.
of 140°F; ABS goes to 180°F; CPVC, PP, and
DL have a maximum service temperature
of 200°F. Fibreglass Piping performs depend- Reliability
ably beyond 210°F.
At IPEX, we take pride in manufacturing the widest range of thermoplastic piping
systems available, supplemented by experienced personnel in design, drafting, mold
Lower Thermal building, quality control, distribution and marketing. All piping products are
Conductivity produced to the strictest internal quality control specifications and subjected to
independent regulatory standards. IPEX thermoplastic piping systems are highly
With a dramatically lower thermal conduc- competitive with other materials. In view of its obvious advantages, plastics from
tivity factor as compared to metal, thermo- IPEX are the logical choice for piping networks.
plastic systems have less heat loss or gain,
and sustain the temperature of the service
with less variation than metal piping. As a
result, pipe insulation is often not required. FIRE PERFORMANCE
PVC
Standard Steiner
tunnel used in One of the outstanding characteristics of PVC is its resistance to ignition. This is
determining the flame demonstrated by its flash ignition temperature of 850°F, compared to 500°F for pine.
spread rating, smoke Also, PVC will not burn unless an external flame source is applied, and will not
generation and fuel sustain combustion once the flame source is removed.
contribution in
accordance to In addition, IPEX PVC has a low flame-spread rating. This is an extremely important
CAN/ULC S102.2 characteristic when considering building code restrictions for combustible pipe. Tests
test procedure. performed in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2 (The Standard Method of Test for
Surface Burning Characteristics of Flooring, Floor Covering and Miscellaneous
Materials), show a flame-spread rating of under 15. Tests also show PVC has a fuel
Samples of CPVC contribution of 0.
pipe wired to
asbestos board NOTE: IPEX has a new fire resistant coating (IPEX FR), tested under CAN/ULC S102.2
being raised into that, when applied to IPEX PVC pipe, provides a flame spread of 0 and a smoke
Steiner tunnel prior development of 35. Please contact your local IPEX representative for more information.
to CAN/ULC S102.2
testing.
CPVC
CPVC offers an even greater fire safety profile than PVC. Like PVC, CPVC will not
independently support combustion, and as such will not burn once the flame source
Two samples of is removed. CPVC’s ignition resistance is demonstrated by its flash ignition temperature
CPVC pipe being of 900°F.
tested on the floor
of the Steiner tunnel CPVC also has a low flame spread. In addition, it provides outstanding smoke
to determine flame characteristics. In testing conducted in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2, CPVC
spread, smoke showed a flame spread of less than 15, and a smoke-developed classification of 40.
generation and fuel And, like PVC, CPVC has a fuel contribution of 0.
contribution.
Extensive tests on PVC and CPVC compounds prove their outstanding fire perfor-
mance. These materials meet the most stringent requirements governing the use of
combustible pipe in most building types.

4
 APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION TO
THERMOPLASTICS

Industrial and
Process Piping

• Swimming Pool Piping

• Plant Water Supply
and Distribution Lines
• Drainage and Effluent Piping
• Cooling Water Systems
• Vacuum Piping
• Rainwater Leaders for Buildings
• Piping in Fish Hatcheries, Aquariums,
Zoological and Biological Buildings
• Well Casings and Dewatering Lines
• Chemical and Washwater Systems
for Photographic Laboratories
• Acid Products Handling for Refineries,
Metal Works and Plating Plants
• Bleach, Dye and Acid Lines
in Textile Mills
• Tailing and Slurry Lines in Mines,
Smelters and Fertilizer Plants
• DI water
• Pure Chemicals for Semiconductor &
Pharmaceutical Industries

Pulp and Paper

• Alum and Caustic Handling
• Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorine and
Chlor-alkali Plant Piping
• Washwater Piping and Lagoon
Systems

Food Processing
• Brine and Seawater Distribution in
Fish Plants
An infrastructure of IPEX pipe beneath • Brine Systems in Meat Packaging Plants
Paramount Canada’s Wonderland in • Piping for the Dairy, Canning and
Beverage Industries
Vaughan, Ontario.

Water and Sewage

Treatment

• Alum and Ferric Chloride Handling

• Chlorine Injection Systems
• Piping in Lagoons and Settling Ponds
• Rain Water Lines

Irrigation

• Golf Courses
• Greenhouses
• Agriculture
• Residential
• Commercial
5
 MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

INTRODUCTION TO
THERMOPLASTICS
PVC and industrial drainage pipe where mixtures of acids, bases and solvents are involved. Polypropylene is
(Polyvinyl Chloride) joined by electro fusion process socket/butt/IR welding as well as mechanical joints.

PVC is the most frequently specified of all

ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
thermoplastic piping materials. It has been
used successfully for over 60 years. PVC ABS identifies a broad family of engineering thermopalstics with a range of performance characteristics.
is characterized by distinctive physical The copolymeric system can be blended to yield the optimum balance of properties suited to a selected
properties, and is resistant to corrosion end use. Acrylonitrile imparts chemical resistance and rigidity. Butadiene endows the product with
and chemical attack by acids, alkalies, salt impact strength and toughness, while Styrene contributes to ease of processing. The formulation used
solutions and many other chemicals. It is by IPEX is designed for industrial pressure pipe applications. It has been selected to optimize perfor-
attacked, however, by polar solvents such mance with respect to tensile strenght, chemical resistance, duciltiy, weatherability, heat stability and
as ketones and aromatics. Of the various processability from raw material to finished product.
types and grades of PVC used in plastic
piping, Type 1, Grade 1 PVC (Cell
Classification 12454) conforming to ASTM
PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride)
D 1784, is the most common. The Polyvinylidene Fluoride is a strong, abrasion-resistant thermoplastic with excellent heat stability and
maximum service temperature for PVC is chemical resistance typical of fluorocarbon polymers. It can be used in temperatures up to 300°F with a
140°F under pressure and 180°F in wide variety of acids, bases and organic solvents, and is ideally suited for handling wet or dry chlorine,
drainage. With a design stress of 2,000 bromine and other halogens. No other thermoplastic piping material can approach the combination of
psi, PVC has the highest long-term strength, chemical resistance and operating temperature that PVDF piping systems can offer. Electro
hydrostatic strength (73°F) of any other fusion socket/butt/IR welding, threading, or flanged connections are the joining methods used for PVDF.
major thermoplastic material used for
piping. PVC piping is joined by solvent
cementing, threading, flanging, grooving, HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
gasketed joints, or mechanical joints. HDPE is one of the most widely applied thermoplastic pipe material due to its high denisty,
semicrystalline structure and excellent resistance to impact at temperatures far beneath freezing
CPVC point. The pipe lines can be exposed to weather conditions without any problems because the
(Chlorinated PVC) addition of carbon black and stabilizers protects against the effect of ultraviolet rays.

CPVC (Cell Classification 23447-B)

conforming to ASTM D 1784 has physical Fibreglass Piping
properties at 73°F similar to those of PVC; Conforming to CGSB 41 GP 22 for hand lay-up construction, and ASTM D 3299 for filament-
its chemical resistance is similar to or wound construction, fibreglass piping is a custom-designed product with generally higher physical
generally better than that of PVC. With a properties than thermoplastics, and excellent corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures. An
design stress of 2,000 psi and maximum engineered system, fibreglass piping allows for more flexibility in choice of resin and dimensions.
service temperature of 200°F, CPVC has It is joined by the resin-bonded coupling method, butt and strap process or flanged connections.
proved to be an excellent piping material for
hot corrosive liquids, hot and cold water
distribution and similar applications above DL (Dual Laminate)
the temperature range of PVC. CPVC piping
Dual Laminate consists of a thermoplastic liner such as PVC, CPVC, PP or PVDF, and an FRP
is joined by solvent cementing, threading,
structure overwrap. DL combines the features of the equivalent thermoplastic lining with the physical
flanging or grooved joints.
properties of the FRP structural laminate – benefits not available with either conventional system.
Joining is achieved by solvent cementing, heat fusing, or fillet-back welding the thermoplastic liner
PP (Polypropylene) and laminating with FRP, using the hand lay-up or the filament-winding method.

Polypropylene is a lightweight polyolefin

and generally high in chemical resistance. Ductility and Impact Resistance
Although Type 1 Polypropylene conforming
PVC, CPVC, PP and PVDF piping materials are only to be used for liquid service. They must never be
to ASTM D 2146 is slightly lower in physical
properties than PVC, it is chemically used to convey compressed air or gas. Compressed air or gases can surge to high pressures and cause
resistant to organic solvents as well as failures that could seriously injure personnel. Unlike other plastic piping materials such as some types
acids and alkalies. Generally, polypropylene of ABS compounds, PVC, CPVC, PP and PVDF piping materials do not possess the ductility and impact
should not be used in contact with strong resistance required for compressed air/gas service (Note: Not all ABS piping systems are designed to
oxidizing acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons transport compressed air/gas). If PVC, CPVC, PP or PVDF pipe is used to convey compressed air or
and aromatics. Polypropylene has a design gas, an explosive failure in the system can occur producing sharp fragments. This explosive hazard is
stress of 1,000 psi at 73°F, and has proven also present if compressed air or gas, or an air-over-water booster is used to pressure test a PVC,
to be an excellent material for laboratory CPVC, PP or PVDF piping system.

PVC, CPVC, PP and PVDF piping materials must be selected, installed, and tested by qualified
6
persons who are knowledgeable in the application, design, installation, and testing of these piping
systems along with the associated hazards.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
INTRODUCTION TO
THERMOPLASTICS

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MATERIAL

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PP
Specific Gravity ASTM D 792 1.42 1.55 .905 .94 .925 .965 1.28 1.6 1.02–1.06 7.86 2.73 8.94

Water Absorption, %, 24 hrs. at 73°F .05 0.3 .02 .01 .01 .01 .02 .05–.02 .20–.45 – – –
ASTM D 570

Tensile Strength, psi at 73°F

7,000 8,000 5,000 4,400 2,300 4,500 3,000 10,000 6,500 60,000 16,000 30,000
ASTM D 638

Modulus of Elasticity in Tension

4.0 3.6 1.7–2.5 2.15 .14–.38 .6–1.8 – 1.35 2.0 290 100 170
psi at 73°F ASTM D 638 “E” (x105)

Flexural Strength 11,000–

14,500 15,100 7,000 9,700 – 7,000 5,000 10,000 – – –
psi, ASTM D 790 13,000

Izod Impact, ft.lbs./in. at 73°F, notched

.65 3.0 1.3 1.0 9.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 20 43
ASTM D 256

Compressive Strength, psi 5,500–

4,500–
ASTM D 695 “o” 9,000 10,100 8,000 10,500 – 3,600 4,000 25,000 8,000 – – –

Poisson’s Ration “v” .35–.38 .35–.38 .38-.40 – – .40 – .30 .390 .33 .33 .34

Working Stress
2,000 2,000 725–800 2,300 400 600–800 800 – 1,250 20,000 – –
psi at 73°F, “S”

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

3.0 3.8 5.0 6.0 7.9 7.2 8.33 4.0–10.0 5.0 .06 1.3 1.04
in./in./°F x 10-5, ASTM D 696 “e”

Thermal Expansion
in./10°F change per 100’ of pipe .36 .46 .60 .72 .95 .9 1.0 1.2 .50 .07 .2 .13

Resistance to Heat
140 200 180 280 140 160 180 300 180 750 400 400
°F Continuous

Heat Distortion Temperature

173 238 220 220–240 100–121 175–196 180 – 200 – – –
°F at 66 psi, ASTM D 648

Heat Distortion Temperature

160 217 125–140 195 90–105 110–130 120 300 180 – – –
°F at 264 psi, ASTM D 648

Thermal Conductivity
1.2 .95 1.2 1.2 .79 3.5 – 1.7 1.31–2.32 290 1,450 2,610
BTU/hr./sq.ft./°F/in. ASTM C 177 “k”

Burning Rate Self Self Self Self

extin- extin- extin- Very Very extin-
ASTM D 635 guishing guishing Slow guishing Slow Slow Slow guishing Slow – – –

Limited Oxygen Index (%)

43 60 17 28 – 22 22 – – – – –
ASTM D 2863-70

Burning Class, UL-94 V-0 V-0 V-2 V-2 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-0 – – – –

Flamespread
CAN/ULC S102.2 10 5 150 – – – – – 165–230 – – –

Smoke Developed
250 40 500 – – – – – 500 – – –
CAN/ULC S102.2
NOTE: This data is based on information supplied by the raw material manufacturers. It should be used as a general recommendation only and not as a guarantee of performance
or longevity.
7
 WATER HAMMER CONSIDERATIONS

Surge pressures due to water hammer should be considered when designing a piping Calculations used to predict water
system. A momentary pressure rise occurs when liquid is started and stopped quickly, hammer are based on the elastic wave
caused by the momentum of fluid. Pressure rise increases with the velocity of the theory. The formula for calculating the
liquid, the length of the piping system from the fluid source, or with an increase in the surge pressure is:

DESIGN DATA
speed of starting or stopping. Examples of hydraulic shock occur when valves are
opened or closed quickly, or pumps are started with an empty discharge line. p = v [((SG-1)
2
x C) + C]
Proper design when laying out a piping system will eliminate the possibility of
hydraulic shock damage. The following suggestions will help avoid problems: where p = maximum surge pressure,psi
v = fluid velocity in feet per
1. In any piping system, including thermoplastic, a fluid velocity not exceeding second
5 ft./sec. will minimize hydraulic shock effects, even with quick-closing valves C = surge wave constant
(e.g. solenoid valves). for water at 73°F
SG* = specific gravity of liquid
2. Using actuated valves with a specific closing time will reduce the possibility of
inadvertent opening or closing of a valve too quickly. With pneumatic and air-spring * If SG is 1, then p = vC
actuators, it may be necessary to place a valve in the air line to slow down the
valve operation cycle.
Example 1:
3. Evaluate flow at pump start-up and during spin-down. Also determine how much
air, if any, is introduced during pump start-up. A 2" PVC Schedule 40 pipe carries a
fluid with a specific gravity of 1.2 at a
4. If possible, when starting a pump, partially close the valve in the discharge line to
rate of 30 gpm and at a line pressure
minimize the volume of liquid that is rapidly accelerated through the system. Once
of 160 psi at a velocity of 3.00 ft per
the pump is up to speed and the line completely full, the valve may be opened.
second. What would the surge pressure
5. Use surge control devices and standpipes wisely to give flow storage during surge be if a valve suddenly closed?
and to minimize column separation. Check valves can be used near pumps to help
keep lines full. From Table 2 :

6. Use properly sized vacuum breaker-air relief valves to control the amount of air that C = 20.2
is admitted or exhausted throughout the system. p =(3.00) [((1.2-1)
2
x 20.2) + 20.2]

NOTE: In systems with quick-closing valves or cyclic surge conditions, fitting p = (3.00) (22.2) = 67 psi
pressure rating should be calculated at not more than 60% of the equivalent pipe.
v = 3.00
TABLE 2 - Surge Wave Constant “C”
for water at 73°F, D V = 1 ft/sec. Total line pressure = 67 + 160 = 227 psi

Pipe Size PVC CPVC PP Steel Steel ABS Schedule 40 2" PVC (see chart on
(in.) Sch. 40 Sch. 80 Sch. 40 Sch. 80 Sch. 80 Sch. 40 Sch. 80 Sch. 80 page 61) has a pressure rating of
280 psi at room temperature.
1/4 31.3 34.7 33.2 37.3 – – – –
3/8 29.3 32.7 31.0 34.7 – – – – Therefore, 2" Schedule 40 PVC pipe is
1/2 28.7 31.7 30.3 33.7 25.9 60.8 61.4 25.9 acceptable for this application, unless
3/4 26.3 29.8 27.8 31.6 23.1 60.2 61.4 23.1 the valve closure is cyclic. The fitting
1 25.7 29.2 27.0 30.7 21.7 60.2 60.8 21.7 pressure rating should then be
1 1/4 23.2 27.0 24.5 28.6 19.8 59.7 60.5 19.8 calculated at 60% of the equivalent
1 1/2 22.0 25.8 23.2 27.3 18.8 59.7 60.2 18.8 pipe rating. Schedule 40 will be
2 20.2 24.2 21.3 25.3 17.3 58.6 59.9 17.3 derated to 168 psi, lower than the
2 1/2 21.1 24.7 22.2 26.0 – 59.1 59.9 – required 227 psi. 2" Schedule 80 has a
3 19.5 23.2 20.6 24.5 16.6 58.6 59.7 16.6 pressure rating of 400 psi, derated by
4 17.8 21.8 18.8 22.9 15.4 57.8 59.4 15.4 60% = 240 psi, so Schedule 80 should
6 15.7 20.2 16.8 21.3 – 56.6 58.6 – be used.
8 14.8 18.8 15.8 19.8 – 55.9 58.3 –
10 14.0 18.3 15.1 19.3 – 55.2 58.0 –
12 13.7 18.0 14.7 19.2 – 54.8 57.8 –
14 to 24 13.4 17.9 14.4 19.2 – 55.0 58.0 –
8
 FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

WATER FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Flowing liquids will always experience friction resistance between the fluid and the pipe wall resulting in a pressure loss. This is a
result of fluid density, viscosity, velocity and the type of flow.
DESIGN DATA

To simplify calculations, the Hazen-Williams Formula is often used.

f = 0.2083 [ 100C ]1.85 Q 1.852

Di4.8655

Where: f = friction loss, ft of H20/100 ft.

Q = flow rate, gpm
Di = pipe internal diameter, in.
C = flow coefficient = 150 for PVC

SCHEDULE 40
IPS – OD
1/2 – 3
PRESSURE RATING VARIES BY SIZE Nominal Size (in.)

100 1 1 1/4
3 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3
1
/ /

9.0
2 4

8.0
7.0
40

6.0
30

20

4.0
10

3.0
Head Loss (ft. /1,000 ft.)

2.5
2.0

3
1.5

2
.)
ft./s
1.0

1
ty (
oci
Vel

0.4
0.5

0.3

0.2
5
0.2

0.1
0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 2 3 4 10 20 30 40 100 200 300

Flow (U.S. Gallons/min.)

CONVERSION TIP: ft. of H2O x 0.4334 = psi
9
 FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

SCHEDULE 40
IPS – OD
4 – 24
PRESSURE RATING VARIES BY SIZE

DESIGN DATA
100
4 5 8
6 No
10 min
12 al S
14 ize
40 (in.
16 )
30 18
20
24
20

15
14
s.)

13
ft./

12
ty (

10

11
oci

10
Vel
Head Loss (ft./1,000 ft.)

9
8
4

7
3

6
5
2

1 4
3

0.4
2

0.3
1.5

0.2
5
0.7
0.5

0.1
1

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 2 3 4 10 20 30

Flow (U.S. Gallons x 103/min.)

Friction Loss Through Fittings

Friction loss through fittings is expressed in equivalent feet of the same pipe size and schedule for the system flow rate. Schedule 40
head loss per 100' values are usually used for other wall thicknesses and standard iron pipe size O.D.s.

Item 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1 1/4" 1 1/2" 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 24"

Tee Run 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.7 4.0 4.9 6.1 7.9 12.3 14.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 27.0 32.0 35.0 42.0
Tee Branch 3.8 4.9 6.0 7.3 8.4 12.0 14.7 16.4 22.0 32.7 49.0 57.0 67.0 78.0 88.0 107.0 118.0 137.0
90° Elbow 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.8 4.0 5.7 6.9 7.9 11.4 16.7 21.0 26.0 32.0 37.0 43.0 53.0 58.0 67.0
45° Elbow .8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.1 4.0 5.1 8.0 10.6 13.5 15.5 18.0 20.0 23.0 25.0 30.0

10
 DESIGN DATA
11

TABLE 3 - CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR SCHEDULE 40 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
(Independent variables: Gallons per minute and nominal pipe size O.D. Dependent variables: Velocity, friction head and pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe, interior smooth.)

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head
Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss
Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch
Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per
Per Minute
Gallons

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity
Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet
1/2 in. 3/4 in.
1 1.13 2.08 0.90 0.63 0.51 0.22 1 in. 1 1/4 in. 1 1/2 in.
2 2.26 4.16 1.80 1.26 1.02 0.44 0.77 0.55 0.24 0.44 0.14 0.06 0.33 0.07 0.03 2 in. 2 1/2 in. 3 in.
5 5.64 23.44 10.15 3.16 5.73 2.48 1.93 1.72 0.75 1.11 0.44 0.19 0.81 0.22 0.09 0.49 0.066 0.029 0.30 0.038 0.016 0.22 0.015 0.007
7 7.90 43.06 18.64 4.43 10.52 4.56 2.72 3.17 1.37 1.55 0.81 0.35 1.13 0.38 0.17 0.69 0.11 0.048 0.49 0.051 0.023 0.31 0.021 0.009
10 11.28 82.02 35.51 6.32 20.04 8.68 3.86 6.02 2.61 2.21 1.55 0.67 1.62 0.72 0.31 0.98 0.21 0.091 0.68 0.09 0.039 0.44 0.03 0.013
15 4 in. 9.48 42.46 18.39 5.79 12.77 5.53 3.31 3.28 1.42 2.42 1.53 0.66 1.46 0.45 0.19 1.03 0.19 0.082 0.66 0.07 0.030
20 0.51 0.03 0.013 12.65 72.34 31.32 7.72 21.75 9.42 4.42 5.59 2.42 3.23 2.61 1.13 1.95 0.76 0.33 1.37 0.32 0.14 0.88 0.11 0.048
25 0.64 0.04 0.017 5 in. 9.65 32.88 14.22 5.52 8.45 3.66 4.04 3.95 1.71 2.44 1.15 0.50 1.71 0.49 0.21 1.10 0.17 0.074
30 0.77 0.06 0.026 0.49 0.02 0.009 11.58 46.08 19.95 6.63 11.85 5.13 4.85 5.53 2.39 2.93 1.62 0.70 2.05 0.68 0.29 1.33 0.23 0.10
35 0.89 0.08 0.035 0.57 0.03 0.013 7.73 15.76 6.82 5.66 7.36 3.19 3.41 2.15 0.93 2.39 0.91 0.39 1.55 0.31 0.13
40 1.02 0.11 0.048 0.65 0.03 0.013 8.84 20.18 8.74 6.47 9.43 4.08 3.90 2.75 1.19 2.73 1.16 0.50 1.77 0.40 0.17
45 1.15 0.13 0.056 0.73 0.04 0.017 6 in. 9.94 25.10 10.87 0.50 0.22

FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

7.27 11.73 5.08 4.39 3.43 1.49 3.08 1.44 0.62 1.99
50 1.28 0.16 0.069 0.81 0.05 0.022 0.56 0.02 0.009 11.05 30.51 13.21 8.08 14.25 6.17 4.88 4.16 1.80 3.42 1.75 0.76 2.21 0.60 0.26
60 1.53 0.22 0.095 0.97 0.07 0.030 0.67 0.03 0.013 9.70 19.98 8.65 5.85 5.84 2.53 4.10 2.46 1.07 2.65 0.85 0.37
70 1.79 0.30 0.13 1.14 0.10 0.043 0.79 0.04 0.017 6.83 7.76 3.36 4.79 3.27 1.42 3.09 1.13 0.49
75 1.92 0.34 0.15 1.22 0.11 0.048 0.84 0.05 0.022 7.32 8.82 3.82 5.13 3.71 1.61 3.31 1.28 0.55
80 2.05 0.38 0.16 1.30 0.13 0.056 0.90 0.05 0.022 7.80 9.94 4.30 5.47 4.19 1.81 3.53 1.44 0.62
90 2.30 0.47 0.20 1.46 0.16 0.069 1.01 0.06 0.026 8 in. 8.78 12.37 5.36 6.15 5.21 2.26 3.98 1.80 0.78
100 2.56 0.58 0.25 1.62 0.19 0.082 1.12 0.08 0.035 0.65 0.03 0.012 9.75 15.03 6.51 6.84 6.33 2.74 4.42 2.18 0.94
125 3.20 0.88 0.38 2.03 0.29 0.125 1.41 0.12 0.052 0.81 0.035 0.015 8.55 9.58 4.15 5.52 3.31 1.43
150 3.84 1.22 0.53 2.44 0.40 0.17 1.69 0.16 0.069 0.97 0.04 0.017 10.26 13.41 5.81 6.63 4.63 2.00
175 4.48 1.63 0.71 2.84 0.54 0.235 1.97 0.22 0.096 1.14 0.055 0.024 10 in. 7.73 6.16 2.67
200 5.11 2.08 0.90 3.25 0.69 0.30 2.25 0.28 0.12 1.30 0.07 0.030 0.82 0.027 0.012 8.83 7.88 3.41
250 6.40 3.15 1.36 4.06 1.05 0.45 2.81 0.43 0.19 1.63 0.11 0.048 1.03 0.035 0.015 11.04 11.93 5.17
300 7.67 4.41 1.91 4.87 1.46 0.63 3.37 0.60 0.26 1.94 0.16 0.069 1.23 0.05 0.022 12 in.
350 8.95 5.87 2.55 5.69 1.95 0.85 3.94 0.79 0.34 2.27 0.21 0.091 1.44 0.065 0.028 1.01 0.027 0.012
400 10.23 7.52 3.26 6.50 2.49 1.08 4.49 1.01 0.44 2.59 0.27 0.12 1.64 0.09 0.039 1.16 0.04 0.017
450 7.31 3.09 1.34 5.06 1.26 0.55 2.92 0.33 0.14 1.85 0.11 0.048 1.30 0.05 0.022 14 in. 16 in.
500 8.12 3.76 1.63 5.62 1.53 0.66 3.24 0.40 0.17 2.05 0.13 0.056 1.45 0.06 0.026 1.18 0.03 0.01 0.91 0.02 0.02
750 18 in. 8.43 3.25 1.41 4.86 0.85 0.37 3.08 0.28 0.12 2.17 0.12 0.052 1.77 0.07 0.03 1.36 0.04 0.02
1000 1.45 0.04 0.02 11.24 5.54 2.40 6.48 1.45 0.63 4.11 0.48 0.21 2.89 0.20 0.087 2.37 0.12 0.05 1.82 0.07 0.03
1250 - - - 8.11 2.20 0.95 5.14 0.73 0.32 3.62 0.31 0.13 2.96 0.19 0.08 2.27 0.10 0.04
1500 2.17 0.08 0.03 9.72 3.07 1.33 6.16 1.01 0.44 4.34 0.43 0.19 3.56 0.27 0.12 2.72 0.14 0.06
2000 2.89 0.14 0.06 8.21 1.72 0.74 5.78 0.73 0.32 4.74 0.46 0.20 3.63 0.24 0.10
2500 3.61 0.21 0.09 20 in. 10.27 2.61 1.13 7.23 1.11 0.49 5.93 0.70 0.30 4.54 0.37 0.16
3000 4.34 0.30 0.13 3.49 0.17 0.07 8.68 1.55 0.67 7.12 0.98 0.42 5.45 0.51 0.22
3500 5.06 0.39 0.17 4.07 0.23 0.10 24 in. 10.12 2.07 0.90 8.30 1.30 0.56 6.36 0.68 0.29
4000 5.78 0.50 0.22 4.65 0.30 0.13 3.21 0.12 0.05 11.07 2.66 1.15 9.49 1.67 0.72 7.26 0.87 0.38
4500 6.51 0.62 0.27 5.23 0.37 0.16 3.62 0.15 0.06 10.68 2.08 0.90 8.17 1.09 0.47
5000 7.23 0.76 0.33 5.81 0.45 0.19 4.02 0.18 0.08 11.86 2.53 1.09 9.08 1.32 0.57
5500 7.95 0.90 0.39 6.39 0.53 0.23 4.42 0.22 0.09 13.05 3.02 1.31 9.99 1.58 0.68
6000 8.68 1.06 0.46 6.98 0.63 0.27 4.82 0.25 0.11 14.24 3.55 1.54 10.90 1.85 0.80
6500 9.40 1.23 0.53 7.56 0.73 0.31 5.22 0.30 0.13 15.42 4.11 1.78 11.80 2.15 0.93
7000 10.12 1.41 0.61 8.14 0.83 0.36 5.63 0.34 0.15 16.61 4.72 2.04 12.71 2.46 1.06
7500 10.84 1.60 0.70 8.72 0.95 0.41 6.03 0.38 0.17 17.79 5.36 2.32 13.62 2.80 1.21
8000 11.57 1.81 0.78 9.30 1.07 0.46 6.43 0.43 0.19 14.53 3.15 1.37
8500 12.29 2.03 0.88 9.88 1.19 0.52 6.83 0.49 0.21 15.44 3.53 1.53
9000 13.01 2.25 0.98 10.46 1.33 0.57 7.23 0.54 0.23 16.35 3.92 1.69
9500 13.73 2.49 1.08 11.05 1.47 0.63 7.64 0.60 0.26 17.26 4.34 1.87
10000 14.46 2.74 1.19 11.63 1.61 0.70 8.04 0.66 0.28 18.16 4.77 2.06

CAUTION: Flow velocity should not exceed 5 feet per second.

PVC and CPVC pipe cannot be used for compressed air service.
 FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

SCHEDULE 80
IPS – OD
1/2 – 3
PRESSURE RATING VARIES BY SIZE

DESIGN DATA
Nominal Size (in.)
3
100 /4 1 1/2 2
1
/ 1 1/4 2 1/2
2
1
3

7.0
40

6.0
30

5.0
20

4.0
10

3.0
Head Loss (ft./1,000 ft.)

2.0
4

1.5
2

.)
1.0

ft./s
ty (

1
oci
Vel

0.4
0.5

0.3

0.2
5
0.2

0.1
0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 2 3 4 10 20 30 40 100 200 300

Flow (U.S. Gallons/min.)

12
 FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

SCHEDULE 80
IPS – OD
4 – 24
PRESSURE RATING VARIES BY SIZE
DESIGN DATA

100
4 5
8
6 No
10 min
al S
12 ize
14 (in.
40 16 )
18
30 20
24
20

15
14
13
12
10

11
10
9
Head Loss (ft./1,000 ft.)

8
7
4

6
5
2

4
1

3.5

s.)
ft./
ty (
3

oci
Vel
2

0.4

0.3
1.5

0.2
0.5

0.1
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 2 3 4 10 20 30

Flow (U.S. Gallons x 103/min.)

Multipliers for Other Values of C

Values of C 150 145 140 130 120 110

Relative discharge
& velocity for 1.000 .967 .933 .867 .800 .733
given loss of head

Relative loss of
head for given 1.000 1.065 1.136 1.297 1.511 1.775
discharge

13
 TABLE 4 - CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR SCHEDULE 80 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
(Independent variables: Gallons per minute and nominal pipe size O.D. Dependent variables: Velocity, friction head and pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe, interior smooth.)
Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head
Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss
Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch
Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per
Per Minute
Gallons

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity
Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet
1/2 in. 3/4 in.
1 1.48 4.02 1.74 0.74 0.86 0.37 1 in. 1 1/4 in. 1 1/2 in.
2 2.95 8.03 3.48 1.57 1.72 0.74 0.94 0.38 0.52 0.21 0.09 0.38 0.10 0.041 2 in. 2 1/2 in. 3 in.
5 7.39 45.23 19.59 3.92 9.67 4.19 ` 2.34 0.88 1.19 1.30 0.66 0.29 0.94 0.30 0.126 0.56 0.10 0.040 0.39 0.05 0.022 0.25 0.02 0.009
7 10.34 83.07 35.97 5.49 17.76 7.69 3.28 2.75 2.19 1.82 1.21 0.53 1.32 0.55 0.24 0.78 0.15 0.065 0.54 0.07 0.032 0.35 0.028 0.012
10 7.84 33.84 14.65 4.68 5.04 4.16 2.60 2.30 1.00 1.88 1.04 0.45 1.12 0.29 0.13 0.78 0.12 0.052 0.50 0.04 0.017
15 4 in. 11.76 71.70 31.05 7.01 9.61 8.82 3.90 4.87 2.11 2.81 2.20 0.95 1.68 0.62 0.27 1.17 0.26 0.11 0.75 0.09 0.039

FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

20 0.57 0.04 0.017 9.35 20.36 15.02 5.20 8.30 3.59 3.75 3.75 1.62 2.23 1.06 0.46 1.56 0.44 0.19 1.00 0.15 0.065
25 0.72 0.06 0.026 5 in. 11.69 34.68 22.70 6.50 12.55 5.43 4.69 5.67 2.46 2.79 1.60 0.69 1.95 0.67 0.29 1.25 0.22 0.095
30 0.86 0.08 0.035 0.54 0.03 0.013 14.03 52.43 31.82 7.80 17.59 7.62 5.63 7.95 3.44 3.35 2.25 0.97 2.34 0.94 0.41 1.49 0.31 0.13
35 1.00 0.11 0.048 0.63 0.04 0.017 73.48 9.10 23.40 10.13 6.57 10.58 4.58 3.91 2.99 1.29 2.73 1.25 0.54 1.74 0.42 0.18
40 1.15 0.14 0.061 0.72 0.04 0.017 10.40 29.97 12.98 7.50 13.55 5.87 4.47 3.83 1.66 3.12 1.60 0.69 1.99 0.54 0.23
45 1.29 0.17 0.074 0.81 0.06 0.026 6 in. 11.70 37.27 16.14 8.44 16.85 7.30 5.03 4.76 2.07 3.51 1.99 0.86 2.24 0.67 0.29
50 1.43 0.21 0.091 0.90 0.07 0.030 0.63 0.013 13.00 45.30 19.61 9.38 20.48 8.87 5.58 5.79 2.51 3.90 2.42 1.05 2.49 0.81 0.35
60 1.72 0.30 0.13 1.08 0.10 0.043 0.75 0.03 0.017 11.26 28.70 12.43 6.70 8.12 3.52 4.68 3.39 1.47 2.99 1.14 0.49
70 2.01 0.39 0.17 1.26 0.13 0.056 0.88 0.04 0.022 7.82 10.80 4.68 5.46 4.51 1.95 3.49 1.51 0.65
75 2.15 0.45 0.19 1.35 0.14 0.061 0.94 0.05 0.026 8.38 12.27 5.31 5.85 5.12 2.22 3.74 1.72 0.74
80 2.29 0.50 0.22 1.44 0.16 0.069 1.00 0.06 0.030 8.93 13.83 5.99 6.24 5.77 2.50 3.99 1.94 0.84
90 2.58 0.63 0.27 1.62 0.20 0.087 1.13 0.07 0.035 8 in. 10.05 17.20 7.45 7.02 7.18 3.11 4.48 2.41 1.04
100 2.87 0.76 0.33 1.80 0.24 0.10 1.25 0.08 0.043 0.90 0.045 0.019 11.17 20.90 9.05 7.80 8.72 3.78 4.98 2.93 1.27
125 3.59 1.16 0.50 2.25 0.37 0.16 1.57 0.10 0.068 1.07 0.05 0.022 9.75 13.21 5.72 6.23 4.43 1.92
150 4.30 1.61 0.70 2.70 0.52 0.23 1.88 0.16 0.095 1.25 0.075 0.033 11.70 18.48 8.00 7.47 6.20 2.68
175 5.02 2.15 0.93 3.15 0.69 0.30 2.20 0.22 0.12 1.43 0.09 0.039 10 in. 8.72 8.26 3.58
200 5.73 2.75 1.19 3.60 0.88 0.38 2.51 0.29 0.16 1.79 0.14 0.061 0.90 0.036 0.015 9.97 10.57 4.58
250 7.16 4.16 1.81 4.50 1.34 0.58 3.14 0.37 0.24 2.14 0.20 0.087 1.14 0.045 0.02 12.46 16.00 6.92
300 8.60 5.83 2.52 5.40 1.87 0.81 3.76 0.56 0.34 2.50 0.27 0.12 1.36 0.07 0.03 12 in.
350 10.03 7.76 3.36 6.30 2.49 1.08 4.39 0.78 0.45 2.86 0.34 0.15 1.59 0.085 0.037 1.12 0.037 0.016
400 11.47 9.93 4.30 7.19 3.19 1.38 5.02 1.04 0.58 3.21 0.42 0.18 1.81 0.11 0.048 1.28 0.05 0.022
450 8.09 3.97 1.72 5.64 1.33 0.71 3.57 0.51 0.22 2.04 0.14 0.061 1.44 0.06 0.026 14 in.
500 8.99 4.82 2.09 6.27 1.65 0.87 5.36 1.08 0.47 2.27 0.17 0.074 1.60 0.07 0.030 1.31 0.04 0.02
750 16 in. 9.40 2.00 1.84 7.14 1.84 0.80 3.40 0.36 0.16 2.40 0.15 0.065 1.96 0.09 0.04
1000 2.02 0.09 0.04 12.54 4.25 3.13 8.93 2.78 1.20 4.54 0.61 0.26 3.20 0.26 0.11 2.62 0.16 0.07
1250 - - - 7.23 10.71 3.98 1.68 5.67 0.92 0.40 4.01 0.40 0.17 3.27 0.25 0.11
1500 3.03 0.18 0.08 18 in. 6.80 1.29 0.56 4.81 0.55 0.24 3.92 0.34 0.15
2000 4.04 0.31 0.14 3.19 0.18 0.08 9.07 2.19 0.95 6.41 0.94 0.41 5.23 0.59 0.25
2500 5.05 0.47 0.20 3.98 0.27 0.11 20 in. 11.34 3.33 1.44 8.01 1.42 0.62 6.54 0.88 0.38
3000 6.06 0.66 0.29 4.78 0.37 0.16 3.86 0.22 0.10 9.61 1.99 0.86 7.85 1.24 0.54
3500 7.07 0.88 0.38 5.57 0.50 0.21 4.50 0.30 0.13 24 in. 11.21 2.65 1.15 9.16 1.66 0.72
4000 8.08 1.13 0.49 6.37 0.63 0.27 5.15 0.38 0.16 3.56 0.15 0.07 12.82 3.41 1.48 10.46 2.12 0.92
4500 9.09 1.41 0.61 7.17 0.79 0.34 5.79 0.47 0.20 4.01 0.19 0.08 11.77 2.64 1.14
5000 10.10 1.71 0.74 7.96 0.96 0.42 6.44 0.57 0.25 4.45 0.23 0.10 13.07 3.20 1.38
5500 11.10 2.04 0.88 8.76 1.15 0.50 7.08 0.68 0.29 4.90 0.28 0.12 14.39 3.83 1.66
6000 12.11 2.40 1.04 9.55 1.35 0.58 7.72 0.80 0.35 5.34 0.33 0.14 15.70 4.49 1.95
6500 13.12 2.78 1.20 10.35 1.56 0.68 8.37 0.93 0.40 5.79 0.38 0.16 17.00 5.21 2.26
7000 14.13 3.19 1.38 11.15 1.79 0.78 9.01 1.07 0.46 6.23 0.43 0.19 18.31 5.99 2.60
7500 15.14 3.62 1.57 11.95 2.04 0.88 9.65 1.21 0.52 6.68 0.49 0.21
8000 16.15 4.08 1.77 12.74 2.29 0.99 10.30 1.37 0.59 7.12 0.56 0.24
8500 17.16 4.57 1.98 13.54 2.57 1.11 10.94 1.53 0.66 7.57 0.62 0.27
9000 18.17 5.08 2.20 14.34 2.85 1.23 11.58 1.70 0.74 8.01 0.69 0.30
9500 19.18 5.61 2.43 15.13 3.15 1.36 12.23 1.88 0.81 8.46 0.77 0.33
10000 20.19 6.17 2.67 15.93 3.47 1.50 12.87 2.06 0.89 8.90 0.84 0.36

CAUTION: Flow velocity should not exceed 5 feet per second.

PVC and CPVC pipe cannot be used for compressed air service.
14

DESIGN DATA
 DESIGN DATA
15

TABLE 5 - CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR SDR 26 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
(Independent variables: Gallons per minute and nominal pipe size O.D. Dependent variables: Velocity, friction head and pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe, interior smooth.)
Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head
Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss
Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch
Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per
Per Minute
Gallons

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity
Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet
1/2 in. 3/4 in.
1 0.84 1.00 0.43 0.50 0.28 0.12 1 in. 1 1/4 in. 1 1/2 in. 2 in.
2 1.67 2.00 0.86 0.99 0.56 0.24 0.59 0.29 0.13 0.36 0.085 0.037 0.27 0.02 0.0087 0.17 0.01 0.004 2 1/2 in. 3 in.
5 4.17 11.25 4.87 2.47 3.14 1.36 1.48 0.91 0.39 0.90 0.27 0.117 0.68 0.14 0.059 0.44 0.045 0.020 0.30 0.025 0.011 0.20 0.01 0.0045
7 5.84 20.66 8.95 3.46 5.76 2.49 2.08 1.66 0.72 1.25 0.49 0.21 0.96 0.25 0.104 0.61 0.08 0.035 0.42 0.035 0.015 0.28 0.014 0.0063
10 8.34 39.34 17.03 4.94 10.96 4.74 2.96 3.16 1.37 1.79 0.92 0.40 1.36 0.47 0.20 0.87 0.16 0.069 0.59 0.06 0.026 0.40 0.02 0.009
15 4 in. 7.40 23.23 10.06 4.44 6.69 2.90 2.68 1.96 0.85 2.04 1.00 0.43 1.30 0.33 0.14 0.88 0.13 ` 0.056 0.59 0.05 0.022
20 0.48 0.02 0.009 9.87 39.57 17.13 5.92 11.40 4.94 3.58 3.34 1.45 2.72 1.71 0.74 1.73 0.57 0.25 1.18 0.22 0.095 0.79 0.09 0.039
25 0.60 0.04 0.017 5 in. 7.40 17.23 7.46 4.47 5.04 2.18 3.40 2.59 1.12 2.16 0.86 0.37 1.47 0.34 0.15 0.99 0.13 0.056
30 0.72 0.05 0.022 0.47 0.02 0.009 8.88 24.15 10.46 5.36 7.07 3.06 4.08 3.63 1.57 2.60 1.21 0.52 1.77 0.47 0.20 1.19 0.18 0.078
35 0.84 0.07 0.030 0.55 0.03 0.013 10.36 32.13 13.91 6.27 9.41 4.07 4.76 4.83 2.09 3.03 1.61 0.70 2.06 0.63 0.27 1.39 0.24 0.10
40 0.96 0.09 0.039 0.63 0.03 0.013 7.15 12.05 5.22 5.44 6.18 2.68 3.46 2.06 0.89 2.35 0.81 0.35 1.59 0.31 0.13
45 1.08 0.11 0.048 0.71 0.04 0.017 6 in. 8.04 14.98 6.49 6.12 7.69 3.33 3.90 2.56 1.11 2.65 1.00 0.43 1.78 0.38 0.16

FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

50 1.20 0.14 0.061 0.78 0.05 0.022 0.55 0.02 0.009 8.94 18.21 7.88 6.80 9.34 4.04 4.33 3.11 1.35 2.94 1.22 0.53 1.98 0.47 0.20
60 1.44 0.19 0.082 0.94 0.07 0.030 0.66 0.03 0.013 8.16 13.10 5.67 5.19 4.36 1.89 3.53 1.71 0.74 2.38 0.65 0.28
70 1.67 0.25 0.11 1.10 0.09 0.039 0.77 0.04 0.017 9.52 17.42 7.54 6.06 5.80 2.51 4.12 2.27 0.98 2.78 0.87 0.38
75 1.79 0.29 0.13 1.18 0.10 0.043 0.83 0.04 0.017 10.19 19.80 8.57 6.49 6.60 2.86 4.41 2.58 1.12 2.97 0.99 0.43
80 1.91 0.32 0.14 1.25 0.12 0.052 0.88 0.05 0.022 10.87 22.31 9.66 6.92 7.43 3.22 4.71 2.91 1.26 3.17 1.11 0.48
90 2.15 0.40 0.17 1.41 0.14 0.061 0.99 0.06 0.026 8 in. 12.23 27.75 12.02 7.79 9.25 4.01 5.30 3.62 1.57 3.57 1.38 0.60
100 2.39 0.49 0.21 1.57 0.18 0.078 1.10 0.07 0.030 0.66 0.03 0.012 13.59 33.73 14.61 8.66 11.24 4.87 5.89 4.39 1.90 3.97 1.68 0.73
125 2.99 0.72 0.33 1.96 0.27 0.12 1.39 0.11 0.047 0.83 0.037 0.015 7.36 6.65 2.88 4.96 2.54 1.10
150 3.59 1.04 0.45 2.35 0.37 0.16 1.66 0.16 0.069 0.98 0.04 0.017 8.83 9.31 4.03 5.95 3.56 1.54
175 4.19 1.39 0.60 2.74 0.50 0.22 1.94 0.21 0.091 1.14 0.06 0.026 10 in. 10.31 12.40 5.37 6.94 4.74 2.05
200 4.79 1.77 0.77 3.13 0.63 0.27 2.21 0.27 0.12 1.30 0.07 0.030 0.83 0.027 0.012 7.93 6.07 2.63
250 5.98 2.68 1.16 3.92 0.96 0.42 2.76 0.41 0.18 1.63 0.11 0.048 1.05 0.04 0.017 9.92 9.18 3.98
300 7.18 3.75 1.62 4.70 1.34 0.58 3.31 0.57 0.25 1.95 0.16 0.069 1.26 0.05 0.022 12 in.
350 8.38 5.00 2.17 5.49 1.79 0.77 3.87 0.76 0.33 2.28 0.21 0.091 1.47 0.075 0.033 1.04 0.04 0.017
400 9.57 6.39 2.77 6.27 2.28 0.99 4.42 0.97 0.42 2.61 0.27 0.12 1.68 0.09 0.039 1.19 0.04 0.017
450 10.77 7.95 3.44 7.05 2.84 1.23 4.97 1.21 0.52 2.93 0.33 0.14 1.89 0.11 0.048 1.34 0.05 0.022 14 in.
500 11.96 9.66 4.18 7.84 3.45 1.49 5.52 1.47 0.64 3.26 0.41 0.18 2.10 0.14 0.061 1.49 0.06 0.026 1.23 0.04 0.02
750 16 in. 11.75 7.31 3.17 8.28 3.12 1.35 4.89 0.86 0.37 3.14 0.29 0.13 2.23 0.13 0.056 1.85 0.08 0.04
1000 1.89 0.07 0.03 11.05 5.31 2.30 6.51 1.47 0.64 4.19 0.50 0.22 2.98 0.22 0.095 2.47 0.14 0.06
1250 - - - 8.15 2.23 0.96 5.27 0.76 0.33 3.73 0.34 0.15 3.09 0.21 0.09
1500 2.84 0.16 0.07 18 in. 9.77 3.11 1.35 6.29 1.06 0.46 4.47 0.46 0.20 3.71 0.30 0.13
2000 3.78 0.27 0.12 2.99 0.15 0.06 13.03 5.30 2.29 8.38 1.81 0.78 5.96 0.79 0.34 4.94 0.51 0.22
2500 4.73 0.40 0.17 3.74 0.23 0.10 20 in. 10.48 2.74 1.19 7.45 1.20 0.54 6.18 0.77 0.33
3000 5.67 0.57 0.24 4.48 0.32 0.14 3.63 0.19 0.08 12.58 3.84 1.66 8.94 1.67 0.72 7.41 1.08 0.47
3500 6.62 0.75 0.33 5.23 0.42 0.18 4.24 0.25 0.11 24 in. 10.43 2.22 0.96 8.65 1.44 0.62
4000 7.57 0.96 0.42 5.98 0.54 0.23 4.84 0.33 0.14 3.36 0.13 0.06 11.92 2.86 1.24 9.88 1.85 0.80
4500 8.51 1.20 0.52 6.73 0.68 0.29 5.45 0.41 0.18 3.78 0.17 0.07 13.41 3.54 1.53 11.12 2.30 0.99
5000 9.45 1.46 0.63 7.47 0.82 0.36 6.05 0.49 0.21 4.20 0.20 0.09 12.35 2.79 1.21
5500 10.40 1.74 0.74 8.22 0.98 0.42 6.66 0.59 0.25 4.62 0.24 0.10 13.59 3.33 1.44
6000 11.35 2.04 0.88 8.97 1.15 0.50 7.26 0.69 0.30 5.04 0.28 0.12 14.82 3.92 1.69
6500 12.29 2.37 1.03 9.72 1.34 0.58 7.87 0.80 0.35 5.47 0.33 0.14 16.06 4.54 1.97
7000 13.24 2.72 1.18 10.46 1.53 0.66 8.47 0.92 0.40 5.89 0.38 0.16 17.29 5.21 2.25
7500 14.15 3.09 1.34 11.21 1.74 0.75 9.08 1.04 0.45 6.31 0.43 0.19
8000 15.13 3.48 1.51 11.96 1.96 0.85 9.69 1.18 0.51 6.73 0.48 0.21
8500 16.08 3.90 1.69 12.71 2.20 0.95 10.29 1.32 0.57 7.15 0.54 0.23
9000 17.02 4.33 1.88 13.45 2.44 1.06 10.90 1.46 0.63 7.57 0.60 0.26
9500 17.97 4.79 2.07 14.20 2.70 1.17 11.50 1.62 0.70 7.99 0.67 0.29
10000 18.91 5.27 2.28 14.95 2.97 1.29 12.11 1.78 0.77 8.41 0.73 0.32

CAUTION: Flow velocity should not exceed 5 feet per second.

PVC and CPVC pipe cannot be used for compressed air service.
 TABLE 6 - CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR SDR 21 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
(Independent variables: Gallons per minute and nominal pipe size O.D. Dependent variables: Velocity, friction head and pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe, interior smooth.)
Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Feet Per Second

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head

Friction Head
Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss

Friction Loss
Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch

Square Inch
Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per

Pounds Per
Per Minute
Gallons

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity
Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet

Feet
1/2 in. 3/4 in.
1 0.84 1.00 0.44 0.50 0.28 0.12 1 in. 1 1/4 in. 1 1/2 in. 2 in.
2 1.67 2.00 0.87 0.99 0.56 0.24 0.60 0.30 0.13 0.37 0.095 0.04 0.29 0.05 0.022 0.18 0.023 0.010 2 1/2 in. 3 in.
5 4.17 11.25 4.87 2.47 3.14 1.36 1.50 0.93 0.41 0.93 0.30 0.13 0.71 0.15 0.065 0.45 0.06 0.025 0.31 0.031 0.014 0.20 0.015 0.006
7 5.84 20.66 8.95 3.56 5.76 2.49 2.09 1.70 0.74 1.31 0.54 0.23 0.99 0.28 0.12 0.63 0.081 0.035 0.43 0.044 0.020 0.29 0.021 0.009
10 8.34 39.34 10.96 2.99 1.86 1.02 0.44 0.03 0.013

FLOW CHART FOR WATER PIPE

17.03 4.94 4.75 3.24 1.40 1.41 0.52 0.23 0.90 0.17 0.074 0.61 0.07 0.03 0.41
15 4 in. 7.40 23.23 10.06 4.49 6.86 2.97 2.79 2.16 0.94 2.12 1.11 0.48 1.35 0.37 0.16 0.92 0.14 0.061 0.62 0.06 0.026
20 0.50 0.03 0.013 9.87 39.57 17.13 5.98 11.68 5.06 3.72 3.68 1.59 2.83 1.89 0.82 1.80 0.63 0.27 1.23 0.25 0.11 0.83 0.09 0.039
25 0.62 0.04 0.017 5 in. 7.48 17.66 7.65 4.65 5.56 2.41 3.54 2.85 1.23 2.25 0.95 0.41 1.53 0.37 0.16 1.03 0.14 0.061
30 0.75 0.06 0.026 0.49 0.02 0.009 8.97 24.76 10.72 5.58 7.80 3.38 4.24 4.00 1.73 2.71 1.34 0.58 1.84 0.52 0.23 1.24 0.20 0.087
35 0.87 0.08 0.035 0.57 0.03 0.013 10.47 32.94 14.26 6.51 10.37 4.49 4.95 5.32 2.30 3.16 1.78 0.77 2.15 0.70 0.30 1.45 0.27 0.12
40 1.00 0.10 0.043 0.65 0.04 0.017 7.44 13.28 5.75 5.66 6.81 2.95 3.61 2.27 0.98 2.45 0.89 0.39 1.65 0.34 0.15
45 1.12 0.12 0.052 0.74 0.04 0.017 6 in. 8.37 16.52 7.15 6.36 8.47 3.67 4.06 2.83 1.23 2.76 1.11 0.48 1.86 0.42 0.18
50 1.25 0.15 0.065 0.82 0.05 0.022 0.58 0.02 0.009 9.30 20.08 8.69 7.07 10.29 4.46 4.51 3.44 1.49 3.07 1.35 0.58 2.06 0.51 0.22
60 1.50 0.21 0.091 0.98 0.08 0.035 0.69 0.03 0.013 11.17 28.14 12.18 8.49 14.42 6.24 5.41 4.82 2.09 3.68 1.89 0.82 2.48 0.72 0.31
70 1.75 0.28 0.12 1.14 0.10 0.043 0.81 0.04 0.017 9.90 19.19 8.31 6.31 6.41 2.78 4.29 2.51 1.09 2.89 0.96 0.42
75 1.87 0.32 0.14 1.23 0.11 0.058 0.86 0.05 0.022 10.61 21.80 9.44 6.76 7.29 3.16 4.60 2.85 1.23 3.10 1.09 0.47
80 2.00 0.36 0.16 1.31 0.13 0.056 0.92 0.05 0.022 7.21 8.21 3.55 4.91 3.22 1.39 3.30 1.23 0.53
90 2.25 0.45 0.19 1.47 0.16 0.069 1.04 0.07 0.030 8 in. 8.12 10.21 4.42 5.52 4.00 1.73 3.72 1.52 0.66
100 2.50 0.54 0.23 1.63 0.19 0.082 1.15 0.08 0.035 0.67 0.03 0.012 9.02 12.41 5.37 6.14 4.86 2.10 4.13 1.85 0.80
125 3.13 0.82 0.36 2.04 0.30 0.13 1.44 0.125 0.054 0.85 0.037 0.015 7.67 7.36 3.19 5.17 2.81 1.22
150 3.75 1.15 0.50 2.45 0.41 0.18 1.73 0.18 0.078 1.02 0.05 0.022 9.20 10.30 4.46 6.19 3.93 1.70
175 4.37 1.54 0.67 2.86 0.55 0.24 2.02 0.24 0.103 1.19 0.065 0.028 10 in. 10.74 13.72 5.94 7.23 5.23 2.26
200 4.99 1.96 0.85 3.27 0.70 0.30 2.31 0.30 0.13 1.36 0.08 0.035 0.86 0.027 0.012 8.26 6.69 2.90
250 6.24 2.97 1.29 4.09 1.06 0.46 2.89 0.46 0.20 1.70 0.125 0.054 1.10 0.045 0.020 10.33 10.13 4.39
300 7.49 4.16 1.80 4.90 1.48 0.64 3.46 0.63 0.27 2.04 0.18 0.078 1.31 0.06 0.026 12 in.
350 8.74 5.54 2.40 5.72 1.98 0.86 4.04 0.85 0.37 2.38 0.24 0.103 1.54 0.08 0.035 1.08 0.036 0.016
400 9.99 7.09 3.07 6.54 2.53 1.10 4.61 1.08 0.47 2.72 0.30 0.13 1.75 0.10 0.043 1.24 0.04 0.017
450 11.24 8.82 3.82 7.35 3.14 1.36 5.19 1.34 0.58 3.06 0.37 0.16 1.97 0.13 0.056 1.40 0.06 0.026 14 in.
500 12.48 10.72 4.64 8.17 3.82 1.65 5.76 1.63 0.71 3.40 0.45 0.19 2.19 0.15 0.065 1.55 0.07 0.030 1.29 0.04 0.02
750 16 in. 12.26 8.09 3.50 8.64 3.46 1.50 5.10 0.96 0.42 3.29 0.33 0.14 2.33 0.14 0.061 1.93 0.09 0.04
1000 1.97 0.08 0.04 11.53 5.89 2.55 6.80 1.63 0.64 4.38 0.56 0.24 3.11 0.24 0.10 2.58 0.16 0.07
1250 - - - 8.50 2.47 1.07 5.48 0.85 0.37 3.89 0.37 0.16 3.22 0.24 0.10
1500 2.96 0.17 0.07 18 in. 10.19 3.45 1.49 6.57 1.18 0.51 4.66 0.51 0.22 3.87 0.33 0.14
2000 3.95 0.30 0.13 3.12 0.17 0.07 13.59 5.87 2.54 8.76 2.02 0.87 6.22 0.87 0.38 5.15 0.57 0.25
2500 4.93 0.45 0.19 3.90 0.25 0.11 20 in. 10.96 3.06 1.33 7.77 1.33 0.57 6.44 0.86 0.37
3000 5.92 0.63 0.27 4.68 0.35 0.15 3.80 0.21 0.09 13.15 4.27 1.85 9.33 1.85 0.80 7.73 1.20 0.52
3500 6.90 0.83 0.36 5.46 0.47 0.20 4.42 0.28 0.12 24 in. 10.88 2.47 1.07 9.02 1.60 0.69
4000 7.89 1.07 0.46 6.24 0.60 0.26 5.05 0.36 0.16 3.51 0.15 0.06 12.44 3.17 1.37 10.31 2.05 0.89
4500 8.88 1.33 0.58 7.02 0.75 0.32 5.68 0.45 0.19 3.95 0.18 0.08 13.99 3.93 1.70 11.60 2.55 1.10
5000 9.87 1.61 0.70 7.80 0.91 0.39 6.32 0.55 0.24 4.39 0.22 0.10
5500 10.85 1.93 0.83 8.58 1.10 0.47 6.95 0.65 0.28 4.83 0.27 0.12
6000 11.84 2.27 0.98 9.36 1.28 0.55 7.58 0.77 0.33 5.26 0.32 0.14
6500 12.83 2.63 1.14 10.14 1.48 0.64 8.21 0.89 0.38 5.70 0.37 0.16
7000 13.81 3.02 1.31 10.92 1.70 0.74 8.84 1.02 0.44 6.14 0.42 0.18
7500 14.80 3.43 1.48 14.80 1.93 0.84 9.47 1.16 0.50 6.58 0.48 0.21
8000 15.79 3.86 1.67 15.79 2.18 0.94 10.11 1.30 0.56 7.02 0.54 0.23
8500 16.77 4.32 1.87 16.77 2.44 1.06 10.74 1.46 0.63 7.46 0.60 0.26
9000 17.76 4.80 2.08 17.76 2.71 1.17 11.37 1.62 0.70 7.90 0.67 0.29
9500 18.75 5.31 2.29 18.75 3.00 1.30 12.00 1.79 0.78 8.34 0.74 0.32
10000 19.73 5.84 2.53 19.73 3.30 1.43 12.63 1.97 0.85 8.77 0.81 0.35

CAUTION: Flow velocity should not exceed 5 feet per second.

PVC and CPVC pipe cannot be used for compressed air service.
16

DESIGN DATA
 ENTRAPPED AIR

The Dangers of Why is Entrapped Air a Problem?

Entrapped Air
Air in a piping system tends to accumulate at high points during low flow or static
Air entrapment in pressure pipelines is a conditions. As the flowrate increases, the air can be forced along the pipeline by the
DESIGN DATA

much studied and discussed topic. Most moving water and may become lodged at the more extreme high points where it
designers are concerned about it, or reduces the area available for flow. Thus, these pockets of air cause flow restrictions
should be, but many do not understand which reduce the efficiency and performance of the system.
the full implications of the problem or the
processes used to reduce the dangers As an air pocket grows, the velocity past that point increases until eventually the air is
associated with entrapped air. The swept on toward an outlet. While line restrictions are problems, a more serious
problem with entrapped air is a complex situation can occur when air is rapidly vented from the system under pressure. Water is
issue. The behavior of air in a piping about five times more dense than air at 100 psi, so when a pocket of compressed air
system is not easy to analyze, but the reaches an outlet, such as a sprinkler head, it escapes very rapidly. As it escapes, water
effects can be devastating. rushes in to replace the void.

When water reaches the opening, the velocity suddenly decreases, since air escapes
Sources of Air in about five times faster than water at 100 psi. The result is similar to instantaneous valve
Pipelines closure, except that the velocity change can far exceed the normal flow velocity in the
pipeline. During tests at Colorado State University, pressure surges up to 15 times the
There are many potential sources for air in operating pressure have been recorded when entrapped air was rapidly vented under
pipelines and the sources are usually pressure. Such pressure surges can easily exceed the strength of the system
multiple in any given system. The most components and even at lower magnitudes, repeated surges will weaken the system
likely source is entrapment of air during with time.
filling, either initially or when refilled after
drainage. In some systems, air re-enters
each time the pumps are shut off as the Dealing with Entrapped Air
pipelines drain through low lying
sprinklers or open valves. Obviously, the best way to reduce problems caused by entrapped air would be to
prevent it from entering the system. Precautions should be taken to eliminate air
Air is often introduced at the point where entrance. When systems are filled, either initially or after draining for winterization or
water enters the system. This is an repair, they should be filled slowly, at a velocity of 1.0 fps or less, and the air should be
especially common problem with gravity vented from the high points before the system is pressurized. Even with these precau-
fed pipelines, but may occur with pumped tions, some air can remain in the system.
systems as well. Even water pumped from
deep wells may be subject to air entrance To deal with this remaining air or newly admitted air, continuous-acting air relief valves
from cascading water in the well. and lines should be laid to grade wherever possible. Continuous-acting valves contain a
float mechanism which allows the air to vent through a small orifice, even when the line
A less obvious source of air comes from is pressurized. The orifice diameter should be about 1 percent of the diameter of the
the release of dissolved air in the water, pipe on which it is installed to allow the entrapped air to be slowly released.
due to changes in temperature and/or
pressure. The quantities may be small in Several combination air vent/vacuum relief valves are available for control of air in
this case, but accumulations over time can systems. Air and vacuum release valves are designed to exhaust large volumes of air
create problems. from pipelines during the filling process and to close positively when water reaches
them. These valves operate either by a buoyant float closing the valve as the water rises
It is also common for air to enter through or by the impact of the water against a plate or other valve closure element. The valve
air release valves or vacuum breakers remains closed until the pressure drops below atmospheric pressure, as would result
when the pressure drops below atmos- from draining the line. These types of valves close rapidly and will cause a significant
pheric pressure. This can occur during change in velocity at closure, thus care should be used in their sizing and placement.
pump shutdown or during negative
surges. Combination valves are manufactured to perform the functions of both continuous-
acting and vent/vacuum air release valves. Upon filling, a large orifice is opened. Once
water reaches the valve, the large orifice closes and allows air to escape only through
the smaller orifice that is actuated by a float mechanism.

NOTE: The above information is reprinted with permission from The Irrigation Association, Virginia.

17
 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

All piping products expand and contract with changes in temperature. Linear expansion and contraction of any pipe on the longitu-
dinal axis relates to the coefficient of thermal expansion for the specific material used in the manufacturing of the product. Variation
in pipe length due to thermal expansion or contraction depends on the coefficient of thermal expansion and the variation in tempera-
ture (DT). It should be noted that change in pipe diameter or wall thickness with piping material properties remaining constant does

DESIGN DATA
not effect a change in rates of thermal expansion or contraction.

Approximate coefficients of thermal expansion for different pipe materials are presented below. Expansion and contraction of PVC
piping in response to change in temperature will vary slightly with changes in PVC compounds. However, these coefficients can be
considered reasonably accurate.

Coefficients of Custom-
Thermal Expansion fabricated Large
Diameter PVC
“e” “Y” raw water intake
Piping Coefficient Expansion for use with
Material in./in./°F in./100 ft./10°F
extruded PVC
piping.
PVC 3.0 x 10-5 .360
CPVC 3.8 x 10-5 .456
PP 5.0 x 10-5 .600
PPFR 6.0 x 10-5 .720
HDPE 8.3 x 10-5 .996
LDPE 10 x 10-5 1.200
ABS 5.0 x 10-5 .600
Steel 6.0 x 10-6 .072
Copper 1.04 x 10-6 .125
Kitec 1.3 x 10-5 .156 PVC Butterfly
PVDF 7.9 x 10-5 .948 Valves for use in
a chilled water
process piping
The degree of thermal expansion or system.
contraction also depends on the system
temperature differential, as well as the
length of pipe run between changes in
direction. It can be calculated using the
following formula: Example 1:
(T - F) L How much expansion can be expected in
DL = Y x
10 100 215 feet of 3" diameter PVC pipe
installed at 75°F and operating at 135°F?
where: Y = 0.36
DL = expansion in inches
Y = constant factor expressing Solution:
inches of expansion per 60 215
10°F temperature change per DL = .36 x x = .36 x 6 x 2.15 = 4.6 inches
10 100
100 ft. of pipe
T = maximum temperature Remember to allow for contraction when piping is to be exposed
F = minimum temperature to temperatures substantially below installation temperature.
L = length of pipe run in feet

When total temperature change is less than 30°F, special provisions for accommo-
dating thermal expansion are not generally required, especially when the line includes
several directional changes and thus provides considerable inherent flexibility. Caution
should be exercised with threaded connections, as they are more vulnerable to failure
by bending stresses. Where such conditions exist, it is advisable to use a flanged
connection.

18
 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Thermal Expansion (DL) in inches of PVC Thermal Expansion (DL) in inches of CPVC

Temp. Temp.mp.
Change Length of Run in Feet Change Length of Run in Feet
DESIGN DATA

DT°F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DT°F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

20 .07 .14 .22 .29 .36 .43 .50 .58 .65 .72 20 .09 .18 .27 .36 .46 .55 .64 .73 .82 .91
30 .11 .22 .32 .43 .54 .65 .76 .86 .97 1.08 30 .14 .27 .41 .55 .68 .82 .96 1.09 1.23 1.37
40 .14 .29 .43 .58 .72 .86 1.01 1.15 1.30 1.44 40 .18 .36 .55 .73 .91 1.09 1.28 1.46 1.64 1.82
50 .18 .36 .54 .72 .90 1.08 1.26 1.40 1.62 1.80 50 .23 .46 .68 .91 1.14 1.37 1.60 1.82 2.05 2.28
60 .22 .43 .65 .86 1.08 1.30 1.51 1.73 1.94 2.16 60 .27 .55 .82 1.09 1.37 1.64 1.92 2.19 2.46 2.74
70 .25 .50 .76 1.01 1.26 1.51 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 70 .32 .64 .96 1.28 1.60 1.92 2.23 2.55 2.87 3.19
80 .29 .58 .86 1.15 1.44 1.73 2.02 2.30 2.59 2.88 80 .36 .73 1.09 1.46 1.82 2.19 2.55 2.92 3.28 3.65
90 .32 .65 .97 1.30 1.62 1.94 2.27 2.59 2.92 3.24 90 .41 .82 1.23 1.64 2.05 2.46 2.87 3.28 3.69 4.10
100 .36 .72 1.03 1.44 1.80 2.16 2.52 2.88 3.24 3.60 100 .46 .91 1.37 1.82 2.28 2.74 3.19 3.65 4.10 4.56

Thermal Expansion (DL) in inches of Thermal Expansion (DL) in inches of PVDF

Polypropylene Schedule 80
Temp. Temp.
Change Length of Run in Feet Change Length of Run in Feet
DT°F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DT°F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

20 .15 .29 .44 .59 .73 .88 1.02 1.17 1.32 1.46 20 .19 .38 .58 .77 .96 1.15 1.34 1.54 1.73 1.92
30 .22 .44 .66 .88 1.10 1.32 1.54 1.76 1.98 2.20 40 .38 .77 1.15 1.54 1.92 2.30 2.69 3.07 3.46 3.84
40 .29 .59 .88 1.17 1.46 1.76 2.05 2.34 2.64 2.93 50 .48 .96 1.44 1.92 2.40 2.88 3.36 3.84 4.32 4.80
50 .37 .73 1.10 1.46 1.83 2.20 2.56 2.93 3.29 3.66 60 .58 1.15 1.73 2.30 2.88 3.46 4.03 4.61 5.18 5.76
60 .44 .88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.07 3.51 3.95 4.39 70 .67 1.34 2.02 2.69 3.36 4.03 4.70 5.38 6.05 6.72
70 .51 1.02 1.54 2.05 2.56 3.07 3.59 4.10 4.61 5.12 80 .77 1.54 2.30 3.07 3.84 4.61 5.38 6.14 6.91 7.68
80 .59 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.93 3.51 4.10 4.68 5.27 5.86 90 .86 1.73 2.59 3.46 4.32 5.18 6.05 6.91 7.78 8.64
90 .66 1.32 1.98 2.69 3.29 3.95 4.61 5.27 5.93 6.59 100 .96 1.92 2.88 3.84 4.80 5.76 6.72 7.68 8.64 9.60
100 .73 1.46 2.20 2.93 3.66 4.39 5.12 5.86 6.59 7.32

EXPANSION LOOPS
Normally, piping systems are designed
with sufficient directional changes
Example 2:
providing inherent flexibility to compensate
For 3" SCH 80 PVC pipe, DT = 70°F, run = 100’, DL = 2.52
for expansion and contraction. However,
How long should the expansion loop legs be in order to compensate for the
when this is not the case or when there is
expansion?
reasonable doubt as to adequate flexibility
of the system, expansion loops or R = 1.44 3.50 x 2.52 = 1.44 8.82 = 4.28 ft.
expansion joints should be designed
into the system. If an expansion loop In situations where straight runs of pipe are long or the ends of a straight run
(fabricated with 90° elbows and straight are restricted from movement or where the system is restrained, flexibility
pipe as depicted) is used, the length R must be inserted into a pipe
should be determined by using the system through the introduction
following formula to ensure it is of of flexural offsets. An example of
sufficient length to absorb expansion and a method for inserting flexibility
contraction movement without damage. in these situations is graphically
presented. In each case, rigid
R = 1.44 D DL supports or restraints should not
R = Expansion loop leg length (ft.) be placed within the leg length of
D = Nominal outside diameter of pipe (in.) an expansion loop, offset or
DL = Dimensional change due to thermal bend.
expansion or contraction (in.) NOTE: A = 1/2 R

19
 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Expansion Joints
Expansion joints are particularly desirable for large diameter pipe or where space for
offset lines is limited. An expansion joint consists of two tubes, one telescoping inside

DESIGN DATA
the other. The outer tube is firmly anchored while the inner tube is allowed to move with
a piston-like action as the attached pipe expands or contracts. In long runs of 150 feet
or more, the pipeline should be anchored at each change of direction so that expansion
movement of the pipe will be directed squarely into the expansion joint. Alignment of
expansion joints is most important. Binding can result if the pipe is canted or cocked
and does not move in the same plane as the joint. Guide loops should be installed
approximately one foot from the end of each expansion joint. Correct “piston-in” and
“piston-out” position at the time of installation is critical and can be calculated by the
formula:

P = M–A x L
T

where:
P = “out” position of inner tube in inches
M = maximum temperature
A = installation temperature
T = total temperature change
L = length of traverse in expansion joint in inches

Example 3:
Assume that a pipeline will be installed in an unheated,
exposed building with a metal roof where temperatures
range from 10°F in the winter, to 110°F in the summer.
If installation temperature is 70°F, the pipe will contract
over a 60° temperature range during cold water and
will expand over a 40° temperature range during the
summer. Consequently, three-fifths of the line move-
ment will be on the contraction side or “piston-in”
position, while the remainder will be expansion. The
expansion joint provides for various lengths of move-
ment. As a result, the inner tube should be pulled out
approximately half of the total movement expected
when the joint is installed.

Highest temperature expected: 110°F

Lowest temperature expected: 40°F
Total Change (DT): 70°F
Length of run: 100 feet
From 70°F row on PVC chart on page 19, read 2.52"
length change (DL).

20
 FLOW, VACUUM & BUCKLING

MANNING PVC PIPE IN VACUUM

ROUGHNESS SERVICE
FACTOR
PVC piping is often used in applications for
Critical Buckling
DESIGN DATA

Manning, an Irish engineer, derived a suction or vacuum lines. Absolute vacuum or

1 standard atmosphere = 14.676 psi or 29.87 Pressure Correction
formula in 1890 for computing flow. Factor “C”
inches of mercury.
The Manning formula is:

( )
V = 1.49 R 2 / 3 S 1 / 2
n
Full vacuum of one atmosphere would only
C1.0

occur at sea level and is reduced by 0.5 psi

where: 0.8
for every 1,000 feet of elevation above sea
V = the average velocity at a cross level.
section (ft./sec.) 0.6

R = the hydraulic radius (ft.) PVC Schedule 40/80 and Series pipe to 24"
S = slope (ft./ft.) are suitable for vacuum service at ambient 0.4

n = the coefficient of roughness temperatures. For elevated temperatures, use

the temperature correction chart on the 0.2

The Manning formula is used for liquids following page to determine suitability.
in a steady flow at constant depth. Values 0.0

of the coefficient n, determined by many For a circular ring subjected to a uniform 0 2 4 6 8 10

tests on actual pipes, are given in the external pressure or internal vacuum, the % Deflection of Buried Pipe
following table. critical buckling pressure (Pcr) is defined by
Timoshenko:

Pcr = 2EC ( D t- t ) = 2EC ( DR1-1 )

3 3
Average Values of the Modulus of Elasticity
Manning Roughness Factor 1-v2 0 1-v2
Temp (°F) psi
Material Manning n Pcr = Critical buckling pressure, psi
PVC 73 400,000
E = Modulus of elasticity, psi
v = Poisson’s ratio (.38 for PVC) 90 372,000
PVC/CPVC/PP/ABS .009
Glazed surface .010 D0 = outside pipe diameter, inch 110 332,000
Concrete .013 t = wall thickness, inch 140 280,000
Cast iron .015 C = correction factor CPVC 73 420,000
Corrugated metal .022 DR = dimension ratio
90 350,000

Pipes that are significantly out of round or 110 340,000

The high carrying capacity of plastic
piping often results in the use of flatter deflected have less buckling resistance than 200 280,000
grades or in the use of smaller diameter round pipes. The critical buckling pressure PP Drainge 73 200,000
pipe. for these elliptical shapes can be determined 90 130,000
by using a correction factor “C”. 110 97,000
140 74,000
When pipes are buried or installed in such a
manner that the soil or surrounding medium 170 61,000
provides some resistance against buckling or 200 55,000
deflection, the buckling pressure (Pb) in the 210 53,000
soil has been found to be: PP Pressure 73 150,000
Pb = 1.15 Pcr E' 90 134,000
Where: Pb = buckling pressure in a given soil, 110 118,000
psi 140 96,000
Pcr = critical buckling pressure, psi
170 77,000
E' = modulus of soil reaction, psi
200 59,000
210 53,000
ABS 73 240,000
176 185,000

21
 BELOW GROUND INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

BELOW GROUND INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

DESIGN DATA
Trenching Compacting the Backfill
The trench bottom should be continuous, Compact the haunching, initial backfill and final backfill using manual equipment in
relatively smooth, and free of rocks. accordance with the job drawings. Observe the following precautions.
Where ledge rock, hardpan or boulders
are encountered, the trench bottom 1. When a “self-compacting” material is
should be padded using a minimum of 4" used, such as crushed stone, ensure
of tamped earth or sand beneath the pipe. that the material does not arch or bridge
beneath the haunch of the pipe. Remove
Trenches under slabs should allow for a such voids with the tip of a spade.
12" depth of cover over the pipe. In open
locations, the trench depth should allow 2. When compacting the material
for the top of the pipe to be at least 12" underneath and at either side of the pipe
below the maximum expected depth of do not allow the tool or the machine to
frost penetration. strike the pipe.

Pipe installed beneath surfaces which 3. When compaction in excess of 85% standard proctor density is required in the
could be subjected to either heavy static haunching area ensure that the compacting effort does not dislodge the pipe from
weight or constant traffic should be the correct grade. If the compacting effort dislodges the pipe, re-lay the pipe to the
shielded within a metal or concrete correct grade.
casing.
4. It is not necessary to compact the initial backfill directly over the top of the pipe for
Backfilling the sake of the pipe’s structural strength. However, it may be necessary for the sake
of roadway integrity.
Fill piping with water of an ambient soil
temperature and check joints. Cover to a When laying long runs of piping in elevated air temperatures, it is advisable to begin
depth of 6" to 8" with dirt which is free working from a fixed point – such as the entry or exit from a building, and work away
from rocks, debris or particles larger than from that point, testing and backfilling in accordance with preceding paragraphs. This
1/2". At this point in the proceedings, all procedure should then allow the piping to assume soil temperature progressively as
joints should remain exposed for inspec- work proceeds.
tion.

Leave piping to settle and normalize Modulus of Soil Reaction

dimensionally, then check all joints for
ASTM Embedment Material Density (Proctor)
tightness and tamp soil layer which will E’ (psi)
Classification AASHTO T-99
act as a cushion for subsequent backfill.
While tamping, see that pipe alignment, Manufactured
both vertical and horizontal, is not upset. Class I 90% 3,000
Granular Angular

Clean Sand 90% 2,000

Class II
& Gravel 80% 1,000

Sand & Gravel 90% 1,000

Class III
with Fines 85% 500

Silt & Clay Class IV 85% 400

22
 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

SUNLIGHT & PROLONGED OUTDOOR STORAGE AND

ULTRAVIOLET PROTECTION
LIGHT
Prolonged exposure of PVC, CPVC, ABS and polypropylene pipe to the direct rays of the
DESIGN DATA

UV sterilizers for killing bacteria in de- sun will not damage the pipe. However, some mild discoloration may take place in the
ionized water are common. The intense form of a milky film on the exposed surfaces. This change in color merely indicates that
light generated will, over time, stress- there has been a harmless chemical transformation at the surface of the pipe. A small
crack PVC, CPVC, and polypropylene reduction in impact strength could occur at the discolored surfaces but they are of a very
pipe directly connected to the sterilizer. small order and not enough to cause problems in field installation.
PVDF will discolor, but otherwise
presents no real problem. Discoloration of the pipe can be avoided by shading it from the direct rays of the sun.
This can be accomplished by covering the stockpile or the crated pipe with an opaque
PAINTING material such as canvas. If the pipe is covered, always allow for the circulation of air
through the pipe to avoid heat buildup in hot summer weather. Make sure that the pipe
PVC and CPVC pipe and fittings can be is not stored close to sources of heat such as boilers, steam lines, engine exhaust
easily protected from ultraviolet oxidation outlets, etc.
by painting with a heavily pigmented,
exterior water-based latex paint. The
color of the paint is of no particular TEMPERATURE Temperature
importance; the pigment merely acts as EFFECTS Correction Factors
an ultraviolet screen and prevents
sunlight change. White or some other Thermoplastics and thermosets will Operating
light color is recommended as it helps decrease in tensile strength as the Temperature Factors
reduce pipe temperature. The latex paint temperature increases; therefore, the °F °C PVC CPVC PP PVDF
must be thickly applied as an opaque pressure rating must be reduced accord-
coating on pipe and fittings that have ingly. The factors at right will apply: 70 21 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
been cleaned well and very lightly 80 27 .90 .96 .90 .95
sanded. Polypropylene and PVDF pipe 90 32 .75 .92 .80 .87
and fittings are very difficult to paint and 100 38 .62 .85 .64 .80
should be protected with insulation. 110 43 .50 .77 .50 .75
115 46 .45 .74 .48 .71
120 49 .40 .70 .46 .68
125 52 .35 .66 .44 .66
130 54 .30 .62 .42 .62
140 60 .22 .55 .40 .58
150 66 * .47 .35 .52
160 71 * .40 .32 .49
170 77 * .32 .30 .45
180 82 * .25 .28 .42
200 93 NR .18 .10 .36
210 99 NR * NR .33
240 116 NR NR NR .25
280 138 NR NR NR .18

NR – Not Recommended
* Recommended for continuous drainage
pressure only. See chart on Page 40 for
flanged systems correction factors.

23
 CHEMICAL EFFECTS

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE Ozone

Thermoplastics and thermosets have outstanding resistance to a wide range of chemical Ozone (O3) is a form of oxygen. In its
reagents. Such resistance is a function of both temperature and concentration, and there pure form, it is an unstable blue gas with

DESIGN DATA
are many reagents which can be handled for limited temperature ranges and concentra- a pungent odor. It is formed naturally in
tions. In borderline cases, there may be limited attack, generally resulting in some swelling the air from lightning and is seen as a
due to absorption. There are also many cases where some attack will occur under specific blue halo effect.
conditions. For such applications, the use of plastic is justified on economic grounds when
considered against alternative materials. Chemical resistance is often affected (and Ozone is used as a bactericide in
frequently reduced) when handling a number of chemicals or compounds containing deionized water systems in low concen-
impurities. When specific applications are being considered, therefore, it is often trations of 0.04 to 5 ppm. It presents no
worthwhile to conduct tests using the actual fluid that will be used in service. problem to thermoplastic piping in
aqueous form. In high concentrations,
Generally speaking, PVC is suitable with most strong acids, alkalies, aqueous solutions, ozone acts as a strong oxidizer. Pigments
aliphatic hydrocarbons, fluorides, photographic and plating solutions, brine and mineral and resin additives will be leeched out of
oils. Generally, it should not be used with aldehydes and ketones, ethers, esters or PVC, CPVC, and polypropylene;
aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. polypropylene will stress-crack. PVDF or
Teflon should be used for gaseous ozone.
CPVC has a chemical resistance similar to or marginally better than PVC.
Ozone deteriorates rubber in trace
PP is generally high in chemical resistance. It is capable of handling a pH ranging from amounts. Because of its increasing use in
1 to 13 being resistant to organic solvents as well as acids and alkalies. Due to its sterilizing high-purity water systems, the
general sensitiveness to oxidizing agents, special care must be taken when using it with elastomers used for seats and seals
strong acids and hydrocarbons containing helides and aromatic groups. become a matter for concern.
Commercial mixtures are ordinarily 2%
PVDF is chemically resistant to most acids, bases and organic solvents. It is ideally ozone and produced by electronic irradia-
suited for use with wet or dry chlorine, bromine and other halogens. tion of air. It is usually manufactured on
the spot, as it is too costly to ship.
NOTE: Care must be taken when natural PVDF piping, exposed to sunlight, is used to
convey chlorine. UV going through the transparent material will create atomic chlorine Butyl rubber and ethylene propylene
that will stress crack the pipe. rubber (EPDM) have good resistance to
ozone, as does fluorine rubber (Viton)
ABS is ideal for residential and commercial sanitary (DWV) systems. With a working and chlorosulfonated polyethylene
pressure up to 230 psi, ABS is also suitable for industrial applications such as mine slurry (Hypalon). Neoprene and Buna-N or
lines. Temperature range is -40°C (-40°F) to 82°C (180°F). ABS is resistant to a wide Nitrile are severely attacked. Of the
variety of materials ranging from sewage to household chemicals. It is joined by solvent plastics, PVDF holds up best; PVC and
cementing or threading. ABS has a satisfactory acid and alkalis resistance but it is CPVC are marginally acceptable. The
affected by the action of organic solvents and, to a certain extent, strong acids and alkalis. polyolefins, i.e. polypropylene and
polyethylene, are also attacked.
EPDM has excellent resistance to oxidation products but will show a certain swelling when
in contact with mineral and petroleum oils, diester base lubricants and organic solvents.

Nitrile is a general purpose oil resistant polymer known as nitrile rubber. Nitrile is a
copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile. Nitrile has good solvent, oil, water and
hydraulic fluid resistance. It displays good compression set, abrasion resistance and
tensile strength. Nitirle should not be used in highly polar solvents such as acetone and
methyl ethyl ketone, nor should it be used in chlorinated hydrocarbons, ozone or nitro
hydrocarbons. Temperature range -54°C (-65°F) to 135°C (275°F).

FPM (Viton) has excellent resistance to chemical agents. It is virtually Please refer to the
inert to oil and most solvents and it also exhibits good chemical IPEX Chemical
capability with many aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Resistance Guide for
specific applications.

24
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, HEAT TRACING & ABRASION

Relative Humidity At The coefficients of thermal conductivity Abrasion

Which Condensation of some materials used in industrial
Will Form piping are: The unification of PVC resin, extenders,
On Pipe Walls modifiers and assorted additives in
DESIGN DATA

Material BTU/hr./sq.ft./°F/in. today’s compounds, combined with

CPVC 0.95 modern extrusion processes, results in a
PVC 1.2 resilient piping product with outstanding
ABS 1.7 abrasion resistance.
PP 1.2
90 HDPE 2.5 Numerous tests conducted by manufac-
PEX 2.64 turers, independent laboratories, regula-
80 Glass 8
PVC=.500" tory bodies and universities, in a variety
Carbon Steel 360 of both field and laboratory examinations,
70
PVC=.300" Aluminum 1,000 generally conclude that PVC piping
% RELATIVE HUMIDITY

60 Copper 2,700 erodes over a broad area and takes a very

Kitec 3.12 long time.
50

40 The graph to the left gives an example of the In comparison, other piping materials are
extent to which PVC piping products will inclined to isolated pitting and accelerated
30 prevent the formation of condensation at failure.
PVC=.100" different temperatures of the process fluid.
20
The inherent abrasion resistance of PVC
COPPER
10 Copper, a good conductor of heat, will lose allows substantial increases in volume
2,610 BTU per hour per square foot of without a decrease in velocity. PVC is
0
surface area with a wall thickness of 1" often selected as the piping material for
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 while PVC will lose only 1.2 BTU/hr.! If the con-veyance in abrasive service.
FLUID TEMPERATURE F PVC wall thickness is reduced to .250
inches, the heat loss increases four times. Installations of PVC piping for mining and
sand slurries to replace standard metal or
Thermal rubber-lined steel pipe resulted in signifi-
Conductivity Heat Tracing cantly less abrasion, dramatically reduced
maintenance, and increased system life.
Compared with traditional pipe materials, Although thermoplastic pipes are poor
the thermal conductivity of thermoplastic is conductors of heat, heat tracing may be Generally speaking, for abrasive service, a
low and acts as an insulator. This insulating necessary to maintain a constant elevated certain amount of wear should be
property of plastic provides a distinct temperature for a viscous liquid, to expected. In many applications, however,
advantage over traditional materials to prevent liquid from freezing, or to prevent PVC out-performs other materials,
retard or prevent “sweating” or formation a liquid such as 50% sodium hydroxide, resulting in lower maintenance costs.
of condensation. The need for insulation from crystallizing in a pipeline. Electric
may, in certain instances, be completely heat tracing with self-regulating tempera-
eliminated by using plastic for cold or ture-sensing tape will maintain a 90°F
chilled water lines. Thermal conductivity is temperature to prevent sodium hydroxide
expressed as BTU/hr./sq.ft./°F/in. where from freezing. The tape should be
BTU/hr. or British Thermal Unit per hour S-pattern-wrapped on the pipe, allowing
is defined as energy required to raise the for pipe repairs and avoiding deflection
temperature of one pound of water (12 caused by heating one side of the pipe.
gallons x specific gravity) one Fahrenheit Heat tracing should be applied directly on
degree in one hour. Square feet refers to the pipe within the insulation, and must
one square foot where heat is being not exceed the temperature/pressure/
transferred. Inch refers to one inch of pipe chemical resistance design of the system.
wall thickness. As pipe wall thickness
increases, thermal conductivity decreases.

25
 SUPPORT SPACING

Adequate support for any piping system is a matter of great importance. In practice, support spacing is a function of pipe size,
operating temperatures, the location of heavy valves or fittings, and the mechanical properties of the pipe material.

To ensure satisfactory operation of a thermoplastic piping system, the location and type of hangers should be carefully considered.

DESIGN DATA
The principles of design for steel piping systems are generally applicable to thermoplastic piping systems, but with some notable
areas where special consideration should be exercised.

1. Concentrated loads (i.e. valves, flanges, etc.) should be supported directly to eliminate high
stress concentrations. Should this be impractical, the pipe must then be supported
immediately adjacent to the load.

2. In systems where large fluctuations in temperature occur, allowance must be made for expansion
and contraction of the piping system. Since changes in direction in the system are usually sufficient
to allow expansion and contraction, hangers must be placed so movement is not restricted. Specific Correction
Gravity Factor
3. Changes in direction (e.g. 90° elbows) should be supported as close as practical to the fitting to
avoid introducing excessive torsional stresses into the system. 1.0 1.00
1.1 .98
4. Since thermoplastic pipe expands or contracts approximately three times that of steel, hangers 1.2 .96
should not be of the type that will restrict this movement. However, it may be desirable in some 1.4 .93
instances to use a clamp-type hanger to direct thermal expansion or contraction in a specific 1.6 .90
direction. When using a clamp-type hanger, the hanger should not deform the pipe when it has 2.0 .85
been tightened. (See Recommended Pipe Hangers, page 27.) 2.5 .80

5. Since some thermoplastics (e.g. PVC) are somewhat notch sensitive, hangers should provide as The chart below gives recommended
much bearing surface as possible. Sharp supports or sharp edges on supports should not be support spacing for PVC and CPVC pipe
used with these materials since they will cause mechanical damage if the pipe moves. at various temperatures. The data is
based on fluids with a specific gravity of
6. Valves should be braced against operating torque. Heavy metal valves should be supported 1.0. For heavier fluids, the support
so as not to induce additional stress on the thermoplastic piping system. spacing from the graphs should be
multiplied by the correction factors
7. Thermoplastic lines must not be placed alongside steam or other high temperature pipelines. shown above.

Recommended Maximum Support Spacing in Feet (based on a sag limit of .20% of span length)

TEMP. NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

°F °C 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1 1/4" 1 1/2" 2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 24"

Schedule 40 PVC
60 15 3 3/4 4 1/4 5 5 1/2 5 3/4 6 1/2 8 1/4 9 1/2 11 1/2 13 1/4 15 16 1/2 17 1/3 19 20 1/2 21 3/4 24 1/4
100 38 3 1/2 3 3/4 4 1/4 4 3/4 5 1/4 5 3/4 7 1/4 8 1/2 10 1/4 11 3/4 13 1/4 14 1/2 15 1/2 16 3/4 18 1/4 19 1/4 21 1/2
140 60 3 3 1/4 3 3/4 4 4 1/2 5 6 1/4 7 1/4 8 3/4 10 11 1/2 12 1/2 13 1/4 14 1/2 15 1/2 16 1/2 18 1/2

Schedule 80 PVC
60 15 4 4 1/2 5 5 3/4 6 1/4 7 9 10 1/4 12 3/4 14 3/4 17 19 20 22 23 1/4 25 1/4 28 1/2
100 38 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 1/4 8 9 11 1/4 13 1/4 15 16 3/4 17 3/4 19 1/2 21 22 1/2 25 1/4
140 60 3 3 1/3 3 3/4 4 1/3 4 3/4 5 1/4 6 3/4 7 3/4 9 3/4 11 1/3 13 14 1/3 15 1/4 16 1/2 18 19 1/4 21 1/2

Schedule 80 CPVC PIPING

TEMP. NOMINAL PIPE SIZE
°F °C 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1 1/4" 1 1/2" 2" 2 1/2 3" 4" 6" 8" 10" 12"
73 23 5 1/2 5 1/2 6 6 1/2 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 1/2 12 1/2
100 38 5 5 1/2 6 6 6 1/2 7 7 1/2 8 9 9 1/2 10 1/2 11 12 1/2
120 49 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 6 6 1/2 7 1/2 7 1/2 8 1/2 9 10 10 1/2 11
140 60 4 1/2 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 5 1/2 6 6 1/2 7 7 1/2 8 9 9 1/2 10 1/2
160 71 3 3 3 1/2 3 1/2 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 6 1/2 7 1/2
180 82 2 1/2 2 1/2 3 3 3 1/2 3 1/2 4 4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 6 1/2
26
 SUPPORT SPACING

Polypropylene Pipe Support Spacing in Feet

TEMP NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

DESIGN DATA

°F °C 1
/2" 3
/4" 1" 11/4" 11/2" 2" 21/2" 3" 4"

68 20 3 3 31/2 31/2 4 41/2 5 51/2 6

86 30 21/2 3 3 31/2 31/2 4 41/2 5 5

104 40 21/2 21/2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5

122 50 2 21/2 3 3 3 31/2 4 4 4

140 60 2 21/2 3 3 3 3 31/2 4 4

158 70 2 21/2 21/2 21/2 3 3 3 31/2 4

176 80 2 2 21/2 21/2 3 3 3 31/2 4

212 100 11/2 11/2 11/2 2 2 21/2 21/2 3 31/2

PVDF Pipe Support Spacing in Feet

TEMP NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

°F °C 1
/2" 3
/4" 1" 11/4" 11/2" 2" 21/2" 3" 4"
1
68 20 3 3 31/2 31/2 4 41/2 5 5 /2 6

86 30 21/2 3 3 31/2 31/2 4 41/2 5 5

104 40 21/2 21/2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5

122 50 2 21/2 3 3 3 31/2 4 4 41/2

140 60 2 21/2 3 3 3 31/2 31/2 4 41/2

158 70 2 21/2 21/2 3 3 31/2 31/2 31/2 41/2

176 80 2 2 21/2 3 3 31/2 31/2 31/2 41/2

212 100 2 2 21/2 3 3 31/2 31/2 31/2 41/2

248 120 2 2 21/2 3 3 3 31/2 31/2 41/2

284 140 2 2 2 21/2 3 3 31/2 31/2 4

27
 SUPPORT SPACING

Recommended Pipe Hangers for Thermoplastic Piping Systems

Pipe Rings Pipe Rolls Straps, Hooks

DESIGN DATA
Adj. Swivel Ring Split Ring Adj. Steel Yoke Pipe Roll Adj. Swivel Pipe Roll Wrought Strap Short
Split Ring type 3/8" - 8" pipe 2 1/2" - 20" pipe 2 1/2" - 12" pipe 1/2" - 4" pipe
3/4" to 8" pipe

Adj. Ring Adj. Swivel Ring Single Pipe Roll Adj. Pipe Roll Support One Hole Clamp
1/2" - 8" pipe 1/2" - 8" pipe 1" - 30" pipe 1" - 30" pipe 3/8" - 4" pipe

Adj. Clevis - Standard Adj. Clevis For Insulated Roller Chair Pipe Roll and Plate Tin Strap
1/2" - 30" pipe Lines 2" - 12" pipe 2" - 24" pipe 1/2" - 2" pipe
3/4" - 12" pipe

Pipe Roll Stand Complete

2" - 42" pipe

Pipe Clamps Pipe Covering Bolt

U Bolt*
Pipe Clamp Medium Double Bolt Pipe Clamp Insulation Protection Standard: 1/2" - 30" pipe
1/2" - 24" pipe 3/4" - 36" pipe Shield Light Weight: 1/2" - 10"
1/2" - 24" pipe pipe
NOTE: Clamps used as anchors (such as U-bolts, etc.), if over-tightened, can produce a point-of- *Also available plastic coated.
load stress on the pipe. This can result in cracking or premature burst failure. If U-bolts must be
used, then a metal shield should be placed between the U-bolt and pipe surface. When anchoring
plastic pipe, it is always desirable to spread the load over a wide area of contact.
28
 FITTINGS

FITTINGS Thrust at Fittings

Thrust in lbs. per 100 psi internal pressure
The fittings pressure capability should be
matched to the operating pressures of Pipe Blank ends 90° 45° 22 1/2° 11 1/4°
the system. In systems with quick- Diameter & junctions Bends Bends Bends Bends
closing valves or cyclic surge conditions,
fittings pressure rating should not be 1/2" 60 85 50 25 15
calculated at more than 60% of the 3/4" 90 130 70 35 20
equivalent pipe. After the two 1" 140 400 110 55 30
components of the system have been 1 1/4" 220 320 170 90 45
PVC piping for Olympic Training Pool matched, the design engineer may 1 1/2" 300 420 230 120 60
VALVES &
FITTINGS

consider additional methods of external 2" 450 630 345 180 90

reinforcement such as thrust blocks, 2 1/2" 650 910 500 260 130
restraining hangers or encasement. The 3" 970 1,360 745 385 200
size or need for such reinforcements 4" 1,600 2,240 1,225 635 320
should be based on the design engineer’s 6" 3,450 4,830 2,650 1,370 690
evaluation of flow velocities and pressure 8" 5,850 8,200 4,480 2,320 1,170
increases due to the fluid’s momentum. 10" 9,100 12,750 6,980 3,610 1,820
12" 12,790 17,900 9,790 5,080 2,550
Fittings for PVC pipe are available in 14" 15,400 21,500 11,800 6,100 3,080
sizes 1/2" to 24" and CPVC 1/2" to 12" 16" 20,100 28,150 15,400 7,960 4,020
and are manufactured in accordance 18" 25,400 35,560 19,460 10,060 5,080
PVC basket
with the CSA and ASTM standards 20" 31,400 43,960 24,060 12,440 6,280
strainers
listed on pages 28 - 30. 24" 45,300 63,420 34,700 17,940 9,060
used in a
plant process FABRICATED
Butt Fusion Butt Weld
water system. FITTINGS
Montreal, Fabricated Fitting Fabricated Fitting
Quebec. IPEX fabricated fittings are high integrity
fittings designed and engineered to meet
demanding process pipe requirements.
Fittings in larger pipe sizes (above 8")
are made from segments of IPEX plastic pipe
welded together or butt-fused and fibreglass Butt Fusion Butt Weld
reinforced. Custom configurations or
standard designs such as tees and elbows
are manufactured by these techniques. The
fittings, together with IPEX thermoplastic
pipe, form a complete and unified system.
NOTE: Other fabrication methods may be used depending on application and service conditions.

Specifications for the 1,000 hours, the pressure shall be structurally reinforced at the branch of all
Fabricated PVC increased to 2 1/2 times the pressure rating outlets by 2 gussets for sizes up to 12",
Fittings within two minutes. No failure shall occur. and by 4 gussets for larger branch sizes.
All fittings to have an exterior label identi-
3. Quality Control Tests fying size, configuration, pressure rating
1. Pressure Rating
Joints from fittings shall be subjected to a and manufacturer’s name.
The pressure rating of the fitting shall be
the same as that of the pipe used in the spark test (power source of 24,000 volts).
fabrication of the fitting. The pipe shall be The joint shall not permit any passage of 5. Socket Weld Depths
certified to CSA B137.3 and NSF 14. spark at any point along the weld. Each solvent weld bell must have a
minimum socket depth of one-half
2. Hydrostatic Pressure 4. Fibreglass Reinforcing times the pipe diameter.
Test of Fittings Fibreglass reinforcing should be applied to
At the engineer’s or customer’s request, the fitting in such a manner and thickness to 6. One-Source Supply
representative sample fittings may be meet the hydrostatic pressure requirements All three components of a piping
assembled and pressure tested for specified. Bonding shall be done with Primer system – pipe, fittings and cement –
1,000 hours at 1 1/2 times the pressure Resin to provide an adequate bond to the shall be supplied by one manufacturer
rating of the pipe at 73°F. At the end of PVC pipe. NOTE: Fabricated tees to be to facilitate a successful installation.
29
 THERMOPLASTIC VALVES

THERMOPLASTIC single function of preventing reversal or the system designed.

VALVES backflow of fluids in piping systems.
Because there are several types of valves Another consideration when selecting
The function of a valve dictates its for both on-off and throttling service, the a valve is the way in which it will be
selection. In general, valves are used to ultimate valve selection depends on operated within the system. In some
perform at least one of these three characteristics of the flowing medium cases, manually operated valves offer
functions: (1) shut off, (2) throttling, and (the degree of corrosiveness, abrasive- a choice of levers, gears, and other
(3) prevent backflow. Valves commonly ness and viscosity), the medium’s handles, depending on size. Remotely
used for “on-off” service are ball valves, temperature and pressure, the compati- operated valves can be actuated either
gate valves, and butterfly valves. bility of the valve’s fluid-control elements electrically or pneumatically.
Throttling or flow regulating requires (i.e. gates, weirs, stems, seats, etc.) with

VALVES &
FITTINGS
globe valves, diaphragm valves, and the flowing medium, the physical space
butterfly valves. Check valves perform the requirements and weight limitations of

Type Sizes Materials Models

*Ball – True Union 1/4" - 6" PVC, CPVC, PP SOC, THRD, FLGD
*3-Way 1/2" - 2" PVC, CPVC, PP SOC, THRD, FLGD
Ball – One Piece 1/2" - 2" PVC, CPVC, PP SOC, THRD, FLGD
Lab Valve 1/4" PVC FIPT
Ball Check 1/4" - 6" PVC, CPVC SOC, THRD, FLGD
Y Check 1/2” - 4” PVC SOC, THRD, FLGD
Swing Check 3" - 8" PVC FLGD
*Butterfly 1 1/2" - 24" PVC, PP, PP FLGD (lug adapters available)
**Diaphragm 1/2" - 6" PVC, CPVC, PP SOC & THRD (1/2" - 2")
(PVC & PVDF)
FLGD - All sizes
Mini Diaphragm 1/4" PVC THRD
Y-Strainers 1/2" - 4" PVC SOC, THRD, FLGD
Foot Valve 1/2" - 4" PVC, CPVC SOC, THRD, FLGD
Air Release Valves 1/2" - 2" PVC THRD
Solenoid Valves 1/4” - 1/2” PVC SOC
*Available with Electric or Pneumatic Actuators
**Available with Pneumatic Actuators

30
 ACTUATORS

Actuated Valves Additional advantages of using an actuated

valve:
Rotary valves, such as ball valves, butterfly
valves, diaphragm valves and gate valves • Adapts easily and economically to full
can be combined with an automatic modulating control.
actuator. Powered either electrically or
pneumatically, the actuator allows auto- • Allows automatic sequence of valve
matic sequencing of the valve operation. operation in multi-stage or multi-mix
systems that are difficult, if not
The demand for actuated valves has impossible, to coordinate manually.
steadily increased because of labor costs
VALVES &
FITTINGS

for manually operated valves, especially in • Available with a variety of cost and
remote locations. Freeing up valuable labor-saving options that allow them to
manhours for more productive jobs is only fit process requirements and industrial
one reason automated valves are popular. environments more precisely.
They also increase profit and productivity,
providing closer control of critical • Provides fail-safe modes and eliminates
processes and eliminating human error. the need for workers to manually operate
a valve carrying hazardous fluids.

How to Select the Correct Actuator

Your choice of actuators should not be To prevent rapid valve closure from
influenced by features and cost alone. creating high surge pressures, the
Consideration should also be given to the following formula may be used:
cost of supplying motive power, installa-
tion and maintenance, service life and 0.027 x L x V
T =
possible future replacement. (Po - Pf)

There are two basic types of actuators where:

– electric and pneumatic – both having T = minimum time in which the valve
advantages and disadvantages. If should be closed to prevent an
electricity and air are available, the first instantaneous stoppage in the
consideration is the type of power desired. pipeline (sec)
L = length of pipe from valve to point of
Although electric and pneumatic actuators relief (ft)
have approximately equal torque output V = velocity of fluid (ft/sec)
ratings for sizes 4" and larger, pneumatic Po = pressure in pipe at zero flow (psi)
actuators are normally less expensive. Pf = pressure in pipe at full flow (psi)
However, in smaller sizes, the electric
actuator’s lighter weight and simplified Example:
installation make it ideal for many
applications. A 2" PVC Schedule 40 pipe is located 250 feet from a tank. The velocity in the 2"
pipeline is 5 ft./sec. The pressure (Po) at no flow is 75 psi and pressure (Pf) at full
Consideration should also be given to the flow is 40 psi. What is the minimum valve closure time required to prevent an
speed control of both electric and instantaneous pressure surge?
pneumatic actuators. Closing a valve too
quickly on flowing fluid can cause water 0.027 x 250 x 5
T =
hammer and subsequent damage to the (75 - 40)
valve and related piping. The speed of both
electric and pneumatic actuators can be 33.75
T =
specifically tailored to each application. 35 Therefore, if the valve is closed in .96
Some pneumatic actuators can be adjusted seconds or longer, the amount of
in-line to obtain the correct cycle time for a T = .96 seconds pressure surge will be negligible.
specific application.

31
 INDUSTRY STANDARDS

Thermoplastic piping is used for many CSA International

applications, and because the require- 178 Rexdale Boulevard
ments for each application differ slightly, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3
numerous standards have been
developed. Additional standards are being B137.0 Definitions, General Requirements, and Methods of Testing for Thermoplastic
prepared and will be added to this list in Pressure Piping
future revisions as they become available.
B137.1 Polyethylene Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings for Cold-Water Pressure Services
B137.2 PVC Injection-Molded Gasketed Fittings for Pressure Applications
B137.3 Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe for Pressure Applications
B137.4 Polyethylene Piping Systems for Gas Services
B137.4.1 Electrofusion-Type Polyethylene Fittings for Gas Services
B137.5 Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing Systems for Pressure Applications
B137.6 CPVC Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings for Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems
B137.9 Polyethylene/Aluminum/Polyethylene Composite Pressure Pipe Systems

STANDARDXS
INDUSTRY
B137.10 Crosslinked Polyethylene/Aluminum/Crosslinked Polyethylene Composite
Pressure-Pipe Systems
B137.11 Polypropylene (PP-R) Pipe and Fittings for Pressure Applications
B137.12 Polyamide Piping Systems for Gas Services

NSF International
789 Dixboro Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

ANSI/NSF 14
Plastic Piping System Components and Related Materials

NSF Seal of Approval Listing of Plastic Materials, Pipe, Fittings and Appurtenances for
Potable Water and Waste Water (NSF Testing Laboratory) - Issued in March each year

PVC pipe-flattening test.

ANSI/NSF 61
Drinking Water System Components – Health Effects

ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959

Standard Specifications for Terminology Relating to

Plastics
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
D 2749 Standard Symbols for Dimensions of Plastic Pipe Fittings

32
 INDUSTRY STANDARDS

Standard Specifications for Plastic Materials Referenced in Plastic Pipe, Fittings, and
Cement Standards
D 1784 Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
D 2564 Solvent Cements for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems
D 2672 Joints for IPS PVC Pipe Using Solvent Cement
D 3915 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Related Plastic Pipe and Fitting Compounds for Pressure Applications
D 4396 Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds for Plastic Pipe and Fittings
Used in Nonpressure Applications
F 493 Solvent Cements for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings
F 656 Primers for Use in Solvent Cement Joints of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings

Standard Specifications for Plastic Pipe

D 1785 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
STANDARDXS

D 2241 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR Series)

INDUSTRY

D 2665 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
D 3034 Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings
D 3139 Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
D 3212 Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
F 441/F 441M Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
F 442/ F 442M Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR)
F 477 Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe
F 679 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings
F 789 Type PS-46 and Type PS-115 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe and Fittings
F 794 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
F 891 Coextruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe With a Cellular Core
F 913 Thermoplastic Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining
F 949 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth Interior and Fittings
F 1483 Oriented Poly (Vinyl Chloride), PVCO, Pressure Pipe
F 1760 Coextruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Non-Pressure Plastic Pipe Having Reprocessed-Recycled Content
F 1803 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Closed Profile Gravity Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter

Standard Specifications for Plastic Pipe Fittings

D 2464 Threaded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings Schedule 80
D 2466 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40
D 2467 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
D 2665 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste and Vent Pipe and Fittings
D 2729 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings
D 3034 Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings
F 437 Threaded Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
F 438 Socket-Type Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40
F 439 Socket-Type Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
F 679 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings
F 789 Type PS-46 and Type PS-115 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe and Fittings
F 794 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
F 949 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe With a Smooth Interior and Fittings

33
 INDUSTRY STANDARDS

F 1336 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Gasketed Sewer Fittings

F 1803 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Closed Profile Gravity Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
F 1866 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Schedule 40 Drainage and DWV Fabricated Fittings

Standard Specifications for Method of Test

D 256 Test Method for Determining the Pendulum Impact Resistance of Notched Specimens of Plastics
D 570 Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
D 635 Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Self-Supporting Plastics in a Horizontal Position
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load
D 671 Test Method for Flexural Fatigue of Plastics by Constant-Amplitude-of-Force
D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D 1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure

STANDARDXS
INDUSTRY
D 1599 Test Method for Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
D 2152 Test Method for Adequacy of Fusion of Extruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Molded Fittings by Acetone
Immersion
D 2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
D 2444 Test Method for Determination of Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight)
D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
D 3212 Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
F 610/F 610M Evaluating the Quality of Molded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Fittings by the Heat Reversion Technique

Standard Specifications for Practices

D 543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
D 2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
D 2855 Practice for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Fittings
D 4703 Practice for Compression Molding Theroplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets
F 402 Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
F 1057 Practice for Estimating the Quality of Extruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe by the Heat Reversion Technique

34
 HANDLING & STORAGE

Handling and Storage Since the soundness of any joint depends Buyer’s Acceptance
on the condition of the pipe end, care of Materials
PVC and CPVC are strong, lightweight should be taken in transit, handling and
materials, about one fifth the weight of storage to avoid damage to these ends. The person responsible for receiving the pipe
steel or cast iron. Piping made of this should always carefully inspect as much of
material is easily handled and, as a result, The impact resistance and flexibility of PVC the pipe as possible before unloading. The
there is a tendency for them to be thrown and especially CPVC pipe are reduced by receiver should look for transportation
about on the jobsite. Care should be lower temperature conditions. The impact damage such as a shift in the load, tie-down
taken in handling and storage to prevent strength for both types of piping materials straps overtightened, or signs of rough
damage to the pipe. will decrease as temperatures approach treatment.
32°F (0°C) and below. Care should be
PVC and CPVC pipe should be given taken when unloading and handling pipe in LTL (less than truckload) pipe shipments
adequate support at all times. It should cold weather. Dropping pipe from a truck that arrive in a closed trailer should be
not be stacked in large piles, especially in or forklift will cause damage. Methods and checked as soon as the trailer is opened.
warm temperature conditions, as bottom techniques normally used in warm weather Make sure that the pipe has not been
pipe may become distorted and joining may not be acceptable at the lower toploaded with metallic piping, crates,
will become difficult. temperature range. machinery or any other objects that might
crush or impact the thermoplastic pipe.
For long-term storage, pipe racks should When loading pipe onto vehicles, care
be used, providing continuous support should be taken to avoid contact with any The ends of the pipe should be visually
along the length. If this is not possible, sharp corners (i.e. angle irons, nail heads, inspected for cracks, cuts, gouges, or
timber supports of at least 3" bearing etc.), as the pipe may be damaged. heavy deformations. In some cases,
INSTALLATION

width, at spacings not greater than 3'

HANDLING &

especially for large diameter pipe 4" and

centers, should be placed beneath the While in transit, pipe should be well above, it would be advisable to inspect the
piping. If the stacks are rectangular, twice secured and supported over the entire bore of the pipes for internal cracks of
the spacing at the sides is required. Pipe length and should never project unsecured splits that may have occurred as a result of
should not be stored more than seven from the back of a trailer. loading or transportation. The use of a
layers high in racks. If different classes of
strong flashlight may be necessary to
pipe are kept in the same rack, pipe with Pipe may be off-loaded from vehicles by inspect the inside diameter beyond the
the thickest walls should always be at the rolling them gently down timbers, ensuring ends of the pipe. Any and all damages
bottom. Sharp corners on metal racks that they do not fall onto one another or should be witnessed by the truck driver
should be avoided. onto a hard, uneven surface. and clearly noted on the transportation
documentation with a copy retained by the
For temporary storage in the field when
racks are not provided, care should be receiver. The carrier and IPEX should be
taken that the ground is level and free of immediately notified of any damages or
sharp objects (i.e. loose stones, etc.). missing pipe, or items incorrectly shipped.
Pipe should be stacked to reduce move-
ment, but should not exceed three to four
layers high.

Most pipe is now supplied in crates. Care

should be taken when unloading the
crates; avoid using metal slings or wire
ropes. Crates may be stacked four high in
the field.

The above recommendations are for a

temperature of approximately 80°F. Stack
heights should be reduced if higher
temperatures are encountered, or if pipe
is nested (i.e. pipe stored inside pipe of a
larger diameter). Reduction in height
should be proportional to the total weight
of the nested pipe, compared with the
weight of pipe normally contained in such
racks.

35
 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

JOINING METHODS

Basic Principles of Penetration and softening can be achieved layer becomes tacky and then dries
Solvent Cementing by the cement itself, by a suitable primer, quickly (probably within 15 seconds). The
or by the use of both primer and cement. heavy layer will remain wet much longer.
To make consistently tight joints, the A suitable primer will usually penetrate Check for penetration a few minutes after
following points should be clearly and soften the surfaces more quickly than applying these layers by scraping them
understood: cement alone. In addition, the use of a with a knife. The thin layer will have little
primer provides a safety factor for the or no penetration, while the heavy layer
1. The joining surfaces must be softened installer. For example, in cold weather, will have more penetration.
and made semi-fluid. more time and additional applications of
the solvent are required. If the cement coatings on the pipe and
2. Sufficient cement must be applied to fill fittings are wet and fluid when assembly
the gap between pipe and fittings. Apply generous amounts of cement to fill takes place, they tend to flow together,
the loose part of the joint. In addition to becoming one cement layer. Also, if
3. Assembly of pipe and fittings must be filling the gap, adequate cement layers will the cement is set, the surfaces beneath
made while the surfaces are still wet penetrate the surfaces and remain wet until the pipe and fittings will still be soft.
and fluid. the joint is assembled. To prove this, apply These softened surfaces in the tight part
two separate layers of cement on the top of the joint will fuse together.
4. Joint strength develops as the cement surface of a piece of pipe. First, apply a
dries. In the tight part of the joint, heavy layer of cement; then beside it, a As the solvent dissipates, the cement
surfaces tend to fuse together; in the thin, brushed-out layer. Test the layers layer and the softened surfaces will

INSTALLATION
HANDLING &
loose part, the cement bonds to every 15 seconds by gently tapping with harden with a corresponding increase in
both surfaces. your finger. You will note that the thin joint strength. A good joint will withstand
THESE AREAS MUST BE SOFTENED AND PENETRATED the required working pressure long
before the joint is fully dry and final
strength is obtained. In the tight (fused)
part of the joint, strength will develop
quicker than in the looser (bonded) part
of the joint.

SOLVENT CEMENTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR PVC & CPVC PIPE & FITTINGS

Handling become extremely thick or gelled. This tightly closed when not in use, and
cement can be placed in a warm area where covered as much as possible when in use.
Solvent cements should be used as received it will soon return to its original, usable Avoid frequent contact with the skin. In
in original containers. Adding thinners to condition. However, if hardening is due to case of eye contact, flush repeatedly with
change the viscosity of cement is not actual solvent loss (when a container is left water. Keep out of the reach of children.
recommended. If cement is jelly-like and open too long during use or not sealed
not free-flowing, it should not be used. properly after use), the cement will not
Containers should be kept tightly covered return to its original condition. Cement in Cold Weather
when not in use to stop the evaporation of this condition has lost its formulation and
the solvent. should be discarded in an environmentally Although normal installation temperatures
safe manner. are between 40°F and 110°F, high
strength joints have been made at
Storage Conditions temperatures as low as –15°F with the
Safety Precautions cements listed on Page 39. However, the
Solvent cements should be stored at installer must ensure he has adequately
temperatures between 40°F and 110°F Solvent cements are extremely flammable softened the joining surfaces as outlined
away from heat or open flame. Cements and should not be used or stored near heat in the following steps 7 through 11 of this
should be used before the expiry date or open flame. In confined or partially manual. In addition, cement must be kept
stamped on the container. If new cement is enclosed areas, a ventilating device should warm to prevent excessive thickening and
subjected to freezing temperatures, it may be used to remove vapors and minimize gelation in cold weather.
inhalation. Containers should be kept
36
 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

Preparation

Use a handsaw and mitre

1. box or mechanical saw to
5.
cut squarely. A diagonal cut
reduces the bonding area
in the most effective part of
the joint.

Check pipe and fittings for fit (dry) before

cementing. For proper interference fit, the pipe
Plastic tube cutters may also
2. must go easily into the fittings one-third to three-
be used for cutting plastic quarters of the way. Too tight a fit is not desirable.
pipe. However, some cutters You must be able to fully bottom the pipe in the
produce a raised bead at the socket during assembly with cement. If the pipe
end of the pipe. This must and fittings are not out of round, a satisfactory
be removed with a file or joint can be made if there is a “net” fit, i.e. the pipe
INSTALLATION
HANDLING &

reamer, as it will wipe the bottoms in the fitting socket with no interference,
cement away when pipe is but without excess movement.
inserted into the fitting.

Use a knife, plastic pipe Use the right applicator for the size of pipe
3. 6.
deburring tool, or file to or fittings being joined: for pipe sizes 3/8"
remove burrs from the end of through 1" use the 3/4" dauber; for sizes 3/4"
small diameter pipe. Be sure through 2" the BCP-1" brush; 3/4" through 3" the
to remove all burrs from 1 1/2" dauber; 3" through 24", use a roller or
around the inside as well as paintbrush about one-half the pipe diameter being
the outside of the pipe. A cemented. It is important that the correct size
slight chamfer (bevel) of applicator be used to ensure that sufficient layers
about 10° - 15° should be of cement are applied.
added to the end to permit
easier insertion of the pipe
into the fitting. Failure to
chamfer the edge of the pipe
3/32" (2.5mm) APPROX.
may remove cement from the
fitting socket, causing the
joint to leak. For pressure
pipe systems of 2" and above,
the pipe must be end-treated
BREAK SHARP EDGES
AND REMOVE BURRS
with a 15° chamfer cut to a
10-15°
depth of approximately 3/32".

Remove dirt, grease and moisture; a thorough wipe with a clean dry cloth is
4.
usually sufficient. Moisture will retard cure, and dirt or grease can prevent
adhesion. Solvent cementing should not be attempted in the rain.

37
 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

Priming

The purpose of the primer is to penetrate and soften the pipe and fitting surfaces so
7. that they can be fused. The proper use of the primer and the checking of its
softening effect provides assurance that the surfaces are prepared for fusion in a
wide variety of conditions.

Also, always check the penetration or softening on a piece of scrap pipe before you
start the installation and if the weather changes during the installation process.
Using a knife or sharp scraper, draw the edge over the coated surface. Proper
penetration has been made if you can scrape away a few thousandths of an inch of
the primed surface. As weather conditions affect priming and cementing action,
repeated applications to one or both surfaces may be necessary. In cold weather,
more time is required for proper penetration.

8. Using the correct applicator (as outlined in step 6), apply primer freely to the
fitting socket, keeping the surface and applicator wet until the surface has been
softened. This will usually take 5–15 seconds. More time is needed for hard
surfaces and cold weather conditions. Redip the applicator in primer as required.
When the surface is primed, remove any puddles of primer from the socket of the

INSTALLATION
HANDLING &
fitting.

9. Apply the primer to the 10. A second application in the socket is

spigot end equal to the recommended if it has unusually hard
depth of the fitting socket. surfaces, often found in bell-ends and in fittings
Use the same method of made from pipe stock. They also can occur in
application used in step 8. some molded fittings.

11. Immediately, and while

surfaces are still wet, apply CAUTION
appropriate cement. The
correct cement for the job
Primers and cements are extremely flammable,
can be quickly determined
and must not be stored or used near heat or
by reading the container
open flame. Read all warnings on primer and
labels. Be sure that the
cement cans.
cement is in a fluid
NOTE: All solvent-welded PVC or CPVC
condition. If it is thicker
systems should be filled and/or flushed with
than normal or appears gel-
water immediately after installation and
like or ropey, it should not
curing to remove all flammable cement
be used.
vapors. Failure to flush a new line leaves a
dangerous potential for inadvertent ignition of
any residual cement vapors.

38
 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

Cementing

Stir the cement and apply as is, using the correct applicator (outlined
12. 17.
in step 6). Apply a thick, even layer of cement on the pipe, equal to
the depth of the socket. Flow the cement on with the applicator. DO NOT
brush it out to a thin layer which will dry in a few seconds.

13.

A joint will have a ring or bead of cement completely

around the juncture of the pipe and fitting after
assembly. If voids in this ring are present, insufficient
cement was applied and the joint may be defective.

18.
Apply a medium layer of cement to the fitting socket; avoid puddling cement in
the socket. On bell-end pipe, do not coat beyond the socket depth or allow
INSTALLATION
HANDLING &

cement to run down in the pipe beyond the bell.

Apply a second thick, even layer of cement on the pipe where a sizable
14.
gap exists between pipe and fitting. There must be more than
sufficient cement to fill any gap in the joint. Large-sized pipe and fittings may
require two or more men to apply the primer and cement, and assemble the
pipe and fitting.

Using a cloth, remove all excess cement from the pipe

and fitting, including the ring or bead, as it will
Attach the pipe to the
15. needlessly soften the pipe and fitting, and does not add
fitting without delay.
to joint strength.
Cement must be wet.
Use sufficient force to
ensure that the pipe
Handle newly assembled joints carefully until
bottoms into the fitting 19.
initial set has taken place. Recommended
socket. If possible, twist
setting time allowed before handling or moving is
the pipe one-eighth to
related to temperature.
one-quarter turn as it is
inserted.
Joint strength development is very rapid within
20.
the first 48 hours. Short cure periods are satisfac-
Hold the pipe and fitting together for a short time (5–30 seconds) to tory for high ambient temperatures with low humidity,
16.
eliminate pushout. Larger sizes with tight fits may require more time. small pipe sizes and interference-type fittings. Longer
Since the fitting sockets are made with a taper, the pipe may move back out cure periods are necessary for low temperatures, large
of the fittings just after assembly. pipe sizes, loose fits and relatively high humidity.

Notes:
1. For solvent cementing 8" and larger pipe and fittings, the following is recommended:
a. Two operators are needed, simultaneously applying primer and cement to pipe and fittings.
b. An extra-heavy, high-strength cement is recommended. It provides thicker layers and has a higher gap-filling property. It also allows slightly more open time before
assembly.
c. A mechanical device may be needed to pull the joint together. This may be as simple as a 2x4 and a bar, or another method is to use two “come-alongs” or lever
pullers. Sufficient chain with a choker strap is laid out on either side of the joint. The “come-alongs” are then laid out on either side of the joint, adjusted to the
correct length, equivalent to the insertion depth. The primer and cement are applied; the “come-alongs” are immediately hooked up, and the joint pulled together.
2. Heavy-bodied, medium-setting, high-strength cements are suitable for all schedules and classes of pipe. It is normally used for pipe sizes to 12" but may be suitable for
larger thin-walled pipe if it has an interference fit and if the gap between the pipe and fitting is not larger than 1/32".

39
 CEMENTING

Initial Set Time Cement Types

AVERAGE INITIAL SET SCHEDULE CEMENTS:
FOR PVC & CPVC SOLVENT CEMENTS* PIPE PIPE SOCKET
SIZE SCHEDULES TYPE
Temp. Pipe Size Pipe Size Pipe Size Pipe Size Pipe Size
Range 1/2"-1 1/4" 1 1/2"–2" 2 1/2"–8" 10"–15" 15"+ up to 6" PVC 40 All types
Medium-bodied fast-setting cement.
60° – 100°F 2 min. 5 min. 30 min. 2 hrs. 4 hrs.
up to 12" PVC All All types
40° – 60°F 5 min. 10 min. 2 hrs. 8 hrs. 16 hrs.
Heavy-bodied medium-setting cement for all schedules through
0° – 40°F 10 min. 15 min. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. 48 hrs. 12" diameter water lines, drain lines and DWV.

NOTE: Initial set schedule is the necessary time to allow before the joint can be carefully handled. up to 36" PVC All All types
*These figures are estimates based on our laboratory tests. Due to the many variables in the field, these Extra-heavy-bodied slow-setting cement.
figures should be used as a general guide only.

up to 12" CPVC All All types

After initial set, the joints will withstand the stresses of a normal installation. (A mis- Heavy-bodied, medium-setting cement for pressure & nonpres-
aligned installation will cause excessive stresses in the joint.) For long runs of pipe, care sure service.
should be taken not to disturb joints for 1/2 to 1 1/2 hours before handling or burying.
In damp or humid weather and chemical applications, allow a minimum of 50% more PRIMER:
set time. PIPE SIZE PIPE SCHEDULES SOCKET TYPE
All All All
Used with CPVC & PVC cements to soften and prepare joining surfaces.

INSTALLATION
HANDLING &
Joint Cure Schedule
The use of a reliable cement, correctly manufactured for
The following cure schedules may be used to determine the necessary time required industrial PVC, is critical to a good, long-lasting PVC system
after assembly before testing the system or before line pressure can be applied. and must conform to applicable ASTM standards.

RELATIVE AVERAGE JOINT CURE SCHEDULE FOR

HUMIDITY PVC & CPVC SOLVENT CEMENTS**

60% or less 1/2" – 1 1/4" 1 1/2" – 2" 2 1/2" – 8" 10" – 15" 15" +

Temp. Range
up to above 160 – up to above 160 – up to above 160 – up to up to
During Assembly
160 psi 370 psi 160 psi 315 psi 160 psi 315 psi 100 psi 100 psi
and Cure Periods

60° – 100°F 15 min. 6 hrs. 30 min. 12 hrs. 1 1/2 hrs. 24 hrs. 48 hrs. 72 hrs.

40° – 60°F 20 min. 12 hrs. 45 min. 24 hrs. 4 hrs. 48 hrs. 96 hrs. 6 days

0° – 40°F 30 min. 48 hrs. 1 hr. 96 hrs. 72 hrs. 8 days 8 days 14 days

WARNING
NOTE: Joint cure schedule is the necessary time to allow before pressurizing system. In damp or humid weather and
chemical applications, allow a minimum of 50% more cure time. • NEVER use
**These figures are estimates based on our laboratory tests. Due to the many variables in the field, these figures should compressed air or
be used as a general guide only.
gas in PVC/CPVC/
PP/PVDF pipe and
Average Number of Joints Per Quart of Cement fittings.
• NEVER test PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe
and fittings with compressed air or
Pipe Diameter 1
/2" 3
/4" 1" 11/4" 11/2" 2" 21/2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16"
gas, or air-over-water boosters.
Number of Joints 300 200 125 120 90 60 45 40 30 10 5 2-3 1-2 /4
3 1
/2 • ONLY use PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe
for water and approved chemicals.

Use of compressed air or gas in

PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings
can result in explosive failures and
cause severe injury or death.

40
 THREADING

THREADING PVC AND CPVC PIPE

Characteristics Making the Pipe Thread

Threading of PVC or CPVC pipe is only 1. Cutting and Deburring

recommended for Schedule 80. The wall
PVC or CPVC pipe should be cut square and smooth for easy and accurate threading. A miter box or
thickness is diminished at the point of
similar guide should be used when sawing is done by hand. Burrs should be removed inside and out
threading and thereby reduces the
using a knife or plastic pipe deburring tool.
maximum working pressure by 50%.
Because of this threaded pipe should not
be used in high pressure systems nor in
2. Threading
areas where a leak might endanger Threading Schedule 80 PVC and CPVC pipe can easily be accomplished using either a standard hand
personnel. Threaded joints will not pipe stock or a power operated tool. Cutting dies should be clean and sharp.
withstand constant or extreme stress and
Power threading machines should be fitted with dies having a 5° negative front rake and ground
strain and must be supported or hung
especially for plastic pipe. Self-opening die heads, and a slight chamfer to lead the dies will speed the
with this in mind. The threading of pipe
operation; however, dies should not be driven at high speeds or with heavy pressure.
sizes above 4" is not recommended.
When using a hand held cutter, the pipe should be held in a pipe vise. To prevent crushing or scoring of the
NOTE: Using threaded PVC or CPVC pipe by the vise jaws, some type of protective wrap such as canvas, emery paper, rubber, or light metal
products at or near the maximum temper- sleeve should be used. For hand stocks, the dies should have a negative front rake angle of 5° to 10°.
ature range should be avoided. Consult
PVC and CPVC is readily threaded and caution should be taken not to over-thread. This is best done in
IPEX for specific details.
INSTALLATION
HANDLING &

shop or fabricating plant. Thread dimensional specifications can be found on page 41.
Tools & Equipment
3. Preparing the Threaded Pipe
• Power Threading Machine A ring gauge should be used to check the accuracy of the threads.
• Threading Rachet and Pipe Vise (if Tolerance = ±11/2 turns.
hand pipe stock is used)
The threads should then be cleaned by brushing away cuttings and ribbons.
• Pipe Dies designed for plastic
After cleaning, apply a thread lubricant such as Teflon® tape to the threaded
• Strap Wrench
portion of the pipe. Wrap the tape around the entire length of threads beginning
• Teflon* Tape or IPEX Thread Sealant
with number two thread from the end. The tape should slightly overlap itself
• Cutting and Deburring Tool
going in the same direction as the threads. This will prevent the tape from unraveling when the fitting is
• Ring Gauge (L-1)
tightened on the pipe. Overlapping in the wrong direction and the use of too much tape can affect tolerances
*Trademark of the E.I. DuPont Company
between threads. This can generate stress in the wall of female fittings resulting in failure during operations.

4. Assembly of Threaded Joints

After applying thread lubricant, screw the threaded fitting onto the pipe. Screwed
fittings should be started carefully and hand tightened. Threads must be
properly cut and a good quality thread lubricant/tape must be used. If desired,
the joint may be tightened with a strap wrench. IN NO CASE SHOULD A
STILLSON TYPE WRENCH BE USED. The jaws of this type of wrench will scar
and damage the pipe wall. Fittings should be threaded together until hand tight
with an additional 1 to 11/2 turns more. Avoid stretching or distorting the pipe,
fittings or threads by over tightening.

NOTE:
(1) Never apply solvent cement to threaded pipe or threaded fittings. Do not allow cleaners, primers, or
solvent cements to “run” or drip into the threaded portion of the fitting.
(2) Some Teflon® pastes contain chemicals that may be harmful to the pipe and fittings. Use only IPEX
Thread Sealant.
(3) Avoid screwing metallic male threads into plastic female threads, except those that have metal
reinforcement. Consult the factory or your IPEX sales representative for the availability of these metal
reinforced fittings.

41
 DIMENSIONAL DATA

L P G
Pipe Size Depth of Thread Threads Overall Length Pitch of Thread Outside Diameter
in. in. Per in. in. in. of Pipe (in.)

American National Standard Taper

Pipe Threads (NPT)

1/8" .02963 27 .3924 .03704 .405

1/4" .04444 18 .5946 .05556 .540
3/8" .04444 18 .6006 .05556 .675

1/2" .05714 14 .7815 .07143 .840

3/4" .05714 14 .7935 .07143 1.050
1" .06957 11 1/2 .9845 .08696 1.315

1 1/4" .06957 11 1/2 1.0085 .08696 1.660

1 1/2" .06957 11 1/2 1.0252 .08696 1.900
2" .06957 11 1/2 1.0582 .08696 2.375

2 1/2" .10000 8 1.5712 .12500 2.875

3" .10000 8 1.6337 .12500 3.500

INSTALLATION
HANDLING &
3 1/2" .10000 8 1.6837 .12500 4.000

4" .10000 8 1.7337 .12500 4.500

5" .10000 8 1.8400 .12500 5.563
6" .10000 8 1.9462 .12500 6.625

L
P

30° 30° G
90°

42
 FLANGED JOINTS

Flanging Sealing
Flanging is used extensively for plastic The faces of IPEX flanges have a phonographic-grooved finish providing positive seal on
process lines that require periodic the gasket when the bolts are tightened.
dismantling. Thermoplastic flanges and
factory flanged fittings in all materials are
available in a full range of sizes and types Installation Tips
for joining to pipe by solvent welding,
threading and thermosealing as in the Once a flange is joined to pipe, the following is the method for joining two flanges together:
case with polypropylene and PVDF.
1. Make sure that all bolt holes of the matching flanges are matched. It is not necessary
Gasket seals between the flange faces to twist the flange and pipe to achieve this.
should be an elastomeric full-faced gasket 2. Insert all bolts.
with a hardness of 50 to 70 durometer A. 3. Make sure that the faces of the mating flanges are not separated by excessive distance
IPEX can provide neoprene gaskets in the prior to bolting down the flanges. Make sure bolt holes align with mating flanges.
1/2" through 24" range having a 1/8" 4. The bolts on the plastic flanges should be tightened by pulling down the nuts
thickness. For chemical environments diametrically opposite each other using a torque wrench. Complete tightening should
beyond the capabilities of neoprene, more be accomplished in stages and the final torque values in the following table should be
resistant elastomers should be used. followed for the various sizes of flanges. Uniform stress across the flange will eliminate
leaky gaskets.

Dimensions Flange Size Recommended

INSTALLATION
HANDLING &

(inches) Torque (ft.lbs.)*

Bolt circle and number of bolt holes for
the flanges are the same as 150 psi metal 1/2 – 1 1/2 15
flanges per ANSI B16.1. Threads are 2–4 30
tapered iron pipe size threads per 6–8 50
ANSI B2.1. The socket dimensions 10 70
conform to ASTM D 2467 which 12 – 24 100
describes 1/2" through 8".
*Based on using flat-faced PVC flanges, a full-faced neoprene gasket, and well-
lubricated hardware, tightened in the proper pattern and applying torque in small
increments. For raised-face flange assemblies, and PVC-to-metal flange (or other
Flanged Systems
materials), the above torque recommendations may vary.
Maximum pressure for any flanged
The following tightening pattern is suggested for the flange bolts.
system is the rating of the pipe or 150
psi. Maximum operating pressures for 1 5. If the flange is mated to a rigid
elevated temperatures are shown below. 5 8 and stationary flanged object or
a metal flange, particularly in a
3 4
Operating Maximum Operating buried situation where settling
Temp. Pressure (psi) 7 6 could occur with the plastic pipe,
°F °C PVC CPVC PP PVDF 2 the plastic flange and fitting or
valve must be supported to
100 38 150 150 150 150 eliminate potential stressing.
110 43 135 145 140 150
120 49 110 135 130 150
130 54 75 125 118 150 Caution: When thermoplastic flanges
140 60 50 110 105 150 are used with butterfly valves or
150 66 NR 100 93 140 other equipment where a full-faced
160 71 NR 90 80 133 continuous support does not exist, a
170 77 NR 80 70 125 back-up ring or fibreglass reinforce-
180 82 NR 70 50 115 ment should be used to prevent
190 88 NR 60 35 106 cracking of the flange face.
200 93 NR 50 25 97
210 99 NR 40 20 90
240 116 NR NR NR 60
280 138 NR NR NR 25
43
NR - Not Recommended
 FLANGED JOINTS

Nominal Pipe Size No. of Diameter of Bolt Length of Bolt

in. Holes in. in.

Flange Bolt Set

1/2 4 .50 1.75
3/4 4 .50 2.00
1 4 .50 2.00

1 1/4 4 .50 2.25

1 1/2 4 .50 2.50
2 4 .63 2.75

2 1/2 4 .63 3.00

3 4 .63 3.00
4 8 .63 3.25

6 8 .75 3.50
8 8 .75 4.00
10 12 .88 4.00

12 12 .88 4.50
14 12 1.00 5.00

INSTALLATION
HANDLING &
16 16 1.00 5.50

18 16 1.13 8.00
20 20 1.13 9.00
24 20 1.25 9.50

Tapered Sockets for Bell-End Pipe

Nominal A - Socket Entrance Diameter B - Socket Bottom Diameter C Socket
Pipe Tolerance Max Out-of- Tolerance Max Out-of- Length
Diameter Diameter
Size on Diameter Round on Diameter Round Min.
2 2.386 ±0.006 ±0.012 2.363 ±0.006 ±0.012 3.750
2 1/2 2.887 ±0.007 ±0.015 2.861 ±0.007 ±0.015 4.750
3 3.514 ±0.008 ±0.015 3.484 ±0.008 ±0.015 5.250
3 1/2 4.015 ±0.008 ±0.015 3.984 ±0.008 ±0.015 4.500
4 4.517 ±0.009 ±0.015 4.482 ±0.009 ±0.015 6.250
4 1/2 4.968 ±0.009 ±0.030 4.932 ±0.009 ±0.030 5.500
5 5.584 ±0.010 ±0.030 5.543 ±0.010 ±0.030 5.750
6 6.648 ±0.011 ±0.030 6.603 ±0.011 ±0.030 7.750
6 1/4 6.922 ±0.011 ±0.030 6.878 ±0.011 ±0.030 7.000
8 8.649 ±0.015 ±0.045 8.598 ±0.015 ±0.045 7.000
10 10.776 ±0.015 ±0.050 10.722 ±0.015 ±0.050 7.500
12 12.778 ±0.015 ±0.060 12.721 ±0.015 ±0.060 8.500
14 14.035 ±0.015 ±0.060 13.970 ±0.015 ±0.060 9.000
16 16.045 ±0.015 ±0.060 15.970 ±0.015 ±0.060 10.000

44
 ROLL OR CUT-GROOVED PVC PIPE

ROLL OR CUT-GROOVED PVC PIPE

IPEX PVC pipe can be roll or cut-grooved
at each end for quick connection using
mechanical couplings. It can be used in
any application where PVC pipe is accept-
able and where it is desirable to have a
means for quick assembly under adverse
conditions.

Features

• Completely reusable pressure system

which does not require threading,
solvent welding, or flanging.
• Joints are mechanically locked to
produce a secure, leak-tight
connection under pressure or vacuum.
See coupling manufacturer’s product
information for details on pressure
capabilities.
• A union at every joint allows for speed
INSTALLATION
HANDLING &

and ease of assembly and field

maintenance.
• In abrasive applications, pipe can
easily be rotated to distribute wear
evenly.
• Flexible system permits laying on
rough or uneven terrain.
• When using a gasket type coupler,
each joint will absorb some expansion
and contraction due to temperature
changes.
• Roll-grooved systems facilitate fast
add-ons, modifications, or relocation
of the pipe.

WARNING
• NEVER use compressed air or gas in PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings.
• NEVER test PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings with compressed air or
gas, or air-over-water boosters.
• ONLY use PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe for water and approved chemicals.

Use of compressed air or gas in PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings

can result in explosive failures and cause severe injury or death.

45
 ROLL OR CUT-GROOVED JOINTS

Guidelines for Roll or

Cut-Grooved Joints
with Pressurized PVC
Pipe

1. Always use a grooved coupling that is

designed and recommended for use
with PVC pipe.

2. Grooved PVC piping systems are

recommended for above ground
assemblies in the following sizes:
SCH 40 (2" - 8")
SCH 80 (2" - 12")
SDR 26 (6" - 12")
SDR 21 (4" - 12")
14", 16", 18" and 24" PVC pipe may also be
grooved. Consult an IPEX representative for detailed design considerations.

3. The grooves are normally machined or rolled in the pipe end by IPEX before
shipment. The dimensions of the groove will be as recommended by the grooved
coupling manufacturer as shown in the chart entitled Joint Dimensions on the next

INSTALLATION
HANDLING &
page.

4. The working pressure and/or test pressure in a grooved joint PVC piping system
should not exceed the recommended maximum pressures in the table on the
following page at temperatures at or below 73°F.

5. The maximum recommended operating pressures in the first table should be

multiplied by the factors in the second table when the system works at temperatures
constantly above 73°F. The maximum recommended operating temperature in
grooved-jointed PVC pipe systems is 100°F.

6. The installation of grooved-jointed PVC pipe should ensure that:

a. Thrust reaction is restrained at points of deflection or dead ends by external
supports or harnesses. Thrust forces should not be transferred to the joints by
design.
b. Straight alignment of pipe is maintained at the joints, using a suitable support
system.
c. Thermal expansion/contraction movement does not exceed .0625" per joint.

46
 GROOVED JOINTS

Maximum Pressures, psi for Temperature Derating

Grooved PVC Pipes at 73°F Factors for Grooved Joints

Size Multiply the recommended pressures at left by the

(in.) SDR 26 SDR 21 SCH 40 SCH 80 following factors when the operating temperature of
grooved PVC pipes exceed 73°F.
2 – – 100 170
2 1/2 – – 110 175 Operating Temperature
3 – – 100 160 °F °C Derating Factor
4 – 75 85 140
6 60 80 70 125 73 23 1.00
8 65 85 65 115 80 27 .90
10 70 90 – 110 90 32 .75
12 70 90 – 110 *100 38 .62

*Recommended maximum operating temperature for

A B grooved PVC piping systems.

t min D GROOVE
O.D. C. DIA DEPTH
INSTALLATION
HANDLING &

Grooved Joint Dimensions

Size A B C D*
(in.) O.D. ± .031 ± .031 Average

2 2.375 .625 .312 2.250 – .015 .062

2 1/2 2.875 .625 .312 2.720 – .018 .078
3 3.500 .625 .312 2.344 – .018 .078
4 4.500 .625 .375 4.334 – .020 .083
6 6.625 .625 .375 6.455 – .022 .085
8 8.625 .750 .437 8.441 – .025 .092
10 10.750 .750 .500 10.562 – .027 .094
12 12.750 .750 .500 12.531 – .030 .109
* Dimension is a convenient reference only. Dimension C governs.

Minimum Wall Thickness

Size t minimum t minimum t minimum t minimum

(in.) SDR 26 SDR 21 SCH 40 SCH 80

2 – – .109 .176
2 1/2 – – .147 .224
3 – – .160 .249
4 – .154 .178 .284
6 .196 .261 .223 .384
8 .273 .355 .263 .451
10 .358 .461 – .548
12 .425 .548 – .634

47
 PVC WELL CASING

IPEX PVC WELL CASING - F480

IPEX bell-end PVC well casing provides corrosion-resistant, maintenance-free protection for
well drop-pipe and submersible pumps. Its light weight facilitates installation with conventional
tools and piping techniques. It is manufactured to ASTM standards and is available throughout
North America from IPEX’s fully stocked service centers.

Features
• Meets ASTM D 1784, D 1785, D 2665, and F 480 specifications. NSF certified.
• Solvent weld joints are strong and water tight.
• Installation can be accomplished with lighter setting equipment than is required for metallic piping.
• Electrically non-conductive. Reduces job site work hazards.
• Non-toxic and non-leaching with excellent chemical resistance.
• Available in bell end 2" - 16" or plain end for threading 2" - 12".

Wall Thickness for Thermoplastic Well Casing Pipe

Nominal Outside Diameter Min. Wall Thickness
Pipe Tolerance SDR21 SCH40 SCH80
Size Average on Average Min. Min. Min.
2 2.375 ±0.006 0.113 0.154 0.218
2 1/2 2.875 ±0.007 0.137 0.203 0.276
3 3.500 ±0.008 0.167 0.216 0.300
3 1/2 4.000 ±0.008 0.190 0.226 0.318
4 4.500 ±0.009 0.214 0.237 0.337
5 5.563 ±0.010 0.265 0.258 0.375
6 6.625 ±0.011 0.316 0.280 0.432

SPECIALTY
PRODUCTS
8 8.625 ±0.015 0.410 0.322 0.500
10 10.750 ±0.015 0.511 0.365 0.593
12 12.750 ±0.015 0.606 0.406 0.687
14 14.000 ±0.020 0.667 0.437 0.750
15 15.300 ±0.020 - - -
16 16.000 ±0.020 0.762 0.500 0.843

48
 PVC EXHAUST SYSTEM DUCTING

IPEX PVC EXHAUST SYSTEM DUCTING

Features

• Extruded seamless PVC duct in all

standard diameters 6" through 24".
• For use in industrial and institutional
fume handling systems requiring high
resistance to corrosive vapors.
• Ideal for plating, metal finishing and
laboratory installations.
• Low installed cost as compared to
noncorrosive metallics.
• Light weight allows longer runs and
speeds installation with simple tools
and piping techniques.
• Low maintenance requirements over
extended service periods.

PVC Duct Availability Guide

Nominal Duct Size Average Average Average
(dia. in.) O.D. I.D. Wall Thickness
6 6.625 6.251 .187
8 8.625 8.251 .187
SPECIALTY
PRODUCTS

10 10.750 10.376 .187

12 12.750 12.376 .187
14 14.000 13.626 .187
16 16.000 15.626 .187
18 18.000 17.626 .187
20 20.000 19.500 .250
24 24.000 23.500 .250

CAUTION
(1) A significant charge of static electricity can be generated by the flow of air
through plastic duct, particularly under very dry conditions. If combustible
particles or gases are being transported, then various electrical ground
techniques must be applied. An expert in this area should be consulted during
the design phase.
(2) The need for closed-head sprinkler systems may be necessary if combustible
residues or oxidizable materials are likely to accumulate in the duct work over a
period of time.
(3) Chemical resistance and operating temperatures must be evaluated in the
same manner as for standard PVC pipe. When in doubt, consult IPEX.

49
 AIR FLOW

80
Cubic Feet of Air per Minute

SPECIALTY
PRODUCTS

Friction Loss (Inches of Water per 100 Feet)

(Based on Standard Air of 0.075 lb. per cu. ft. density flowing through average, clean,
round galvanized metal ducts having approximately 40 joints per 1000 ft.)

50
 SHORT FORM SPECIFICATIONS

XIRTEC 140
SCHEDULE 40 & 80 PVC INDUSTRIAL PIPE & FITTINGS

Scope Sample Specification

This specification sheet covers the All Xirtec 140 PVC Schedule 40 and 80
manufacturer’s requirements for PVC pipe shall conform to ASTM D 1785 and
Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 IPS sized CSA B137.3 or NSF 14. Xirtec 140
pressure pipe. This pipe meets or Schedule 40 fittings shall conform to
exceeds the industry standards set forth ASTM D 2466, Xirtec 140 Schedule 80
by the American Society for Testing and socket fittings to ASTM D 2467 and
Materials, NSF International, Standards ASTM D 2464 for threaded Schedule 80
14/61, and CSA B137.0 and is suitable fittings.
for potable water.
All Xirtec 140 fabricated PVC fittings shall
be reinforced with Fibreglass Reinforced
Plastic (FRP). PVC fittings shall be
Xirtec 140 molded or fabricated from Xirtec 140 PVC
PVC Materials (Polyvinyl Chloride) compatible with the
pipe material.
Rigid PVC (polyvinyl chloride) used in the
extrusion of Schedule 40 and 80 pipe is Only Xirtec 140 Schedule 80 PVC pipe
of Type 1, Grade 1 compound as stated in shall be threaded; the pressure rating
ASTM D 1784. Raw material used in shall be reduced by 50%. Xirtec 140
extrusion shall contain the specified Schedule 80 PVC threaded fittings
amounts of color pigment, stabilizers, and manufactured in accordance with
other additives approved by NSF ASTM D 2464 shall be used. Belled end
International. pipe socket dimensions shall conform to
ASTM D 2672 or F 480.

Dimensions All Xirtec 140 pipe, fittings and valves

shall be the product of one manufacturer,
as manufactured by IPEX (or approved
Physical dimensions and tolerances of
SPECIFICATIONS

equal).
Xirtec 140 PVC Schedule 40 and 80 pipe
meet the requirements of ASTM standard
specification D 1785. Socket dimensions
of belled end pipe meet the requirements
of ASTM D 2672 or F 480.

Marking

Xirtec 140 PVC Schedule 40 and 80 pipe

is marked as prescribed in ASTM D 1785
to indicate the manufacturer’s name or
trademark, material designation code, the
nominal pipe size, the Schedule size with
the pressure rating in PSI for water at
73°F, the ASTM designation number D
1785, and the NSF seal for potable water.

51
 SHORT FORM SPECIFICATIONS

SCHEDULE 40 & 80 CPVC INDUSTRIAL PIPE & FITTINGS

Scope CPVC Schedule 80 fittings are marked as

prescribed in ASTM F 437 and F 439 to
This specification sheet covers the indicate the manufacturer’s name or
manufacturer’s requirements for CPVC trademark, material designation, the NSF
Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 IPS sized mark, size of fitting, and ASTM designa-
pressure pipe and Schedule 80 fittings. tion F 437 (threaded) or F 439 (socket).
This pipe meets or exceeds the industry
standards set forth by the American
Society for Testing and Materials and Sample Specification
NSF International, Standards 14/61 and
CSA B137.0 and is suitable for potable All CPVC Schedule 40 and 80 pipe shall
water. conform to ASTM F 441. Schedule 80
socket fittings shall conform to
ASTM F 439 and ASTM F 437 for
threaded Schedule 80 fittings.
CPVC Materials
All fabricated CPVC fittings shall be
The compounds shall meet cell class
reinforced with Fibreglass Reinforced
23447 as defined by ASTM D 1784 and
Plastic (FRP). CPVC fittings shall be
have a design stress of 2,000 psi and a
molded or fabricated from CPVC
maximum service temperature of 210°F
(Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) compat-
for drainage. The compound shall be
ible with the pipe material.
listed by the National Sanitation
Foundation for use with potable water in
Only Schedule 80 CPVC pipe shall be
accordance with NSF Standard 14/61. The
threaded; the pressure rating shall be
color is light grey.
reduced by 50%. Schedule 80 CPVC
threaded fittings manufactured in
accordance with ASTM D 2464 shall be
Dimensions used.

Pipe shall meet or exceed the require- All pipe, valves and fittings shall be

SPECIFICATIONS
ments of ASTM F 441 in Schedule 40 and supplied by one manufacturer, as
80 dimension. manufactured by IPEX (or approved
equal).
Physical dimensions and tolerances of
CPVC Schedule IPS fittings meet the
requirements of ASTM standard specifi-
cation F 439 for socket-type fittings and
ASTM F 437 for threaded fittings.
Threaded fittings have Taper Pipe Threads
in accordance with ANSI/ASME B1.20.1.

Marking

CPVC Schedule 40 and 80 pipe is marked

as prescribed in ASTM F 441 to indicate
the manufacturer’s name or trademark,
material designation code, the nominal
pipe size, the Schedule size with the
pressure rating in PSI for water at 73°F,
the ASTM designation number F 441 and
the NSF seal for potable water.

52
 SHORT FORM SPECIFICATIONS

PVC SDR PRESSURE RATED PIPE

Scope
Dimensions (Plain
This specification sheet covers the End) Marking
manufacturer’s requirements for PVC
standard dimension ratio pressure rated PVC SDR pressure rated pipe is marked
Physical dimensions and tolerances of
pipe. This pipe meets or exceeds the as prescribed in ASTM standard D 2241
PVC SDR pressure rated pipe shall meet
industry standards set forth by the to indicate the manufacturer’s name or
the requirements of ASTM standard
American Society for Testing and trademark, material designation code, the
specification D 2241. (Available in sizes
Materials, NSF International, Standard nominal pipe size, the standard
1/2" through 48".)
14/61 and CSA B137.0 and is suitable for dimensional ratio (SDR) and/or the
potable water. pressure rating in PSI for water at 73°F,
the ASTM designation number D 2241,
Dimensions and the NSF seal for potable water.
PVC Materials (Socket End)

Physical dimensions and tolerances of Sample Specification

Rigid PVC (polyvinyl chloride) used in the
SDR pressure rated pipe sockets shall
extrusion of SDR pressure rated pipe is of
meet the requirements of ASTM standard All PVC SDR/PR 160 and 200 pipe shall
Type 1, Grade 1 compound as stated in
specification D 2672 or F 480. conform to ASTM D 2241 for plain end
ASTM D 1784 and CSA B137.3. Raw
material used in extrusion shall contain and ASTM D 2672 or F 480 for bell end.
the specified amounts of color pigment, SDR pipe and fittings shall be the product
stabilizers, and other additives approved of one manufacturer, as manufactured by
by NSF International. IPEX (or approved equal).

DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE (DWV)

Scope CSA B181.2.

Marking
This specification sheet covers the
SPECIFICATIONS

manufacturer’s requirements for PVC PVC-DWV pipe is marked as prescribed in

drain, waste, and vent pipe. This pipe ASTM D 2665 (or CSA B181.2) to indicate
meets or exceeds the industry standards the manufacturer’s name or trademark,
set forth by the American Society for the ASTM designation code number
Testing and Materials. D 2665 (or CSA B181.2), the nominal
pipe size, the material abbreviation PVC,
and the product abbreviation DWV spaced
along the entire pipe length at not more
PVC Materials
than two (2) foot intervals.

Rigid PVC (polyvinyl chloride) used in the

extrusion of DWV pipe is of Type 1, Grade
1 compound. Specifications for this
Sample Specification
material can be found in ASTM D 1784.
All PVC-DWV pipe shall conform to
ASTM D 2665 or CSA B181.2 and shall
be the product of one manufacturer, as
Dimensions manufactured by IPEX (or approved
equal).
Physical dimensions and tolerances of
PVC-DWV pipe meet the requirements of
ASTM standard specification D 2665 or

53
 SHORT FORM SPECIFICATIONS

Joining Installation A Note Regarding

Testing
The PVC & CPVC pipe and socketed Pipe and fittings shall be installed in such
fittings shall be joined by use of solvent- a manner to permit movement resulting • The water-testing requirements on any
based cements manufactured in from thermal expansion or contraction. complete piping system vary dramatically
accordance with ASTM D 2564. Where pipe is not free to move, expansion depending on the operating pressure,
loops, offsets, or expansion joints shall be temperature, installation conditions,
Ends of pipe shall be cut square; pipe and used. jointing method and the proposed service
sockets of fittings cleaned; all dirt, grease medium. If the testing is not determined
and glossy finish removed. Where short offsets are made in the pipe
by the engineer or governed by
run to clear obstructions, the pipe shall be
regulatory code, the manufacturer should
Joints shall be made in accordance with securely anchored on both sides of the
be contacted.
the pipe manufacturer’s recommendations fittings to prevent stress on the joints and
and conform to the recommended practice fittings caused by thermal expansion and
• Air or compressed gas shall never be
for making solvent-cemented joints contraction.
used for pressure testing rigid
described in ASTM D 2855. The ends of
thermoplastic piping systems.
pipe and sockets of fittings shall be Where there are insufficient offsets to
prepared with an approved pipe primer accommodate thermal expansion and
• NOTE: Solvent weld joint pressure piping
and coated with an approved solvent contraction on long runs of pipe, and
where there is not adequate space for shall have a minimum cover of 24" in
cement and pushed together. Where
piping is to be joined to other materials or expansion loops, mechanical expansion areas of heavy vehicular traffic. For
fittings, suitable socketed adapters shall joints compatible with the fluid being drainage pipe or gasketed joint pipe of
be used. Where Victaulic®, Dresser®, carried shall be used. DR35 or thicker, 12" is a suitable
Viking Johnson® or other connections are minimum cover.
used, the manufacturer’s recommendations Standard pipe hangers and supports
shall be strictly adhered to. having a broad surface at the bearing
point of the pipe and free of sharp edges
Primer/Solvent Cement: All socket type in contact with the pipe shall be used.
joints shall be made using primers and The spacing of hangers shall be in
solvent cements that meet or exceed the accordance with the pipe manufacturer ’s
requirements of ASTM F 656 and ASTM recommendations.
F 493 respectively. The standard practice
for safe handling of primer and cement All valves and equipment shall be
shall be in accordance with ASTM F 402. supported independent of the pipe. Valves
Both primer and cement shall conform shall be anchored to prevent the turning

SPECIFICATIONS
to the requirements of NSF Standard 14. moment resulting from their operation
Only CPVC primer and solvent cement from being transmitted to the pipe.
shall be used when making CPVC
solvent cement joints. Vertical risers shall be supported below
the fitting shoulder at each 20' length. Pipe
passing through walls, floors or partitions
shall be sleeved and not securely anchored
at these points.

WARNING
• NEVER use compressed air or gas in PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings.
• NEVER test PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings with compressed air or
gas, or air-over-water boosters.
• ONLY use PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe for water and approved chemicals.

Use of compressed air or gas in PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings can

result in explosive failures and cause severe injury or death.

54
 TANK CAPACITY

Tank Capacity Data (No. of U.S. gallons in round tank for one foot in depth)
Diameter Capacity Cu. Ft. Diameter Capacity Cu. Ft. Diameter Capacity Diameter Capacity
of Tank U.S. & Area of Tank U.S. & Area of Tank U.S. of Tank U.S.
Ft. Ins. Gallons Sq. Ft. Ft. Ins. Gallons Sq. Ft. Ft. Ins. Gallons Ft. Ins. Gallons

1 0 5.87 .785 4 0 94.00 12.566 9 0 475.89 18 0 1,903.60

1 1 6.89 .922 4 1 97.96 13.095 9 3 502.70 18 3 1,956.80
1 2 8.00 1.069 4 2 102.00 13.635 9 6 530.24 18 6 2,010.80
1 3 9.18 1.227 4 3 106.12 14.186 9 9 558.51 18 9 2,065.50
1 4 10.44 1.396 4 4 110.32 14.748 10 0 587.52 19 0 2,120.90
1 5 11.79 1.576 4 5 114.61 15.321 10 3 617.26 19 3 2,177.10
1 6 13.22 1.767 4 6 118.97 15.90 10 6 647.74 19 6 2,234.00
1 7 14.73 1.969 4 7 123.42 16.60 10 9 678.95 19 9 2,291.70
1 8 16.32 2.182 4 8 127.95 17.10 11 0 710.90 20 0 2,350.10
1 9 17.99 2.405 4 9 132.56 17.72 11 3 743.58 20 3 2,409.20
1 10 19.75 2.640 4 10 138.25 18.35 11 6 776.99 20 6 2,469.10
1 11 21.58 2.885 4 11 142.02 18.99 11 9 811.14 20 9 2,529.60
2 0 23.50 3.142 5 0 146.88 19.63 12 0 846.03 21 0 2,591.00
2 1 25.50 3.409 5 1 151.82 20.29 12 3 881.65 21 3 2,653.00
2 2 27.58 3.687 5 2 156.83 20.97 12 6 918.00 21 6 2,715.80
2 3 29.74 3.975 5 3 161.93 21.65 12 9 955.09 21 9 2,779.30
2 4 31.99 4.276 5 4 167.12 22.34 13 0 992.91 22 0 2,843.60
2 5 34.31 4.587 5 5 172.38 23.04 13 3 1,031.50 22 3 2,908.60
2 6 36.72 4.909 5 6 177.72 23.76 13 6 1,070.80 22 6 2,974.30
2 7 39.21 5.241 5 7 183.15 24.48 13 9 1,110.80 22 9 3,040.80
2 8 41.78 5.585 5 8 188.66 25.22 14 0 1,151.50 23 0 3,108.00
2 9 44.43 5.940 5 9 194.25 25.97 14 3 1,193.00 23 3 3,175.90
2 10 47.16 6.305 5 10 199.92 26.73 14 6 1,235.30 23 6 3,244.60
2 11 49.98 6.681 5 11 205.67 27.49 14 9 1,278.20 23 9 3,314.00
3 0 52.88 7.069 6 0 211.51 28.27 15 0 1,321.90 24 0 3,384.10
3 1 55.86 7.467 6 3 229.50 30.68 15 3 1,366.40 24 3 3,455.00
3 2 58.92 7.876 6 6 248.23 33.18 15 6 1,411.50 24 6 3,526.60
3 3 62.06 8.296 6 9 267.69 35.78 15 9 1,457.40 24 9 3,597.90
3 4 65.28 8.727 7 0 287.88 38.48 16 0 1,504.10 25 0 3,672.00
3 5 68.58 9.168 7 3 308.81 41.28 16 3 1,551.40 25 3 3,745.80
3 6 71.97 9.621 7 6 330.48 44.18 16 6 1,599.50 25 6 3,820.30
3 7 75.44 10.085 7 9 352.88 47.17 16 9 1,648.40 25 9 3,895.60
3 8 78.99 10.559 8 0 376.01 50.27 17 0 1,697.90 26 0 3,971.60
3 9 82.62 11.045 8 3 399.88 53.46 17 3 1,748.20 26 3 4,048.40
3 10 86.33 11.541 8 6 421.48 56.75 17 6 1,799.30 26 6 4,125.90
3 11 90.13 12.048 8 9 449.82 60.13 17 9 1,851.10 26 9 4,204.10
SPECIFICATIONS

U.S. Gallons in Rectangular Tanks –

per one foot in depth Length of Tank
2' 2'6" 3' 3'6" 4' 4'6" 5' 5'6" 6' 6'6" 7' 7'6" 8' 8'6" 9' 9'6" 10' 10'6" 11' 11'6" 12'
2' 30 37 45 52 60 67 75 82 90 97 105 112 120 127 135 142 150 157 165 172 180
2'6" 47 56 65 75 84 94 103 112 122 131 140 150 159 168 178 187 196 206 215 224
3' 67 79 90 101 112 123 135 146 157 168 180 191 202 213 224 236 247 258 269
3'6" 92 105 118 131 144 157 170 183 196 209 223 236 249 262 275 288 301 314
4' 120 135 150 165 180 194 209 224 239 254 269 284 299 314 329 344 359
4'6" 151 168 185 202 219 236 252 269 286 303 320 337 353 370 387 404
5' 187 206 224 243 262 281 299 318 337 355 374 393 411 430 449
5'6" 226 247 267 288 309 329 350 370 391 411 432 453 473 494
6' 269 292 314 337 359 381 404 426 449 471 494 516 539
6'6" 316 340 365 389 413 438 462 486 511 535 559 583
7' 367 393 419 445 471 497 524 550 576 602 628
7'6" 421 449 477 505 533 561 589 617 645 673
8' 479 509 539 568 598 628 658 688 718
8'6" 540 572 604 636 668 699 731 763
9' 606 640 673 707 741 774 808
9'6" 675 711 746 782 817 853
10' 748 785 823 860 898
10'6" 825 864 903 942
11' 905 946 987
11'6" 989 1,032
12' 1,077
55
 CONVERSION CHARTS

CONTENTS OF PIPE
Capacities in Cubic Feet and in United States Gallons (231 Cubic Inches) per Foot of Length
For 1 Foot Length For 1 Foot Length For 1 Foot Length
Dia. Dia. ft.3 U.S. Gal. Dia. Dia. ft.3 U.S. Gal. Dia. Dia. ft.3 U.S. Gal.
in. ft. Also Area (231 in.3) in. ft. Also Area (231 in.3) in. ft. Also Area (231 in.3)
in. ft.2 in. ft.2 in. ft.2
1
/4 .0208 .0003 .0026 4 1/4 .3542 .0985 .7370 10 1/2 .8750 .6013 4.498
5
/16 .0260 .0005 .0040 4 1/2 .3750 .1105 .8263 10 3/4 .8958 .6303 4.714
3
/8 .0313 .0008 .0057 4 3/4 .3958 .1231 .9205 11 .9167 .6600 4.937
7
/16 .0365 .0010 .0078 5 .4167 .1364 1.020 11 1/4 .9375 .6903 5.163
1
/2 .0417 .0014 .0102 5 1/4 .4375 .1503 1.124 11 1/2 .9583 .7213 5.395
9
/16 .0469 .0017 .0129 5 1/2 .4583 .1650 1.234 11 3/4 .9792 .7530 5.633
5
/8 .0521 .0021 .0159 5 3/4 .4792 .1803 1.349 12 1.000 .7854 5.876
11
/16 .0573 .0026 .0193 6 .5000 .1963 1.469 12 1/2 1.042 .8523 6.375
3
/4 .0625 .0031 .0230 6 1/4 .5208 .2130 1.594 13 1.083 .9218 6.895
13
/16 .0677 .0036 .0270 6 1/2 .5417 .2305 1.724 13 1/2 1.125 .9940 7.435
7
/8 .0729 .0042 .0312 6 3/4 .5625 .2485 1.859 14 1.167 1.069 7.997
15
/16 .0781 .0048 .0359 7 .5833 .2673 1.999 14 1/2 1.208 1.147 8.578
1 .0833 .0055 .0408 7 1/4 .6042 .2868 2.144 15 1.250 1.227 9.180
1 1/4 .1042 .0085 .0638 7 1/2 .6250 .3068 2.295 15 1/2 1.292 1.310 9.801
1 1/2 .1250 .0123 .0918 7 3/4 .6458 .3275 2.450 16 1.333 1.396 10.440
1 3/4 .1458 .0168 .1250 8 .6667 .3490 2.611 16 1/2 1.375 1.485 11.110
2 .1667 .0218 .1632 8 1/4 .6875 .3713 2.777
2 1/4 .1875 .0276 .2066 8 1/2 .7083 .3940 2.948
2 1/2 .2083 .0341 .2550 8 3/4 .7292 .4175 3.125
2 3/4 .2292 .0413 .3085 9 .7500 .4418 3.305
3 .2500 .0491 .3673 9 1/4 .7708 .4668 3.492
3 1/4 .2708 .0576 .4310 9 1/2 .7917 .4923 3.682
3 1/2 .2917 .0668 .4998 9 3/4 .8125 .5185 3.879
3 3/4 .3125 .0767 .5738 10 .8333 .5455 4.081
4 .3333 .0873 .6528 10 1/4 .8542 .5730 4.286

Volume Capacity or Flow

2
Volume of a pipe is computed by: V = ID x p x L x 3 1 U.S. gallon per minute (gpm) 0.134 cfm
......500 lb. per hr. x sp. gr.
Where: V = volume (in cubic inches) ......500 lb. per hr. 1 gpm ÷ sp. gr.
ID = inside diameter (in inches) 1 cu. ft. per minute (cfm) ......449 gph

CONVERSIONS &
p = 3.14159 1 cu. ft. per second (cfs) .......449 gpm

FORMULAS
L = length of pipe (in feet) 1 acre foot per day ................227 gpm
1 acre inch per hour ..............454 gpm
Weight 1 cubic meter per minute ......264.2 gpm
1,000,000 gal. per day...........595 gpm
1 U.S. gallon @ 50°F ............. 8.33 lbs. x sp. gr. Brake H.P. = (gpm) (total head in ft.) (specific gravity)
1 cubic foot ........................... 62.35 lbs. x sp. gr. (3960) (pump eff.)
.............................................. 7.48 U.S. gal.
1 cu. ft. of water @ 50°F........ 62.41 lbs.
1 cu. ft. of water @ 39.2°F..... 62.43 lbs.
(39.2°F is water temp. at its greatest density)
1 kilogram ............................. 2.2 lbs.
1 imperial gallon of water ...... 10.0 lbs.
1 pound ................................. 12 U.S. gal ÷ sp. gr.
.............................................. .016 cu. ft. ÷ sp. gr.

56
 CONVERSIONS &
FORMULAS
57

PRESSURE CONVERSION
BY FACTOR TO OBTAIN
in.H20 cmH20 in. Hg mm Hg (Torr) dyne/cm2 newton/m2 ft.H20
Given lb./in.2 kgm/cm2 bar atm. (An) lb./ft.2
(at +39.2°F) (at +4°C) (at +32°F) (at 0°C) (1m bar) (PASCAL) (at +39.2°F)
lb./in.2 1.000 2.7680x101 7.0308x101 2.0360 5.1715x101 6.8948x104 6.8948x103 7.0306x10-2 6.8947x10-2 6.8045x10-2 1.4400x102 2.3067

in.H20 3.6127x10-2 1.0000 2.5400 7.3554x10-2 1.8683 2.49808x103 2.4908x102 2.5399x10-3 2.4908x10-3 2.4582x10-3 5.2022 8.3333x10-2
(at +39.2°F)
cm H20 1.4223x10-2 0.3937 1.0000 2.8958x10-2 0.7355 9.8064x102 9.8064x101 9.9997x10-4 9.8064x10-4 9.6781x10-4 2.0481 3.2808x10-2
(at +4°C)
in. Hg
(at +32°F) 4.9116x10
-1
1.3596x101 3.4532x101 1.0000 2.5400x101 3.3864x104 3.3864x103 3.4532x10-2 3.3864x10-2 3.3421x10-2 7.0727x101 1.1330

mm Hg (Torr) 1.9337x10-2 5.3525x10-1 1.3595 3.9370x10-2 1.0000 1.3332x103 1.3332x102 1.3595x10-3 1.3332x10-3 1.3158x10-3 2.7845 4.4605x10-2
(at 0°C)
dyne/cm2
1.4504x105 4.0147x10-4 1.0197x10-3 2.9530x10-5 7.5006x10-4 1.0000 1.0000x10-1 1.0197x10-6 1.0000x10-6 9.8692x10-7 2.0886x10-3 3.3456x10-5
MULTIPLY GIVEN NUMBER OF

(1m bar)
newton/m2
1.4504x10-4 4.0147x10-3 1.0197x10-2 2.9530x10-4 7.5006x10-3 1.0000x101 1.0000 1.0197x10-5 1.0000x10-5 9.8692x10-6 2.0885x10-2 3.3456x10-4
(PASCAL)

kgm/cm2 1.4224x101 3.9371x102 1.00003x103 2.8959x101 7.3556x102 9.8060x105 9.8060x104 1.0000 9.8060x10-1 9.678x10-1 2.0482x103 3.2809x101

CONVERSION CHARTS
bar 1.4504x101 4.0147x102 1.0197x103 2.9530x101 7.5006x102 1.0000x106 1.0000x105 1.0197 1.0000 9.8692x10-1 2.0885x103 3.3456x101

atm. (An) 1.4696x101 4.0679x102 1.0333x103 2.9921x101 7.6000x102 1.0133x106 1.0133x105 1.0332 1.0113 1.0000 2.1162x103 3.3900x101

lb./ft.2 6.9445x10-3 1.9223x10-1 4.882x10-1 1.4139x10-2 3.591x10-1 4.7880x102 4.7880x101 4.8824x10-4 4.7880x10-4 4.7254x10-4 1.0000 1.6019x10-2
ft. H20
(at +39.2°F) 4.3352x10
-1
1.2000x101 3.0480x101 8.826x10-1 2.2419x101 2.9890x104 2.9890x103 3.0479x10-2 2.9890x10-2 2.9499x10-2 6.2427x101 1.0000

DECIMAL AND MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS

Inches Milli- Inches Milli- Inches Milli- Inches Milli-
Fractions Decimals meters Fractions Decimals meters Fractions Decimals meters Fractions Decimals meters
1/64 .015625 .397 17/64 .265625 6.747 33/64 .515625 13.097 49/64 .765625 19.447
1/32 .03125 .794 9/32 .28125 7.144 17/32 .53125 13.494 25/32 .78125 19.844
3/64 .046875 1.191 19/64 .296875 7.541 35/64 .546875 13.891 51/64 .796875 20.241
1/16 .0625 1.588 5/16 .3125 7.938 9/16 .5625 14.288 13/16 .8125 20.638
5/64 .078125 1.984 21/64 .328125 8.334 37/64 .578125 14.684 53/64 .828125 21.034
3/32 .09375 2.381 11/32 .34375 8.731 19/32 .59375 15.081 27/32 .83475 21.431
7/64 .109375 2.778 23/64 .359375 9.128 39/64 .609375 15.478 55/64 .859375 21.828
1/8 .125 3.175 3/8 .375 9.525 5/8 .625 15.875 7/8 .875 22.225
9/64 .140625 3.572 25/64 .390625 9.922 41/64 .640625 16.272 57/64 .890625 22.622
5/32 .15625 3.969 13/32 .40625 10.319 21/32 .65625 16.669 29/32 .90625 23.019
11/64 .171875 4.366 27/64 .421875 10.716 43/64 .671875 17.066 59/64 .921875 23.416
3/16 .1875 4.763 7/16 .4375 11.113 11/16 .6875 17.463 15/16 .9375 23.813
13/64 .203125 5.159 29/64 .453125 11.509 45/64 .703125 17.859 61/64 .953125 24.209
7/32 .21875 5.556 15/32 .46875 11.906 23/32 .71875 18.256 31/32 .96875 24.606
15/64 .23475 5.953 31/64 .484375 12.303 47/64 .734375 18.653 63/64 .984375 25.003
1/4 .250 6.350 1/2 .500 12.700 3/4 .750 19.050 1 1.000 25.400
 CONVERSION CHARTS

Units of Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Length in. ft. yd. mile mm cm m km
1 inch 1 0.0833 0.0278 - 25.4 2.540 0.0254 -
1 foot 12 1 0.3333 - 304.8 30.48 0.3048 -
1 yard 36 3 1 - 914.4 91.44 0.9144 -
1 mile - 5280 1760 1 - - 1609.3 1.609
1 millimeter 0.0394 0.0033 - - 1 0.100 0.001 -
1 centimeter 0.3937 0.0328 0.0109 - 10 1 0.01 -
1 meter 39.37 3.281 1.094 - 1000 100 1 0.001
1 kilometer - 3281 1094 0.6214 - - 1000 1
(1 micron = 0.001 millimeter)

Units of Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Weight grain oz. lb. ton gram kg metric ton
1 grain 1 - - - 0.0648 - -
1 ounce 437.5 1 0.0625 - 28.35 0.0283 -
1 pound 7000 16 1 0.0005 453.6 0.4536 -
1 ton - 32,000 2000 1 - 907.2 0.9072
1 gram 15.43 0.0353 - - 1 0.001 -
1 kilogram - 35.27 2.205 - 1000 1 0.001
1 metric ton - 35,274 2205 1.1023 - 1000 1

Units of Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Density lb./in.3 lb./ft.3 lb./gal. g/cm3 g/liter
1 pound/in.3 1 1728 231.0 27.68 27,680
1 pound/ft.3 - 1 0.1337 0.0160 16.019
1 pound/gal. 0.00433 7.481 1 0.1198 119.83
1 gram/cm3 0.0361 62.43 8.345 1 1000.0
1 gram/liter - 0.0624 0.00835 0.001 1

Units of Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Area in.2 ft.2 acre mile2 cm2 m2 hectare
1 inch2 1 0.0069 - - 6.452 - -
1 foot2 144 1 - - 929.0 0.0929 -
1 acre - 43,560 1 0.0016 - 4047 0.4047
1 mile2 - - 640 1 - - 259.0

CONVERSIONS &
FORMULAS
1 centimeter2 0.1550 - - - 1 0.0001 -
1 meter2 1550 10.76 - - 10,000 1 -
1 hectare - - 2.471 - - 10,000 1

Units of Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Volume in.3 ft.3 yd.3 cm.3 meter3 liter U.S. gal. Imp. gal.
1 inch3 1 - - 16.387 - 0.0164 - -
1 foot3 1728 1 0.0370 28,317 0.0283 28.32 7.481 6.229
1 yard3 46,656 27 1 - 0.7646 764.5 202.0 168.2
1 centimeter3 0.0610 - - 1 - 0.0010 - -
1 meter3 61,023 35.31 1.308 1,000,000 1 999.97 264.2 220.0
1 liter 61.025 0.0353 - 1000.028 0.0010 1 0.2642 0.2200
1 U.S. gallon 231 0.1337 - 3785.4 - 3.785 1 0.8327
1 Imp. gallon 277.4 0.1605 - 4546.1 - 4.546 1.201 1

58
 CONVERSION CHARTS

Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Units of
mm Hg in. Hg ft. water
Pressure lbs./in.2 lb./ft.2 Int. etc. kg/cm2 kPa
at 32°F at 32°F at 39.2°F
lb./in.2 1 144 - 0.0703 51.713 2.0359 2.307 6.894
lb./ft.2 0.00694 1 - - 0.3591 0.01414 0.01602 0.04788
Int. etc. 14.696 2116.2 1 1.0333 760 29.921 33.90 -
kg/cm2 14.223 2048.1 0.9678 1 735.56 28.958 32.81 98.066
mm Hg 0.0193 2.785 - - 1 0.0394 0.0446 0.1333
in Hg 0.4912 70.73 0.0334 0.0345 25.400 1 1.133 3.386
ft H20 0.4335 62.42 - 0.0305 22.418 0.8826 1 2.988
kPa 0.00145 20.89 - 0.010169 7.5006 0.2953 0.3346 1

Units of Multiply units in left column by proper

- factor below
Energy ft.-lb. BTU g. cal. Joule kw-hr. hp-hr.
1 foot-pound 1 0.001285 0.3240 1.3556 - -
1 BTU 778.2 1 252.16 1054.9 - -
1 gram calorie 3.0860 0.003966 1 4.1833 - -
1 Int. Joule 0.7377 0.000948 0.2390 1 - -
1 Int. kilowatt-hour 2,655,656 3412.8 860,563 - 1 1.3412
1 horsepower-hour 1,980,000 2544.5 641,617 - 0.7456 1

Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Units of
Absolute Int.
Specific Pressure cal/g Int. cal/g BTU/lb.
Joule/g Joule/g
1 absolute Joule/gram 1 0.99984 0.23901 0.23885 0.42993
1 Int. Joule/gram 1.000165 1 0.23904 0.23892 0.43000
1 calorie/gram 4.1840 4.1833 1 0.99935 1.7988
1 int. calorie/gram 4.1867 4.1860 1.00065 1 1.8000
1 BTU/lb. 2.3260 2.3256 0.55592 0.55556 1

Units of Power Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

(rates of energy use) hp watt kw BTU/min. ft.-lb./sec. ft.-lb./min. g. cal/sec. metric hp
1 horsepower 1 75.7 0.7475 42.41 550 33.000 178.2 1.014
1 watt - 1 0.001 0.0569 0.7376 44.25 0.2390 0.00136
1 kilowatt 1.3410 1000 1 56.88 737.6 44,254 239.0 1.360
1 BTU per minute - - - 1 12.97 778.2 4.203 0.0239
CONVERSIONS &

1 metric hp 0.9863 735.5 0.7355 41.83 542.5 32.550 175.7 1

FORMULAS

Multiply units in left column by proper factor below

Units of
BTU (IT) BTU (IT) ton (U.S.) ton (Brit.)
Refrigeration kg cal/hr. Frigorie/hr.
/min. /hr. comm comm
1 ton (U.S.) comm 200 12,000 3025.9 1 0.8965 3025.9
1 ton (Brit.) comm 223.08 13,385 3375.2 1.1154 1 3375.2
1 frigorie/hr. 0.06609 3.9657 1 0.0003305 0.0002963 1

NOTE: BTU is International Steam Table BTU (IT).

1 frigorie = 1 kg cal. (IT)

59
 CONVERSION CHARTS

Temperature Conversion
°F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C
-459.4 -273 1 -17.2 61 16.1 300 149 900 482
-450 -268 2 -16.7 62 16.7 310 154 910 488
-440 -262 3 -16.1 63 17.2 320 160 920 493
-430 -257 4 -15.6 64 17.8 330 166 930 499
-420 -251 5 -15.0 65 18.3 340 171 940 504
-410 -246 6 -14.4 66 18.9 350 177 950 510
-400 -240 7 -13.9 67 19.4 360 182 960 516
-390 -234 8 -13.3 68 20.0 370 188 970 521
-380 -229 9 -12.8 69 20.6 380 193 980 527
-370 -223 10 -12.2 70 21.1 390 199 990 532
-360 -218 11 -11.7 71 21.7 400 204 1000 538
-350 -212 12 -11.1 72 22.2 410 210 1020 549
-340 -207 13 -10.6 73 22.8 420 215 1040 560
-330 -201 14 -10.0 74 23.3 430 221 1060 571
-320 -196 15 -9.4 75 23.9 440 227 1080 582
-310 -190 16 -8.9 76 24.4 450 232 1100 593
-300 -184 17 -8.3 77 25.0 460 238 1120 604
-290 -179 18 -7.8 78 25.6 470 243 1140 616
-280 -173 19 -7.2 79 26.1 480 249 1160 627
-273 -169 20 -6.7 80 26.7 490 254 1180 638
-270 -168 21 -6.1 81 27.2 500 260 1200 649
-260 -162 22 -5.6 82 27.8 510 266 1220 660
-250 -157 23 -5.0 83 28.3 520 271 1240 671
-240 -151 24 -4.4 84 28.9 530 277 1260 682
-230 -146 25 -3.9 85 29.4 540 282 1280 693
-220 -140 26 -3.3 86 30.0 550 288 1300 704
-210 -134 27 -2.8 87 30.6 560 293 1350 732
-200 -129 28 -2.2 88 31.1 570 299 1400 760
-190 -123 29 -1.7 89 31.7 580 304 1450 788
-180 -118 30 -1.1 90 32.2 590 310 1500 816
-170 -112 31 -0.6 91 32.8 600 316 1550 843
-160 -107 32 0.0 92 33.3 610 321 1600 871
-150 -101 33 0.6 93 33.9 620 327 1650 899
-140 -96 34 1.1 94 34.4 630 332 1700 927
-130 -90 35 1.7 95 35.0 640 338 1750 954
-120 -84 36 2.2 96 35.6 650 343 1800 982
-110 -79 37 2.8 97 36.1 660 349 1850 1010
-100 -73 38 3.3 98 36.7 670 354 1900 1038
-90 -68 39 3.9 99 37.2 680 360 1950 1066
-80 -62 40 4.4 100 37.8 690 366 2000 1093
-70 -57 41 5.0 110 43 700 371 2050 1121
-60 -51 42 5.6 120 49 710 377 2100 1149
-50 -46 43 6.1 130 54 720 382 2150 1177
-40 -40 44 6.7 140 60 730 388 2200 1204
-30 -34 45 7.2 150 66 740 393 2250 1232

CONVERSIONS &
-20 -29 46 7.8 160 71 750 399 2300 1260

FORMULAS
-10 -23 47 8.3 170 77 760 404 2350 1288
0 -17.8 48 8.9 180 82 770 410 2400 1316
49 9.4 190 88 780 416 2450 1343
50 10.0 200 92 790 421 2500 1371
51 10.6 210 99 800 427 2550 1399
52 11.1 212 100 810 432 2600 1427
53 11.7 220 104 820 438 2650 1454
54 12.2 230 110 830 443 2700 1482
55 12.8 240 116 840 449 2750 1510
56 13.3 250 121 850 454 2800 1538
57 13.9 260 127 860 460 2850 1566
58 14.4 270 132 870 466 2900 1593
59 15.0 280 138 880 471 2950 1621
60 15.6 290 143 890 477 3000 1649

The following formulas may also be used for converting Centigrade or Fahrenheit degrees into the other scales.

Degrees Cent. 5 (°F - 32)

°C = __ Degrees Fahr. 9 °C + 32
°F = __
9 5
60
Degrees Kelvin °T = °C + 273.2 Degrees Rankine °R = °F + 459.7
 FORMULAS

Circle Trapezoid L1
Elliptical Tanks
Circumference = pD = 2pR L1 + L2
A=Hx H V = 3.142 x A x B x H
Area = pR2 2
L2 A = 6.282 x A2 + B2
Length of Arc, S = Ø R 2
Length of Cord, C = 2 R sine (Ø / 2) Triangle x H + 6.283 x A x B
Area of Sector = (R S) / 2
A=WxH
Ø = Angle in Radians Sphere
2
A = 12.56 x R x R
Quadratic Equation Circle V = 4.188 x R x R x R
x = –b ± b2 – 4ac
A = 3.142 x R x R
2a C For above containers:
C = 3.142 x D
ax2 = bx = c = 0 Capacity in gallons = V
R=D D

2 231
Trig Functions D=2xR
R
when V is in cubic inches.
sine Ø = O / H Capacity in gallons = 7.48 x V
cosine Ø = A / H when V is in cubic feet.
Sector of Circle
tan Ø = O / A
A = 3.142 x R x R x µ
360
Pressure Rating L = .01745 x R x µ
2S = OD – T 2S = ID + T µ= L
∝
P T P T .01745 x R
R= L
S = Design Stress .01745 x µ
T = Minimum Wall thickness
P = Pressure Rating Ellipse
A = 3.142 x A x B
Pipe Stiffness C= 3.142 2 (A2 + B2)
E
PS = 4.47 x
(SDR - 1)3
Rectangular Solid
E = Tensile Modulus, psi A = 2 [W x L + L
x H + H x W]
Moment of Inertia V=WxLxH
(pipe)
= (p / 64) x (OD4 – ID4) Cone
A = 3.142 x R x S
Pipe Weight (kg/m) + 3.142 x R x R
H

= (OD – T) x T x 0.003134 x SG V = 1.047 x R x R x H

= (ID + T) x T x 0.003134 x SG
CONVERSIONS &

OD & ID are average dimensions, mm Cylinder

FORMULAS

T = Average Wall Thickness, mm A = 6.283 x R x H

SG = Specific Gravity @ 73°F + 6.283 x R x R
V = 3.142 x R x R x H

FLOW COEFFICIENTS BENDING MOMENT OR

CONVERSION FACTORS TORQUE

TO Cv Kv Kv100 f Av To Convert From To Multiply By

FROM MULTIPLY BY dyne-centimeter newton-meter (N•m) 1.000 000 x 10-7
kilogram-force-meter newton-meter (N•m) 9.806 650
Cv 1 0.865 14.28 0.84 24 x 10-6
ounce-force-inch newton-meter (N•m) 7.061 552 x 10-3
Kv 1.156 1 16.50 0.96 28 x 10-6
pound-force-inch newton-meter (N•m) 1.129 848 x 10-1
Kv100 0.07 0.06 1 0.068 1.68 x 10-6 pound-force-foot newton-meter (N•m) 1.355 818
F 1.2 1.038 17.13 1 29 x 10-5
Av 41.67 x 103 35.72 x 103 59.52 x 103 34.5 x 103 1

61
 GLOSSARY

Glossary

Acceptance test An investigation performed on an individual lot of a previously qualified product, by, or under the observation
of, the purchaser to establish conformity with a purchase agreement.
Acetal plastics Plastics based on resins having a predominance of ether linkages in the main chain.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) pipe and fitting plastics
Plastics containing polymers and/or blends of polymers, in which the minimum butadiene content is 6 percent,
the minimum acrylonitrile content is 15 percent, the minimum styrene and/or substituted styrene content is 15
percent, and the maximum content of all other monomers is not more than 5 percent, and lubricants, stabilizers
and colorants.
Adhesive A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.
Adhesive, solvent An adhesive having a volatile organic liquid as a vehicle. See Solvent Cement.
Aging, n. (1) The effect on materials due to exposure to an environment for a period of time.
(2) The process of exposing materials to an environment for a period of time.
Antioxidant An additive to retard possible degradation from contact with oxygen (air), particularly in processing at or
exposures to high temperatures.
Artificial weathering The exposure of plastics to cyclic laboratory conditions involves changes in temperature, relative humidity, and
ultraviolet radiant energy, with or without direct water spray, in an attempt to produce changes in the material
similar to those observed after long-term continuous outdoor exposure.
NOTE: The laboratory exposure conditions are more intense than encountered in actual outdoor exposure to
achieve an accelerated effect. This definition does not involve exposure to special conditions such as ozone,
salt spray, industrial gases, etc.
Bell end The enlarged portion of a pipe that resembles the socket portion of a fitting and that is intended to be used to
make a joint by inserting a piece of pipe into it. Joining may be accomplished by solvent cements, adhesives, or
mechanical techniques.
Beam loading The application of a load to a pipe between two points of support, usually expressed in pounds and the distance
between the centers of the supports.
Burst strength The internal pressure required to break a pipe or fitting. This pressure will vary with the rate of build-up of the
pressure and the time during which the pressure is held. See Note A.
Butylene plastics Plastics based on resins made by polymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene with one or more
unsaturated compounds, the butene being in the greatest amount by weight.
Cellulose acetate butyrate plastics
Plastic made by compounding a cellulose acetate butyrate ester with plasticizers and other ingredients.
Cellulose acetate butyrate ester is a derivative of cellulose (obtained from cotton and/or wood pulp) made by
converting some of the hydroxyl groups in cellulose to acetate and butyrate groups with chemicals.
Cement See adhesive and solvents, cement.
Chemical resistance (1) The effect of specific chemicals on the properties of plastic piping with respect to concentration, tempera-
ture and time of exposure.
(2) The ability of a specific plastic pipe to render service for a useful period in the transport of a specific
chemical at a specified concentration and temperature.
Cold flow See Creep.
Compound The intimate admixture of a polymer or polymers with other ingredients such as fillers, softeners, plasticizers,
GLOSSARY

catalysts, pigments, dyes, curing agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, etc.

Copolymer See Polymer.
Creep, n. The time-dependent part of strain resulting from stress, that is, the dimensional change caused by the applica-
tion of load over and above the elastic deformation and with respect to time.
Cure, v. To change the properties of a polymeric system into a final, more stable, usable condition by the use of heat,
radiation, or reaction with chemical additives.
Deflection temperature
The temperature at which a specimen will deflect a given distance at a given load under prescribed conditions
of test. See ASTM D648. Formerly called heat distortion.
62
 GLOSSARY

Degradation, n. A breakdown of a chemical structure of a plastic. See also Deterioration.

Deterioration A permanent change in the physical properties of a plastic evidenced by impairment of these properties.
Diffusion, n. The movement of a material, such as a gas or liquid, in the body of a plastic. If the gas or liquid is absorbed on one
side of a piece of plastic and given off on the other side, the phenomenon is called permeability. Diffusion and
permeability are not due to holes or pores in the plastic but are caused and controlled by chemical mechanisms.
NOTE A: Burst strength, fiber stress, hot stress, hydrostatic design stress, long-term hydrostatic strength,
hydrostatic strength (quick), long-term burst, ISO equation, pressure, pressure rating, quick burst, service
factor, strength, stress, and sustained pressure test are related terms.
Dimension ratio The diameter of a pipe divided by the wall thickness. Each pipe can have two dimension ratios depending on
whether the outside or inside diameter is used. In practice, the outside diameter is used if the standards
requirement and manufacturing control are based on this diameter. The inside diameter is used when this
measurement is the controlling one.
Dry-Blend A free-flowing dry compound prepared without fluxing or addition of solvent.
Elasticity That property of plastics materials by virtue of which they tend to recover their original size and shape after
deformation.
NOTE: If the strain is proportional to the applied stress, the material is said to exhibit Hookean or ideal elasticity.
Elastomer A material which at room temperature can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its original length and, upon
immediate release of the stress, will return with force to its approximate original length.
Elevated temperature testing
Tests on plastic pipe above 23°C (73°F).
Environmental stress cracking
Cracks that develop when the material is subjected to stress in the presence of specific chemicals.
Ethylene plastics Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of ethylene or copolymerization of ethylene with one or
more other unsaturated compounds, the ethylene being in greatest amount by weight.
Extrusion A method whereby heated or unheated plastic forced through a shaping orifice becomes one continuously
formed piece.
Failure, adhesive Rupture of an adhesive bond, such that the place of separation appears to be at the adhesive-adherence interface.
Fiber stress The unit stress, usually in pounds per square inch (psi), in a piece of material that is subjected to an external
load. Note A.
Filler A relatively inert material added to a plastic to modify its strength, permanence, working properties, or other
qualities, or to lower costs. See also Reinforced Plastic.
Forming A process in which the shape of plastic pieces such as sheets, rods, or tubes is changed to a desired configura-
tion. See also Thermoforming.
NOTE: The use of the term “forming” in plastics technology does not include such operations as molding,
casting, or extrusion, in which shapes or pieces are made from molding materials or liquids.
Fungi resistance The ability of plastic pipe to withstand fungi growth and/or their metabolic products under normal conditions of
service or laboratory tests simulating such conditions.
Heat distortion See Deflection temperature.
Heat forming See Thermoforming.
Heat joining Making a pipe joint by heating the edges of the parts to be joined so that they fuse and become essentially one
piece with or without the use of additional material.
GLOSSARY

Hoop stress The tensile stress, usually in pounds per square inch (psi), in the circumferential orientation in the wall of the
pipe when the pipe contains a gas or liquid under pressure. Note A.
Hydrostatic design stress
The estimated maximum tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
hydrostatic pressure that can be applied continuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will
not occur. Note A.
Hydrostatic strength (quick)
The hoop stress calculated by means of the ISO equation at which the pipe breaks due to an internal pressure
build-up, usually within 60 to 90 seconds. Note A.

63
 GLOSSARY

Long-term burst The internal pressure at which a pipe or fitting will break due to a constant internal pressure held for 100,000
hours (11.43 years). Note A.
Impact, Izod A specific type of impact test made with a pendulum type machine. The specimens are molded or extruded with
a machined notch in the center. See ASTM D 256.
Impact, Tup A falling weight (tup) impact test developed specifically for pipe and fittings. There are several variables that can
be selected. See ASTM D 2444.
ISO equation An equation showing the interrelations between stress, pressure and dimensions in pipe, namely
P (ID + t) P (OD - t)
S = or
2t 2t
where S = stress
P = pressure
ID = average inside diameter
OD = average outside diameter
t = minimum wall thickness (Note A)
Reference: ISO R161-1960 Pipes of Plastics Materials to the Transport of Fluids (Outside Diameters and
Nominal Pressures) Part 1, Metric Series.
Joint The location at which two pieces of pipe or a pipe and a fitting are connected together. The joint may be made
by an adhesive, a solvent-cement or a mechanical device such as threads or a ring seal.
Long-term hydrostatic strength
The estimated tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation (hoop stress) that when
applied continuously will cause failure of the pipe at 100,000 hours (11.43 years). These strengths are usually
obtained by extrapolation of log-log regression equations or plots. Note A.
Molding, compression
A method of forming objects from plastics by placing the material in a confining mold cavity and applying
pressure and usually heat.
Molding, injection A method of forming plastic objects from granular or powdered plastics by the fusing of plastic in a chamber
with heat and pressure and then forcing part of the mass into a cooler chamber where it solidifies.
NOTE: This method is commonly used to form objects from thermoplastics.
Monomer A starting material from which the polymer is formed. See also polymer.
Nylon plastics Plastics based on resins composed principally of a long-chain synthetic polymeric amide which has recurring
amide groups as an integral part of the main polymer chain.
Olefin plastics Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of olefins or copolymerization of olefins with other unsatu-
rated compounds, the olefins being in greatest amount by weight. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polybuty-
lene are the most common olefin plastics encountered in pipe.
Outdoor exposure Plastic pipe placed in service or stored so that it is not protected from the elements of normal weather
conditions, i.e., the sun’s rays, rain, air and wind. Exposure to industrial and waste gases, chemicals, engine
exhausts, etc. are not considered normal “outdoor exposure”.
Permanence The property of a plastic which describes its resistance to appreciable changes in characteristics with time and
environment.
Permeability See Diffusion.
Plastic, n. A material that contains as an essential ingredient an organic substance of large molecular weight, is solid in its
finished state, and, at some stage in its manufacture or in its processing into finished articles, can be shaped by flow.
GLOSSARY

Plastic, adj. The adjective plastic indicates that the noun modified is made of, consists of, or pertains to plastic.
NOTE 1: The above definition may be used as a separate meaning to the definitions contained in the dictionary
for the adjective “plastic”.
NOTE 2: The plural form may be used to refer to two or more plastic materials, for example, plastics industry.
However, when the intent is to distinguish “plastic products” from “wood products” or “glass products”, the
singular form should be used. As a general rule, if the adjective is to restrict the noun modified with respect to
type of material, “plastic” should be used; if the adjective is to indicate that more than one type of plastic
material is or may be involved, “plastics” is permissible.
Plasticizer A material incorporated in a plastic to increase its workability and its flexibility or distensibility.
NOTE: The addition of the plasticizer may lower the melt viscosity, the temperature of the second-order transi-
tion, or the elastic modulus of the plastic. 64
 GLOSSARY

Plastics conduit Plastic pipe or tubing used as an enclosure for electrical wiring.
Plastics pipe A hollow cylinder of a plastic material in which the wall thicknesses are usually small when compared to the
diameter and in which the inside and outside walls are essentially concentric. See plastics tubing.
Plastics tubing A particular size of plastics pipe in which the outside diameter is essentially the same as that of copper tubing.
See plastics pipe.
Polyethylene, n. A polymer prepared by the polymerization of ethylene as the sole monomer. See Polyethylene plastics and
Ethylene plastics.
Polyethylene plastics Plastics based on polymers made with ethylene as essentially the sole monomer. Note: In common usage for
this plastic, essentially means no less than 85% ethylene and no less than 95% total olefins.
Polymer A compound formed by the reaction of simple molecules having functional groups that permit their combina-
tion to proceed to high molecular weights under suitable conditions. Polymers may be formed by polymeriza-
tion (addition polymer) or polycondensation (condensation polymer). When two or more monomers are
involved, the product is called a copolymer.
Polymerization A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monomer are linked together to form large molecules whose
molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substance. When two or more monomers are involved, the
process is called copolymerization or heteropolymerization.
Polyolefin, n. A polymer prepared by the polymerization of an olefin(s) as the sole monomer(s). See Polyolefin plastics and
Olefin plastics.
Polyolefin plastics Plastics based on polymers made with an olefin(s) as essentially the sole monomer(s).
Polypropylene, n. A polymer prepared by the polymerization of propylene as the sole monomer. See Polypropylene plastics and
Propylene plastics.
Polypropylene plastics
Plastics based on polymers made with propylene as essentially the sole monomer.
Polystyrene A plastic based on a resin made by polymerization of styrene as the sole monomer. See Styrene plastics.
NOTE: Polystyrene may contain minor proportions of lubricants, stabilizers, fillers, pigments, and dyes.
Poly (vinyl chloride) A resin prepared by the polymerization of vinyl chloride with or without the addition of small amounts of other
monomers.
Poly (vinyl chloride) plastics
Plastics made by combining poly (vinyl chloride) with colorants, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, other
polymers, and other compounding ingredients. Not all of these modifiers are used in pipe compounds. Note A.
Powder blend See Dry-Blend.
Pressure When expressed with reference to pipe the force per unit area exerted by the medium in the pipe. Note A.
Pressure rating The estimated maximum pressure that the medium in the pipe can exert continuously with a high degree of
certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur. Note A.
Propylene plastics Plastics based on resins made by polymerization of propylene or copolymerization of propylene with one or
more other unsaturated compounds, the propylene being in greatest amount by weight.
Qualification test An investigation, independent of a procurement action, performed on a product to determine whether or not
the product conforms to all requirements of the applicable specification.
NOTE: The examination is usually conducted by the agency responsible for the specification, the purchaser, or
by a facility approved by the purchaser, at the request of the supplier seeking inclusion of his product on a
qualified products list.
GLOSSARY

Quick burst The internal pressure required to burst a pipe or fitting due to an internal pressure build-up, usually within 60 to
70 seconds. Note A.
Reinforced plastic A plastic with some strength properties greatly superior to those of the base resin, resulting from the presence
of high strength fillers imbedded in the composition. See also Filler.
Resin A solid, semisolid, or pseudosolid organic material which has an indefinite and often high molecular weight, exhibits a
tendency to flow when subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting range, and usually fractures conchoidally.
Reworked material (thermoplastic)
A plastic material that has been reprocessed, after having been previously processed by molding, extrusions,
etc., in a fabricator’s plant.

65
Rubber A material that is capable of recovering from large deformations quickly and forcibly. See Elastomer.
 GLOSSARY

Sample A small part or portion of a plastic material or product intended to be representative of the whole.
Saran plastics Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of vinylidene chloride or copolymerization of vinylidene
chloride with other unsaturated compounds, the vinylidene chloride being in greatest amount of weight.
Schedule A pipe size system (outside diameters and wall thicknesses) originated by the iron pipe industry.
Self-extinguishing The ability of a plastic to resist burning when the source of heat or flame that ignited it is removed.
Service factor A factor which is used to reduce a strength value to obtain an engineering design stress. The factor may vary
depending on the service conditions, the hazard, the length of service desired, and the properties of the pipe. Note A.
Set To convert an adhesive into a fixed or hardened state by chemical or physical action, such as condensation,
polymerization, oxidation, vulcanization, gelation, hydration, or evaporation of volatile constituents. See also Cure.
Softening range The range of temperature in which a plastic changes from a rigid to a soft nature.
NOTE: Actual values will depend on the method of test. Sometimes referred to as softening point.
Solvent cement In the plastic piping field, a solvent adhesive that contains a solvent that dissolves or soften the surfaces being
bonded so that the bonded assembly becomes essentially one piece of the same type of plastic.
Solvent cementing Making Making a pipe joint with a solvent cement. See Solvent Cement.
Specimen An individual piece or portion of a sample used to make a specific test. Specific tests usually require specimens
of specific shape and dimensions.
Stabilizer A compounding ingredient added to a plastic composition to retard possible degradation on exposure to high
temperatures, particularly in processing. An antioxidant is a specific kind of stabilizer.
Standard dimension ratio
A selected series of numbers in which the dimension ratios are constants for all sizes of pipe for each standard
dimension, ratio and which are the USASI Preferred Number Series 10 modified by + 1 or - 1. If the outside
diameter (OD) is used the modifier is + 1. If the inside diameter (ID) is used the modifier is - 1.
Standard thermoplastic pipe materials designation code
A means for easily identifying a thermoplastic pipe material by means of three elements. The first element is the
abbreviation for the chemical type of the plastic in accordance with ASTM D 1600. The second is the type and grade
(based on properties in accordance with the ASTM materials specification): in the case of ASTM specifications
which have no types and grades or those in the cell structure system, two digit numbers are assigned by the PPI
that are used in place of the larger numbers. The third is the recommended hydrostatic design stress (RHDS) for
water at 23°C (73°F) in pounds per square inch divided by 100 and with decimals dropped, e.g. PVC 1120 indicates
that the plastic in poly (vinyl chloride), Type 1, Grade 1 according to ASTM D 1784 with a RHDS of 2000 psi for
water at 73°F. PE 3306 indicates that the plastic is polyethylene. Type III Grade 3 according to ASTM D 1248 with a
RHDS of 630 psi for water at 73°F. PP 1208 is polypropylene. Class I-19509 in accordance with ASTM D 2146 with
a RHDS of 800 psi for water at 73°F; the designation of PP 12 for polypropylene Class I-19509 will be covered in the
ASTM and Products Standards for polypropylene pipe when they are issued.
Stiffness factor A physical property of plastic pipe that indicates the degree of flexibility of the pipe when subjected to external
loads. See ASTM D 2413.
Strain The ratio of the amount of deformation to the length being deformed caused by the application of a load on a
piece of material.
Strength The stress required to break, rupture, or cause a failure. Note A.
Stress When expressed with reference to pipe the force per unit area in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential
orientation due to internal hydrostatic pressure. Note A.
Stress-crack External or internal cracks in the plastic caused by tensile stresses less than that of its short-term mechanical
GLOSSARY

strength.
NOTE: The development of such cracks is frequently accelerated by the environment to which the plastic is
exposed. The stresses which cause cracking may be present internally or externally or may be combinations of
these stresses. The appearance of a network of fine cracks is called crazing.
Stress relaxation The decrease of stress with respect to time in a piece of plastic that is subject to an external load.
Styrene plastics Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of styrene or copolymerization of styrene with other
unsaturated compounds, the styrene being in greatest amount by weight.
Styrene-rubber (SR) pipe and fitting plastics
Plastics containing at least 50 percent styrene plastics combined with rubbers and other compounding
materials, but not more than 15 percent acrylonitrile.
66
 GLOSSARY

Styrene-rubber plastics
Compositions based on rubbers and styrene plastics, the styrene plastics being in greatest amount by weight.
Sustained pressure test
A constant internal pressure test for 1000 hours. Note A.
Thermoforming Forming with the aid of heat. See also Forming.
Thermoplastic, n. A plastic which is thermoplastic in behavior.
Thermoplastic, adj. Capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and hardened by decrease of temperature.
NOTE: Thermoplastic applies to those materials whose change upon heating is substantially physical.
Thermoset, n. A plastic which, when cured by application of heat or chemical means, changes into a substantially infusible
and insoluble product.
Thermoset, adj. Pertaining to the state of a resin in which it is relatively infusible.
Thermosetting Capable of being changed into a substantially infusible or insoluble product when cured under application of
heat or chemical means.
Virgin material A plastic material in the form of pellets, granules, powder, floc, or liquid that has not been subjected to use or
processing other than that required for its original manufacture.
Weld- or Knit-line A mark on a molded plastic formed by the union of two or more streams of plastic flowing together.

Abbreviations
A.G.A. American Gas Association
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
AWWA American Water Works Association
BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators
BS British Standards Institution
CPVC Chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) plastic or resin
CS Commercial Standard, see Product Standard
CSA Canadian Standards Association
DR Dimension Ratio
DIN German Industrial Norms
FHA Federal Housing Administration or Farmers Home Administration
HDS Hydrostatic design stress
IAPD International Association of Plastics Distributors
IAPMO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
ISO International Standards Organization
JIS Japanese Industrial Standards
NSF National Sanitation Foundation International
PPI Plastics Pipe Institute
PS Product Standard when in reference to a specification for plastic pipe and fittings. These specifications are promulgated by
the U.S. Department of Commerce and were formerly known as Commercial Standards.
GLOSSARY

PSI Pounds per square inch

PSIG Gage pressure in pounds per square inch
PVC Poly (vinyl chloride) plastic or resin
RHDS Recommended hydrostatic design stress
RVCM Residual Vinyl Chloride Monomer
SCS Soil Conservation Service
SDR Standard Dimension Ratio
SI International System of Units
SPI The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.
USASI United States of America Standards Institute (formerly American Standards Association)
WOG Water, Oil, Gas
67
 ADDITIONAL PRODUCTS

Additional Products

At IPEX, we provide our customers with one of the largest and most diverse ranges of plastic piping products available in the world
today. Plastics are incredibly versatile and allow great flexibility of design. Our broad product line allows our customers to always
optimize their choices when dealing with piping products.

Are you on the web?

Visit us at
www.ipexinc.com
for detailed information.

You can also request copies of the new

IPEX Industrial CD or download brochures

on all IPEX products online.

68
 DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS & PRESSURE RATINGS FOR PVC & CPVC PIPE

U.S. UNITS METRIC

Max. Weight Max.
SCHEDULE working Min. Average of pipe working Min. Average Weight
(DR) SDR Nominal Outside pressure wall inside (lbs./ft.) Nominal Outside pressure wall inside of pipe (kg/m)
pipe size dia. (PSI thickness dia. plain end pipe size dia. (kPa thickness dia. plain end
(inches) (inches) at 73°F) (inches) (inches) CPVC PVC (mm) (mm) at 23°C) (mm) (mm) CPVC PVC

SCHD 40 (DR 27) 8.625 160 .322 7.941 5.98 5.50 219.05 1 100 8.18 201.71 8.900 8.185
SCHD 80 (DR 17) 250 .500 7.565 9.05 8.32 1 720 12.70 192.13 13.469 12.382
SDR 21 200 .411 7.756 6.91 1 380 10.40 196.99 10.283
SDR 26 8 160 .332 7.921 5.65 200 1 100 8.42 201.79 8.408
SDR 32.5 125 .266 8.063 4.55 860 6.72 204.79 6.771
SDR 41 100 .210 8.180 3.63 690 5.32 207.77 5.402

SCHD 40 (DR 30) 10.750 140 .365 9.976 8.26 7.78 273.05 970 9.26 253.41 12.293 11.578
SCHD 80 (DR 18) 230 .593 9.493 12.85 11.81 1590 15.06 241.13 19.124 17.576
SDR 21 200 .512 9.667 10.73 1380 12.98 245.55 15.968
SDR 26 10 160 .413 9.874 8.76 250 1100 10.48 250.81 13.036
SDR 32.5 125 .331 10.048 7.08 860 8.40 255.23 10.536
SDR 41 100 .262 10.195 5.64 690 6.66 258.95 8.393

SCHD 40 (DR 32) 12.750 130 .406 11.888 11.20 10.30 323.90 900 10.30 302.04 16.668 15.328
SCHD 80 (DR 19) 230 .687 11.294 18.46 16.98 1590 17.44 286.92 27.473 25.269
SDR 21 200 .607 11.465 15.10 1380 15.38 291.28 22.471
SDR 26 12 160 .490 11.711 12.35 1100 12.44 297.52 18.379
300 860 9.96 302.78 14.792
SDR 32.5 125 .392 11.919 9.94
SDR 41 100 .311 12.091 7.94 690 7.90 307.16 11.816

SCHD 40 (DR 32) 14.000 130 .438 13.072 12.18 355.60 910 11.13 332.03 18.130
SCHD 80 (DR 19) 220 .750 12.412 20.34 1540 19.05 315.22 30.270
SDR 21 200 .665 12.590 18.18 1380 16.88 319.80 27.065
SDR 26 14 160 .538 12.859 14.88 350 1100 13.66 326.62 22.144
SDR 32.5 125 .431 13.100 11.83 860 10.76 332.78 17.615
SDR 41 100 .342 13.277 9.58 690 8.66 337.24 14.260

SCHD 40 (DR 32) 16.000 130 .500 14.936 15.96 406.40 910 12.70 379.38 23.75
SCHD 80 (DR 19) 220 .843 14.224 26.03 1540 21.41 361.29 38.74
SDR 21 200 .760 14.388 23.76 1380 19.30 365.48 35.36
SDR 26 16 160 .615 14.696 19.41 400 1100 15.62 373.28 28.89
SDR 32.5 125 .492 14.970 15.47 860 12.32 380.24 22.99
SDR 41 100 .391 15.172 12.52 690 9.90 385.38 18.63

SCHD 40 (DR 32) 18.000 130 .562 16.809 20.11 457.20 910 14.27 429.46 29.93
SCHD 80 (DR 19) 220 .937 16.014 32.76 1540 23.80 406.76 48.75
SDR 21 200 .857 16.182 30.11 1380 21.72 411.14 44.81
SDR 26 18 160 .693 16.531 24.62 450 1100 17.60 419.88 36.64
SDR 32.5 125 .554 16.825 19.86 860 14.06 427.36 29.55
SDR 41 100 .440 17.065 15.92 690 11.14 433.46 23.69

SCHD 40 (DR 34) 20.000 120 .593 18.743 23.62 508.00 840 15.06 476.07 35.15
SCHD 80 (DR 19) 220 1.031 17.814 40.09 1450 26.19 452.48 59.66
SDR 21 200 .952 17.982 37.17 1380 24.12 456.86 55.32
SDR 26 20 160 .770 18.368 30.37 500 1100 19.56 466.54 45.20
SDR 32.5 125 .615 18.696 24.47 860 15.62 474.88 36.42
SDR 41 100 .489 18.963 19.61 690 12.42 481.66 29.18

SCHD 40 (DR 35) 24.000 120 .687 22.544 32.87 609.60 840 17.45 572.62 48.92
SCHD 80 (DR 20) 210 1.218 21.418 56.88 1470 30.94 544.02 84.65
SDR 21 200 1.143 21.576 53.54 1380 28.96 548.20 79.68
SDR 26 24 160 .924 22.041 43.77 600 1100 23.46 559.86 65.14
SDR 32.5 125 .740 22.431 35.35 860 18.80 569.74 52.61
SDR 41 100 .585 22.760 28.12 690 14.86 578.10 41.84

Pressure ratings in accordance with ASTM D 1785.

ADDITIONAL HELPFUL FORMULAS
DIMENSIONS &

Area of outside surface (sq.ft./linear foot) = .2618 D Where: t = mean pipe wall thickness (inches) NOTES:
WEIGHTS

D = outside diameter (inches) 1. PVC and CPVC are not recommended for
Weight of PVC pipe (lbs./foot) = 1.941t (D – t) d = inside diameter (inches) compressed air or gas service.
Weight of CPVC pipe (lbs./foot) = 2.110t (D – t) 2. For threaded systems, reduce maximum working
Weight of water (lbs./foot) = 0.3405 d2 pressure by 50%.
Moment of inertia (inches4) = 0.0491 (D4 – d4) 3. For services exceeding 73°F, see
temperature correction chart, page 22.
Section modulus (inches3) = 0.0982 (D4 – d4) 4. For flanged systems, the maximum working
69 D pressure is 150 psi @ 73°F.
 DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS & PRESSURE RATINGS FOR PVC & CPVC PIPE

U.S. UNITS METRIC

Max. Weight Max.
SCHEDULE working Min. Average of pipe working Min. Average Weight
Nominal Outside pressure (lbs./ft.) Nominal of pipe (kg/m)
(DR) SDR wall inside Outside pressure wall inside
plain end
pipe size dia. (PSI thickness dia. plain end pipe size dia. (kPa thickness dia.
(inches) (inches) at 73°F) (inches) (inches) CPVC PVC (mm) (mm) at 23°C) (mm) (mm) CPVC PVC

SCHD 80 (DR 4.5) 1/4 .540 1130 .119 .302 - .10 6 13.7 7 790 3.02 7.67 - .150

SCHD 80 (DR 5.4) 3/8 .675 920 .126 .423 - .14 10 17.1 6 340 3.20 10.74 - .210

SCHD 40 (DR 8) .840 600 .109 .602 .18 .17 21.3 4 140 2.76 15.26 .268 .253
SCHD 80 (DR 6)
1/2
850 .147 .526 .23 .21 12 5 860 3.72 13.34 .342 .313
SDR 21 200 .080 .660 .13 1 380 2.02 16.74 .193

SCHD 40 (DR 10) 1.050 480 .113 .804 .24 .22 26.70 3 300 2.86 20.46 .357 .327
SCHD 80 (DR 7)
3/4
690 .154 .722 .31 .28
20 4 760 3.90 18.38 .461 .417
SDR 21 200 .060 .870 .13 1 380 2.02 22.14 .194

SCHD 40 (DR 10) 1 1.315 450 .133 1.029 .35 .33 33.40 3 100 3.38 26.14 .520 .491
25 4 340 4.54 23.78 .670 .610
SCHD 80 (DR 8) 630 .179 .936 .45 .41
SDR 21 200 .080 1.135 .21 1 380 2.02 28.84 .313

SCHD 40 (DR 12) 1.660 370 .141 1.360 .48 .44 42.15 2 550 3.56 34.53 .714 .655
SCHD 80 (DR 9)
11/4 520 .191 1.255 .62 .57 32 3 590 4.84 31.87 .923 .848
SDR 21 200 .080 1.480 .27 1 380 2.02 37.59 .402

SCHD 40 (DR 13) 1.900 330 .145 1.590 .57 .52 48.25 2 280 3.68 40.37 .848 .774
SCHD 80 (DR 10) 11/2 470 .200 1.476 .76 .69 40 3 240 5.08 37.49 1.131 1.026
SDR 21 200 .090 1.700 .35 1 380 2.28 43.17 .521
SDR 26 160 .080 1.720 .32 1 100 2.02 43.69 .476

SCHD 40 (DR 16) 2.375 280 .154 2.047 .77 .70 60.35 1 930 3.90 52.03 1.146 1.042
SCHD 80 (DR 11) 2 400 .218 1.913 1.05 .96 50 2 760 5.54 48.61 1.563 1.429
SDR 21 200 .113 2.129 .54 1 380 2.86 54.11 .804
SDR 26 160 .091 2.173 .45 1 100 2.30 55.23 .670

SCHD 40 (DR 14) 2.875 300 .203 2.445 1.21 1.11 73.00 2 070 5.16 62.08 1.801 1.652
SCHD 80 (DR 11) 2 1/2 420 .276 2.290 1.60 1.46 65 2 900 7.00 58.16 2.381 2.173
SDR 21 200 .137 2.581 .78 1 380 3.48 65.54 1.161
SDR 26 160 .110 2.635 .64 1 100 2.78 66.92 .952

SCHD 40 (DR 16) 3.500 260 .216 3.042 1.58 1.45 88.90 1 790 5.48 77.28 2.351 2.158
SCHD 80 (DR 12) 370 .300 2.864 2.14 1.96 2 550 7.62 72.74 3.185 2.917
SDR 21 3 200 .167 3.146 1.14 75 1 380 4.24 79.92 1.697
SDR 26 160 .135 3.210 .94 1 100 3.42 81.54 1.399
SDR 32.5 125 .108 3.264 .77 860 2.74 82.90 1.146
SDR 41 100 .085 3.310 .63 690 2.16 84.08 .938

SCHD 40 (DR 19) 4.500 220 .237 3.998 2.25 2.07 114.30 1 520 6.02 101.58 3.349 3.081
SCHD 80 (DR 13) 320 .337 3.786 3.12 2.87 2 210 8.56 96.16 4.643 4.271
SDR 21 4 200 .214 4.046 1.88 100 1 380 5.44 102.76 2.798
SDR 26 160 .173 4.133 1.54 1 100 4.38 105.00 2.292
SDR 32.5 125 .138 4.204 1.25 860 3.50 106.78 1.860
SDR 41 100 .110 4.260 1.02 690 2.78 108.22 1.518

SCHD 40 (DR 22) 5.563 190 .258 5.016 3.06 2.81 141.30 1 310 6.54 127.42 4.554 4.182
SCHD 80 (DR 15) 290 .375 4.768 4.34 4.02 2 000 9.52 121.12 6.459 5.982
SDR 21 5 200 .265 5.001 2.88 125 1 380 6.72 127.04 4.286
SDR 26 160 .214 5.107 2.35 1 100 5.44 129.74 3.497
SDR 32.5 125 .171 5.199 1.89 860 4.34 132.08 2.813
SDR 41 100 .136 5.271 1.53 690 3.44 133.90 2.277

SCHD 40 (DR 24) 6.625 180 .280 6.031 3.97 3.65 168.30 1 240 7.10 153.22 5.908 5.432
SCHD 80 (DR 16) 280 .432 5.709 5.96 5.48 1 930 10.96 145.04 8.870 8.155
DIMENSIONS &

SDR 21 6 200 .315 5.955 4.09 150 1 380 8.02 151.28 6.087
WEIGHTS

SDR 26 160 .255 6.084 3.33 1 100 6.48 154.56 4.956

SDR 32.5 125 .204 6.193 2.69 860 5.18 157.32 4.003
SDR 41 100 .161 6.281 2.15 690 4.12 159.56 3.200

70
SALES AND CUSTOMER SERVICE
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About IPEX
IPEX is a leading supplier of thermoplastic piping systems. We provide our
customers with one of the world’s largest and most comprehensive product
lines. All IPEX products are backed by over 50 years of experience. With
state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and distribution centers across
North America, the IPEX name is synonymous with quality and
performance.

Our products and systems have been designed for a broad range of
customers and markets. Contact us for information on:

• PVC, CPVC, PP, ABS, PEX and PE pipe and fittings (1/4" to 48")

• Industrial process piping systems

• Double containment systems

• Acid waste systems

• High purity systems

• Municipal pressure and gravity piping systems

• Plumbing and mechanical pipe systems

• PVC electrical systems

• Telecommunications and utility piping systems

• Irrigation systems

• Radiant heating systems

WARRANTY: All IPEX products are guaranteed against defects resulting from faulty workmanship
or materials. If any such product is found to be defective by reason of faulty workmanship or
materials, upon written notice and return of the product, the defective product will be replaced by
IPEX free of charge, including shipping charges for the replacement product. Claims for labour costs
and other expenses required to replace such defective product or to repair any damage resulting
from the use thereof will not be allowed by IPEX. Our liability is limited to the price paid for the
defective product. IPEX will not be bound by any warranty, other than above set forth, unless such
warranty is in writing.

This literature is published in good faith and is believed to be reliable. However, IPEX does not
represent and/or warrant in any manner the information and suggestions contained in this brochure.
Data presented is the result of laboratory tests and field experience.

IPEX maintains a policy of ongoing product improvement. This may result in modification
of features and/or specifications without notice.

BRINNAIP020113
© 2002 IPEX IND0032UC