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 ISSN : 3048-569X

Vol. 01,
Issue 01
Jan.- Jun.
2024

MOTHERHOOD
UNIVERSITY, Roorkee
ENLIGHTENING WORLD

Motherhood International Journal

of Research & Innovation (MIJRI)
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review ||
www.mhujournal.in

Published By: Motherhood University

Roorkee-Dehradun Road, Vill. Karoundi, Post-Bhagwanpur, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand, India Website: www.mhu.edu.in
 ISSN : 3048-569X (Online)

Motherhood International Journal

of Research & Innovation
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review ||
www.mhujournal.in

Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Agarwal

Chief Editor

Dr. Ritesh Kumar

Editorial Manager

Published By: Motherhood University

Roorkee-Dehradun Road, Vill. Karoundi, Post-Bhagwanpur, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand, India Website: www.mhu.edu.in
 - ii -

Published By: Motherhood University

Roorkee-Dehradun Road, Vill. Karoundi, Post-Bhagwanpur, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand, India Website: www.mhu.edu.in
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || www.mhujournal.in

Motherhood International Journal Vol. 01,

Issue 01
Jan.- Jun.

of Research & Innovation ISSN : 3048-569X

2024

Editorial Board:
Chief Editor
Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Agarwal
Director Research & Dean, FoC&BS, Motherhood University, Roorkee, District-Haridwar, Uttarakhand
Email: directorresearch@motherhooduniversity.edu.in
Pro!le Link: https://mhu.edu.in/maweb/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Prof.-Dr.-P.-K.-Agarwal.pdf

Associate Editor/s
1. Prof. (Dr.) Kamakhya Kumar
Director IQAC & Head, Deptt. of Yogic Science, Uttarakhand Sanskrit University
(State University), Bahadarabad, District-Haridwar, Uttarakhand
Email: dr.kamakhya@usvv.ac.in
Pro!le: http://usvv.ac.in/teaching-list.php
Homepage: http://kamakhyakumar.com/

2. Prof. (Dr.) R. Ramachandran

Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu
Email: profram1968@gmail.com
Pro!le: https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/faculty_view.php?id=04870&dc=A05

3. Prof. (Dr.) Kishor Chandra Meher

Professor, Dept. of Accounting & Finance, School of Business & Economics,
The University of Fiji, Lautoka
Email: kishorm@uni!ji.ac.fj
Pro!le: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=43tLlpQAAAAJ&hl=en
(Former Professor of Bule Hora University, Ethiopia)

Section Editor/s-
1. Dr. Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma
Associate Professor & Of!ciating Head, Department of Clinical Psychology,
Dev Sanskriti University, Shanti Kunj, Haridwar
Email: santosh.vishvakarma@dsvv.ac.in
Pro!le/Homepage: http://drsantoshdsvv.ijorr.in

2. Dr. Harsha Sharma

Assistant Professor, FoSc., Motherhood University, Roorkee, District-Haridwar, Uttarakhand
Email: fopahs.harsha@motherhooduniversity.edu.in
Pro!le: https://mhu.edu.in/maweb/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Dr.-Harsha-Sharma.pdf

Editorial Manager
Dr. Ritesh Kumar
Assistant Professor ‘Yoga’, Motherhood University, Roorkee, District-Haridwar, Uttarakhand
Email: riteshgupta@motherhooduniversity.edu.in
Pro!le: https://mhu.edu.in/maweb/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Dr.-Ritesh-Kumar.pdf
Homepage: http://riteshkumar.ijorr.in/

- iii -

Published By: Motherhood University

Roorkee-Dehradun Road, Vill. Karoundi, Post-Bhagwanpur, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand, India Website: www.mhu.edu.in
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || www.mhujournal.in

Motherhood International Journal Vol. 01,

Issue 01
Jan.- Jun.

of Research & Innovation ISSN : 3048-569X

2024

Content
Sl. Title & Author/s Page No.

1. Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and

Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions of
Uttarakhand, Considering Sex, Caste, and Location
Ramesh Prasad Badoni 1-7

2. Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and Income Level on the

Passenger Segment of the Automobile Industry since year 2011
Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao 8-17

3. The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

in Social Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha 18-25

4. Yoga for Body, Mind & Soul: Insights from the Gherand Samhita
Ritesh Kumar 26-30

5. Casting Scienti!c Heed on Academia in Teaching and Learning Process by

Dint of Modern Approach to Class Teaching and Publishing Real-time Text Books:
A Study and Recommendation for Greater Learning Outcomes
Kamal Bhattacharyya 31-38

6. Role of the Judiciary in Advancing Women's Rights under the Indian Constitution
Vyanjna Saini 39-45

7. The Electoral Bond Judgement- A Critical Analysis

Ramesh Prasad Yadav & Kiran Yadav 46-49

8. dkedkth efgykvksa dh lkekftd leL;k,¡ ,oa mudk lek/kku

vydk jkuh ,oa vkjrh HkV~V 50-54

9. Environmental Pollution and Human Rights Violations: An Analytical Framework

Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava 55-67

10. Lesbian Identity: A Critical Exploration on ‘Chameli’

Amit Kumar 68-72

11. Implementing Fuzzy Neural Training System in Language Education

Anita Venugopal 73-78

12. The Chromatic Dispersion of Literature in Philosophy, Sociology and

Political Science: The Dynamic Spectrums and Hues which teach parallel
teachings since Human Civilization: A Discussion at the
Oriental and Occidental Milieu
Kamal Bhattacharyya, Alka Rani, Arti Bhatt & Amit Kumar 79-89

- iv -

Published By: Motherhood University

Roorkee-Dehradun Road, Vill. Karoundi, Post-Bhagwanpur, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand, India Website: www.mhu.edu.in
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || www.mhujournal.in

Motherhood International Journal Vol. 01,

Issue 01
Jan.- Jun.

of Research & Innovation ISSN : 3048-569X

2024

Content
Sl. Title & Author/s Page No.

13. The Role of Family Financial Socialization and

Financial Management Skills on Youth Saving Behavior
Josh C. K. 90-94

14. The Hindi Literature: Mural of a Body of Literature Studded with

Different Dialects which has Ultimately Embraced Oneness
Kamal Bhattacharyya & Monika Kalra 95-98

15. Refugees in the Views of the World

J. S. P. Srivastava & Arun Kumar 99-106

16. AI as Decision Making Facilitator in Indian Organisations

P. K. Agarwal 107-113

17. Legal Aspects of Third Gender

(Ancient to Modern Era)
Snehashish Bhardwaj 114-123

18. Student’s Preference towards Online Learning

Elsa Mary Scaria 124-127

The views and ideas expressed in the articles are the

exclusive opinions of the authors and has nothing to
do with the opinions of Motherhood International
Journal of Research & Innovation (MIJRI). The
Publisher, Motherhood University and The Editorial
Board do not own any responsibility. Authors are
liable for any copyright clearance, Factual inaccuracies
and views expressed in their papers. All Subjects to
Roorkee jurisdiction only.

-v-

Published By: Motherhood University

Roorkee-Dehradun Road, Vill. Karoundi, Post-Bhagwanpur, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand, India Website: www.mhu.edu.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions…
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ramesh Prasad Badoni

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 1- 7

Plagiarism/Similarity: 10 %
st
Rec.: 15-02-24 1 PR: 23-02-24 2nd PR : 03-03-24 DOA: 11-03-24

RESEARCH PAPER

Investigating the Relationship between

Emotional Intelligence and Educator Performance in
Government Academic Institutions of Uttarakhand,
Considering Sex, Caste, and Location
Ramesh Prasad Badoni
Research Scholar, Motherhood University
(IT Faculty, SCERT, Uttarakhand)
Email: anamaramesh2012@gmail.com Mobile: +917906411210
Orcid-ID: 0009-0007-0817-1356

Abstract:
This study investigated the correlation between emotional intelligence (EI) and the academic
performance of educators employed in academic institutions across Uttarakhand, India. Additionally,
it explored potential variations in EI concerning gender, locality, and caste. Prompted by observations
suggesting a link between emotional stability and teaching efficacy, the study aimed to assess the EI
levels of educators, examine their academic achievements, analyze differences in EI based on gender,
locality, and caste, scrutinize the relationship between EI and academic success, and determine if EI
impacts academic performance considering gender, locality, and caste.
Using purposive sampling, 100 educators were selected randomly from educational entities such as
SCERT, SIEMAT, DIETs and Samgra Shiksha. The Mangal inventory tool was utilized to gauge EI.
The findings revealed that educators exhibited an average level of EI, with no significant disparity
between male and female educators. Moreover, educators residing in rural areas demonstrated higher
EI levels compared to their urban counterparts, while those from the general caste exhibited higher EI
than educators from other castes. Furthermore, a noteworthy positive correlation emerged between EI
and academic achievement.
The study concluded that while gender did not impact EI, rural location and membership in the
general caste were associated with higher EI levels. Additionally, EI positively correlated with
academic performance, suggesting its potential influence on educators' effectiveness. However, the
study's applicability may be limited due to its specific sample and context. Thus, further research is
recommended to delve into the causal nature of the observed relationships and explore additional
potential mediating factors.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence (EI), Academic performance, Educators, Correlation,
Academic achievement

Introduction:
In India, teachers hold a position of immense importance, considered "equal to God." They bridge the
gap between knowledge and learners, playing a vital role in the educational process. As the "key" to
this process, teachers transfer knowledge to educators, who then utilize it to modify their behavior
and enhance their teaching skills. This empowers educators and ultimately shapes the future of the
nation, as stated by the Indian Education Commission. The process of knowledge transmission by
teachers, often conducted in classrooms, is fundamental to national progress, as echoed by both
Rabindranath Tagore and an American commission. Since EI has gained popularity as a key to
success, research linking it to academic achievement remains limited. Traditional studies focusing on

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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions…
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ramesh Prasad Badoni

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 1- 7

cognitive abilities and personality only explain a fraction (30%) of academic success, leaving a
significant gap unexplored.
This study aims to investigate the role of EI in educators working within academic institutions. It
specifically examines the link between their emotional intelligence and academic achievement. This
aligns with the growing recognition of emotions and their management as crucial factors in life
success and happiness, and emphasizing on the importance of educators' emotional intelligence.

Background:
The researcher observed microteaching and field teaching of trained educators on their campus. They
noticed discrepancies in teaching effectiveness between educators with good academic backgrounds
but emotional instability and those with weaker academic backgrounds but emotional stability. This
discrepancy sparked questions:
● Does teaching effectiveness solely rely on academic background?
● Is there a relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement?
These questions became the driving force behind the present study, aiming to explore the potential
role of emotional intelligence in educators' teaching effectiveness beyond just academic background.

Objectives: This study is aimed to

● Investigate the Emotional Intelligence (EI) levels of educators employed in academic
institutions.
● Examine potential variations in EI based on Gender, Locality (place of birth) and Caste
● Analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement: Does EI
have a statistically significant influence on the academic success of educators?

Review of Literature:
Most recent studies on EI in the context of teachers, both globally and in India reviewed to find the
research gap in connection to this study. Rego, Sousa, Marques, & Cunha (2020); examined the
relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and teachers' well-being in Portugal.
They found that EI was positively related to job satisfaction and well-being, suggesting the
importance of EI in promoting teacher mental health.Yin (2015), analyzed the impact of teachers'
emotional intelligence on their self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Findings indicated that EI
significantly influences teachers' confidence in their abilities and their overall satisfaction with their
profession. Oberle & Schonert-Reichl (2016); delved into the effects of a social-emotional learning
(SEL) program on educators, including their own emotional intelligence. Participating teachers
demonstrated significant improvements in EI, suggesting potential value in EI-focused professional
development. Nair & Narayanan (2020), Explored the relationship between EI and burnout among
university teachers in Kerala. Their findings showed that higher levels of EI were associated with
reduced burnout, emphasizing the protective role of EI in managing work-related stress. Singh & Jha
(2021); investigated EI and job performance of secondary school teachers. They found a strong
positive correlation between EI and various aspects of teaching performance.
While these studies offer valuable insights, and leave scopes further the areas to explore like-
● long-term consequences of EI on teacher development and student outcomes could provide a
richer understanding of its practical value.
● Investigating which specific aspects of EI (e.g self-awareness, emotion regulation) are most
critical for teacher success.

Hypothesis:
1. There is no significant difference in the Emotional Intelligence (EI) of male and female
educators.
2. Rural and urban educators do not differ significantly in their Emotional Intelligence (EI).
3. There is no significant difference in Academic Achievement of male and female
Educationists.

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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions…
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ramesh Prasad Badoni

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 1- 7

Research Methodology:
Research Design:
Its non-experimental, correlational design aims to explore the potential relationship between
emotional intelligence (EI) and various factors (gender, locality, caste) in educators, without
manipulating any variables.
Sampling:
Purposive sampling: Initially, target educators working in specific institutions like SCERT, DIETs,
and Samgra Shiksha in Uttarakhand. This ensures the sample belongs to the intended population of
educators.From the initial pool of 250 educators, randomly selected 100 participants to ensure their
selection is unbiased and represents the broader population of targeted educators.

Data Collection:
Survey based self-administered questionnaire as the primary data collection tool used and the Mangal
Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEI) distributed for suitable choice for assessing participants' EI. It
is a well-established and validated tool designed specifically for measuring different aspects of
emotional intelligence.

To assess the Emotional Intelligence: A standardized tool of Emotional Intelligence i.e. Mangal
Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EMII).
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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions…
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ramesh Prasad Badoni

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 1- 7

Each part of MEII has 25 questions and the total number of questions in it is 100. Each dimension of
the MEII has been scored separately and at last the score of each dimension is summed. The scoring
of Emotional Intelligence is done with the help of 'Scoring Stencil' in which the correct answer gets I
mark and the wrong answer gets 0 mark or no mark, So this is to collect the data regarding Emotional
Intelligence of the Educationists.
Data Analysis:
● Descriptive statistics implemented to understand the central tendencies (mean, median) and
variability (standard deviation) of EI scores and other variables.
● Inferential statistics like Independent samples t-test being used to compare the EI scores
between two groups (e.g., male vs. female educators, Academic achievements).
Ethical Considerations:
It has been taken in care to obtain informed consent from participants before administering the
questionnaire and maintain anonymity and confidentiality of participants' data. Though there are
limitations as purposive sampling restricts generalizability to the broader educator population.
Analysis & Results:
The first phase of our statistical analysis is to find out the Emotional Intelligence (EI) level of
Educationists. This phase of analysis is moving towards to achieve the first objective of the study i.e.
to assess the Emotional Intelligence of Educationists and second objective of the study i.e. to study
whether there is any significant difference in the Emotional Intelligence of Educationists belonging to
different subgroups on basis of sex, locality and caste.

So, the observation states that Educationists are having an average mean level (70.9) of
Emotional Intelligence. The graph is representing the dimension wise and overall Emotional
Intelligence score of the 100 Educationists.

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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions…
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ramesh Prasad Badoni

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 1- 7

When we observed below in table 2.2 that there is no significant difference in dimension wise and
overall Emotional Intelligence scores of male and female Educationists they are showing almost
similarity. Statistically it is found that there is no significant difference between EI scores of male and
female Educationists. The computed value of 't' ( 1.56) is less than tabular value of 't' so here we have
accept hypothesis 1 i.e. "there is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence of male and female
Educationists" at 0.01 confidence level which means male and female Educationists are similar in
their inter-intra personal awareness and inter–intra personal management of emotions. The mean
scores of female Educationists is higher than male Educationists but due to insignificance we can't
state anything to it.
So the first hypothesis did not accept at any confidence level “there is no significant difference in
Emotional Intelligence of male and female Educationists". So there is no significant difference
between Emotional Intelligence of female and male Educationists.

The results in table 2.3 states that there is no significant difference in dimension wise and overall
Emotional Intelligence scores of urban and rural Educationists; they are showing almost similarity.
Statistically it is found that there is significant difference between EI scores of locality in
Educationists. The computed value of total EI 't' ( 0.21) is less than tabular value of 't' so here
hypothesis rejected 2 i.e. "there is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence of urban and
rural Educationists" at 0.01 confidence level

By rejecting partially the 2nd hypothesis "rural and urban Educationists do not differ
significantly in their Emotional Intelligence". We found that rural people are better than urban
Educationists differing in their Emotional Intelligence.

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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions…
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ramesh Prasad Badoni

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 1- 7

The table 3.2 shows the values of mean Academic Achievement scores of male-female Educationists.
Examining the table values we see that the female mean score (57.72) is less than male mean score
(58.8) in class tenth which is shown by t-value 0882, significant at 0.01 confidence level and almost
same in twelve. But at graduation and post-graduation Female Mean Score is at a higher side than
male. In all, the Achievement Score mean is quite close at t-0.032 level. Here we partially reject and
accept our hypothesis no 3 i.e. "There is no significant difference between Academic Achievement of
male and female Educationists."

Discussion:
This study examined the emotional intelligence (EI) of educators in relation to their gender, location,
and academic achievements. The findings revealed intriguing patterns. A significant difference in EI
was observed between male and female educators, prompting the need for further exploration of
underlying factors. Interestingly, rural educators exhibited higher EI than their urban counterparts,
suggesting a need to understand the influence of different environmental contexts. The relationship

-6-
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
Educator Performance in Government Academic Institutions…
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ramesh Prasad Badoni

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 1- 7

between EI and academic achievement wasn't straightforward, requiring further investigation to

untangle the complex interplay of factors involved.

Conclusion:
1. This study reveals that rural educators exhibited higher EI compared to their urban
counterparts. This may be attributed to differences in work environments, social interactions,
and community dynamics.
2. General caste educators demonstrated higher EI than educators from other castes. The role of
environmental factors shaping EI development requires further exploration.
3. While female educators displayed higher academic achievement, no significant difference
was found in EI compared to male educators. Assigning gender-based explanations to this
finding is inappropriate and could perpetuate harmful stereotypes. Similarly, attributing
higher academic achievement in urban areas solely to factors like "competitive atmosphere" is
oversimplifying and requires careful consideration of various complexities.

Suggestions:
The study acknowledges limitations in sample size and generalizability, highlighting the need for
future research with broader samples and in-depth qualitative methods. Ultimately, this research
paves the way for a more nuanced understanding of how emotional intelligence influences educators
and their impact on the learning environment.

Funding Agency (If Any): None

References:
1. Rego, Arménio & Sousa, Marlene & Marques, Carla & Cunha, Miguel. (2012). Authentic
leadership promoting employees' psychological capital and creativity. Journal of Business
Research. 65. 429-437. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.003.
2. Hulda, Grace & Zhu, Xudong. (2023). The Effects of Emotional Intelligence on Teachers’ Job
Satisfaction: A Scoping Review. 10.20944/preprints202306.0533.v1.
3. Oberle, Eva & Schonert-Reichl, Kimberly. (2017). Social and Emotional Learning: Recent Research
and Practical Strategies for Promoting Children’s Social and Emotional Competence in Schools.
10.1007/978-3-319-64592-6_11.
4. Kant, Ravi & Shanker, Amit. (2021). Relationship between emotional intelligence and burnout: An
empirical investigation of teacher educators. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in
Education (IJERE). 10. 966-975. 10.11591/ijere.v10i3.21255.
5. Mishra, Priti & Das Mohapatra, Arka. (2010). Relevance of Emotional Intelligence for Effective Job
Performance: An Empirical Study. Vikalpa. 35. 53-62. 10.1177/0256090920100104.
6. Naderi Anari, N. (2012), "Teachers: emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational
commitment", Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 256-269.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13665621211223379
7. Bardach, L., Klassen, R.M. & Perry, N.E. Teachers’ Psychological Characteristics: Do They Matter
for Teacher Effectiveness, Teachers’ Well-being, Retention, and Interpersonal Relations? An
Integrative Review. Educ Psychol Rev 34, 259–300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-
09614-9
8. Robert V. Bullough Jr & Roni Jo Draper (2004) Mentoring and the emotions, Journal of Education
for Teaching, 30:3, 271-288, DOI: 10.1080/0260747042000309493
9. Abdul, S. (1986), “Study of Organizational Climate of Government High Schools of
Chandigarh and Its Effect on Job-Satisfaction of Teachers”, in Auth Survey of Research in
Education by M.B. Buch, (1983-88), N.C.E.R.T.
10. Third Survey of Research in Education. 1978-83, New Delhi: NCERT, 1987. P. 110. 42
Reddy, N.K, Ph.D. Education, Sri Venkateswara University, 1 992. 47. Chapter 3.

*** ***

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
Income Level on the Passenger Segment...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 8-17

Plagiarism/Similarity: 08 %
st
Rec.: 11-02-24 1 PR: 16-02-24 2nd PR: 26-02-24 DOA: 06-03-24

RESEARCH PAPER

Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and

Income Level on the Passenger Segment of the
Automobile Industry since year 2011
Abhishek Maheshwari1, Monica Ranka2 & Chitra. D. Rao3
1. Associate Professor, Christ (Deemed to be University), Delhi - NCR.
Email: dr.abhidims@gmail.com, Mobile: +919718037380 Orcid ID – 0000-0002-1585-5461
Corresponding Author: Christ (Deemed to be University), Delhi - NCR, India
2. Associate Professor, Dayananda Sagar College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Bangaluru
Email: jainmonica79@gmail.com
3. Assistant Professor, Dayananda Sagar College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Bangaluru
Email: trachi.rao1@gmail.com

Abstract:
India's automotive industry is one of the world’s largest in terms of sales volume and production.
Although in 2019-20 has seen the biggest de-growth as per ICRA. This industry constitutes of all
kinds of motor vehicles including the four wheelers (irrespective of what fuel is used), two wheelers
and electric motor vehicles as well. For the purpose of research, the passenger segment of the motor
vehicles sold in India is taken. The increase in the income of middle class and the growth in the young
demographic have been very impactful in the demand of automobile in India. Motor vehicle loans
would refer to as the sum taken as credit from financial institutions, banking or non-banking, for the
purpose of purchasing the motor vehicle which is demanded by the customer. The methodology used
in this paper is statistical tools (Regression, Correlation, ANOVA, Reliability tests, graphical
presentations etc.) to identify the relationship between the demand of the passenger vehicles and the
different factors that have been taken to study, such as consumer behaviour, easy financing and
income level. This study would aid rivals in the industry in determining which considerations
customers value the most when buying a car, resulting in increased domestic demand and export.
The paper would also be useful to financial institutions and non-bank financial companies in
determining what consumers demand from credit facilities, and the level of information they have
about them.
Keywords: Automobile Industry, Consumer Behaviour, Income Level, Passenger Cars, Vehicle Loans.

Introduction
This research paper constitutes of various reasons which can affect the sales figures of passenger
segment of the motor vehicles. This research paper talks about the effects and trends in sale figures of
such vehicles since the year 2011.
In terms of both sales volume and production, India's automotive industry is one of the world’s
largest. India's economy is one of the world's fastest growing, and the automobile industry is one of
the key drivers of the country's economic growth. In terms of demographics India's car industry is
well-positioned for growth both economically and technologically, serving both rising markets.
Almost every global car manufacturer now has a presence in the country. With approximately 3.99
million passenger and commercial vehicles sold in 2019, India surpassed Germany as the world's
fourth largest car market. By 2025, India is predicted to overtake Japan as the world's third largest
auto market. The automotive sector benefits from a number of factors, including low-cost skilled

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

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labour, strong R&D canters, and low-cost steel production. The sector also offers excellent investment
prospects as well as direct and indirect jobs to professional and unskilled workers.
The industry taken into account is that of the Automobile Industry in India since 2011. This industry
constitutes of all kinds of motor vehicles including the four wheelers (irrespective of what fuel is
used), two wheelers and electric motor vehicles as well. For the purpose of research, I have taken into
account the passenger segment of the motor vehicles sold in India.

Review of Literature
(Gopalakrishna, 2014) in his paper "Recent Trends in Indian Automobile Sector", published in April
2014, shows that with increase in disposable income in the hands of middle-class population along
with the element of easy financing has led people switch from two wheelers to a car and move
towards a higher segment.
(Chattopadhyay & Mukherjee, 2019) Mahasweta Chattopadhyay and Shirsendu Mukherjee in their
paper "Automobile Industry in India: A Recent Study" published in 2019 talks about the steady
increasing trend over two decades which is well observed on a global level. The paper provesthat the
growth of this industry has a very positive impact on the growth of the country's economy.
(Patra & J, 2017) Tophan Patra and Manohar Rao J. in their paper "Impact of Macroeconomic Factors
on Automobile Demand in India" published in the year 2017 studied the production and sales trend
of this sector in terms of both Value and Quantity and established a positive trend for the same.
(Joseph & Kamble, 2011) Dr.Ajoy S Joseph and Dr. H Y Kamble in their paper "Buying
Behaviour of Passenger Car Customers Towards Auto Finance - An Empirical Study" published in
January 2011 proves the important of Auto finance towards purchase of passenger vehicles. Thestudy
analysis the consumer behaviour pattern to observe their purchase decision based on the availability
of various credit schemes.
(Monga & Chaudhary, 2012) Nikhil Monga, Dr. Bhuvnender Chaudhary and Saurabh Tripathi in
their paper "Car Market and Buying Behaviour - A Study of Consumer Perception" published in
February 2012 shows the importance of role played by a higher disposable income and easy finance
loans provided by financial enterprises in the increasing buying pattern of vehicles.
(Joshi & Bhatt, 2018) Dipanti Joshi and Dr. Viral Bhatt in their paper "A Study on Factors Influencing
Consumer's Preference While Making Purchase Decision of First Own Car in Ahmedabad City"
published in February 2018 try studying customer behaviour towards buying a car.
(Rana & Lokhande, 2015) Dr. Vishal S. Rana and Dr.M.A.Lokhande in their paper "A Study of
Consumer Preferences and Attitude towards Passenger cars of Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai Motors in
Marathwada Region of Maharashtra" published in June 2015 highlight the importance on satisfying
the customer expectations owing to the intense competition in this industry.
(Shende, 2014) Vikram Shende, in his paper “Analysis of Research in Consumer Behaviour of
Automobile Passenger Car Customer” (February 2014) studies the customer behaviour of all
segments in the Indian passenger car segment. The paper tries to identify the purchase decision
process for different segments of car and the factors that influence this decision process for different
sector.
(S & Raj, 2019) Vijayalakshmi S, Krishna Raj, in their paper “Income and Vehicular Growth in India: A
Time Series Econometric Analysis” (2019) observes that there is a direct relationship between the
increase in the per capita income and the consumption of the vehicles. The elasticity of demand of
the on vehicle purchase is positive and it is assumed to be a luxurious consumption.
(Mukkelli, 2017) Dr.Vijetha Mukkelli’s paper “a study on preferred four wheeler for Indian customer”
published on 3rd march 2017, studied that due to rising income level of the middle income level
people and the increase in income in both urban sector and rural sector has affected immensely the
sale of four wheelers in India.
(Jacob & Kattookaran, 2017) Tom Jacob, Thomas Paul Kattookaran‘s paper “A study on the growth of
automobile sector in India with special focus on two wheeler industry” , published in January 2017,
examines the growth of automobile industry specially the two wheeler sector . The study concluded
that the major contributor to the industry in India is the two wheeler sector, and that is mainly
because often large number of consumer in the sector the middle class or low level income group.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
Income Level on the Passenger Segment...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 8-17

Research Gap
The differentiating factor observed in the study we have taken from the rest is that we decided to
incorporate all the factors into consideration that is Income level of consumers, impact of car loans on
sales as well as the study of consumer behaviour buying pattern unlike the previous published
papers where most of the researchers have opted only for few parameters.
Objectives
1. To understand the customer knowledge with respect to credit vehicle loan facility and their
readiness to prefer credit over lump sum payment out of own funds.
2. To study the steady increase in average disposable income in hands of the customers showing a
positive impact on the sale of vehicles.
3. To study the various other factors relating consumer behaviour which are the deciding factors
for a consumer in purchasing a vehicle.
4. To study the facts regarding growth and the demand in this industry (sales trends).
Hypothesis
1. Null Hypothesis (HO) - There is no relation and impact of vehicle loans, consumer behaviour
and income level of consumers on the sales of the passenger vehicles.
2. Alternate Hypothesis (H1) - There is a direct relation and impact of vehicle loans, consumer
behaviour and income level of consumers on the sales of the passenger vehicles.
Research Methodology
Statistical Tools and Techniques:
To analyse the relation and impact of vehicle loans, consumer behaviour and income level of
consumers on the sales of the passenger vehicles, following tools are used:
1. Descriptive analysis
2. Pearson Correlation
3. Regression analysis
4. ANOVA
5. Reliability tests (Cronbach’s Alpha test)
The results are presented from quantitative data analysis using SPSS and MS-Excel.
Data Collection
1. As the research is concerned with historical data of past years (from 2009-10 to 2022-23), the data
collected for the factors of car loans will be based on secondary data. The data will help collected
from the various concerned approved websites for the sales trends. Various published journals
will also help referred for the same.
2. For understanding consumer behaviour and disposable income level, primary mode of data
collection will be used. A questionnaire will be made and information from the respondents
willbe collected for the same.
Sampling
A questionnaire containing eight questions will be filled by respondents who are income earners. The
type of sampling opted is convenient sampling and the sample size consists of 121 respondentsin total
spread all across India. The various types of questions used in the survey are closed ended questions
mostly being multiple choice questions and scaled questions (five-point scale).

Limitations of the Study

1. The sample size chosen is limited and small so the data collected might not be absolute leaving
space for a marginal error.
2. Sales trend data collected is of 14 years only which might lead to the exclusion of ups and downsof
the industry in other years.
3. Time and Cost are the biggest constraints since the research is a non-funding project which has to

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
Income Level on the Passenger Segment...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 8-17

be completed within limited time.

4. The analysis of sales trends of the passenger vehicles segment is a past performance study andis
historical in nature. The same cannot be used for future prediction owing to the economic
uncertainty.

Data Analysis and Interpretation:

Table 1 - Sales trend of passenger vehicles in India

Domestic Sales Export (in Total (in No. Percentage

Year
(in No. of Units) No. of Units) of Units) change
2009-10 19,51,333 4,46,145 23,97,478 -
2010-11 25,01,542 4,44,326 29,45,868 22.87%
2011-12 26,29,839 5,08,783 31,38,622 6.54%
2012-13 26,65,015 5,59,414 32,24,429 2.73%
2013-14 25,03,509 5,96,142 30,99,651 -3.87%
2014-15 26,01,236 6,21,341 32,22,577 3.97%
2015-16 27,89,208 6,53,053 34,42,261 6.82%
2016-17 30,47,582 7,58,727 38,06,309 10.58%
2017-18 32,28,581 7,48,366 40,36,947 6.06%
2018-19 33,77,389 6,76,192 40,53,581 0.41%
2019-20 27,73,575 6,77,311 34,50,886 -14.87%
2020-21 27,11,457 4,04,397 31,15,854 -9.71%
2021-22 30,69,523 5,77,875 36,47,398 17.06%
2022-23 38,90,114 6,62,891 45,53,005 24.82%
(Source: Society of Indian Automotive Manufactures)

The above trend as provided by the Society of Indian Automotive Manufacturers shows the growth in
the sales of the passenger vehicles over the years. However, there is a dip in sales in the year 2013-14
owing to the high inflation rate of approx. 9.5% which had been worsened due to the previous year
base effect hit (2012-13) which had an inflation rate of 10.2%. With the high inflation, the interest rates
on loans too increased (loans to purchase vehicles in this case) which made people scared to commit
to spending such a high value. 2019-20 has seen the biggest de- growth as per ICRA. There were
multiple factors which led to the decline in sales like the technological changer due to the upcoming
BS-VI emission norms, weak consumer sentiment which however was told will be for a short term
only, a higher interest rate on loans, liquidity crunch among the banks, financiers etc.

Table 2
Cross Tabulation between the Income Level and
Number of cars ownedby the respondents
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Annual Income in INR *
121 100.0% 0 0.0% 121 100.0%
No of Cars Owned

Annual Income in INR * No of Cars Owned Crosstabulation

Count
No of Cars Owned
More Do not
One Two than own a Total
two car yet
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
Income Level on the Passenger Segment...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

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Below Rs.500000 14 2 5 19 40
Between 500000 to 26 2 2 4 34
Annual 1000000
Income in
Between 1000000 to 10 6 4 1 21
INR
1500000
Above 1500000 15 5 6 0 26
Total 65 15 17 24 121
As per table no 2, only 24 respondents out of a total of 121 respondents do not own a car. It is also to
be noted that 19 out of those 24 respondents who do not own a car have their annual income below
Rs. 5,00,000 as the income increases the number of respondents who do not own a car is negligible
which clearly establishes a positive relation between the two factors and shows that income level has
a strong positive impact over the purchase of a car.

Table 3
Mode Computation of whether the respondents will prefer loan or not for their next purchase
Statistics
Would the respondent opt for loan for
next purchase
Valid 121
N
Missing 0
Mode 1

Would the respondent opt for loan for next purchase

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
Yes 68 56.2 56.2 56.2
No 22 18.2 18.2 74.4
Valid
Maybe 31 25.6 25.6 100.0
Total 121 100.0 100.0

As per table no 3, a majority that is 56.2% (68/121 respondents) of the respondents are of the opinion
that they will opt for a loan if they go for their next purchase. 25.6% of the respondents are still in
dilemma whether or not to opt for the loan scheme based on various factors like the installment
repayment schemes, interest rates, and the ease with which the loan will be available etc.

Table 4 - Reliability test (Cronbach’s Alpha Test) for Likert scale statements)

Case Processing Summary

N %
Valid 121 100.0
Cases Excludeda 0 .0
Total 121 100.0
a. List wise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
0.772 5
The above reliability test was done for five statements which were factored in together (Likert scale
questions). Since the score is above 0.7, we assume that the statements of the five-point scale arein
sync with the objectives and that each statement is related and in consistency with the other.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
Income Level on the Passenger Segment...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 8-17

Table no 5 - Reliability test (Cronbach Alpha test) for purchasing factors

Case Processing Summary

N %
Cases Valid 121 100.0
Excludeda 0 .0
Total 121 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.899 8

The above reliability test was done for eight purchasing factors which were taken into account to
show the consumer behaviour. Since the score is above 0.7 that is 0.899, it means that the factors of the
five-point scale (least important to extremely important) are in sync with the objectives and that the
factors taken in are not deviated from the main subject matter.
Table 6
Mode and Cumulative frequency of the importance of loan forpurchasing a vehicle
Statistics
Importance of easy finance/credit loans
Valid 121
N
Missing 0
Mode 4

Importance of Easy Finance/Credit Loans

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
Least Important (1) 5 4.1 4.1 4.1
Somewhat important (2) 7 5.8 5.8 9.9
Neutral (3) 33 27.3 27.3 37.2
Valid
Important (4) 42 34.7 34.7 71.9
Extremely Important (5) 34 28.1 28.1 100.0
Total 121 100.0 100.0

As per table no 6, majority of the respondents that is 76 out of 121 respondents (62.8%) find the
availability of loans for purchasing vehicles as important or extremely important. Only a minor
segment that is 12 respondents do not find vehicle loans important maybe because they might not
prefer to pay EMI's owing to the burden of interest and those who have enough liquid funds to
purchase a vehicle with lumpsum cash payment.
Table 7
One way Anova (Income level and number of cars owned)
ANOVA
No of Cars Owned
Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.
Squares
Between Groups 32.432 3 10.811 8.689 0.000
Within Groups 145.568 117 1.244
Total 178.000 120
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
Income Level on the Passenger Segment...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 8-17

As per the table no 7, the significance value is less than 0.05 in this case (.000), the study accepts the
alternate hypothesis which states that there is a significant difference among respondents with respect
to thenumber of cars owned based on their income level.

Table No 8 - One-way ANOVA (Income level and Ease of Finance)

ANOVA
Importance of Ease of Finance
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 0.506 3 0.169 0.118 0.950
Within Groups 167.560 117 1.432
Total 168.066 120

As per table no 8, the significance value is greater than 0.05 (in this case 0.950), the study fails to
reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference among respondents with respect to the
Ease and importance of finance based on the income level. This indicates that almost all respondents
have a similar kind of opinion irrespective of their income level with respect to the importance and
ease of loans for purchase of vehicles .
Table 9
One way ANOVA (Income Level and Social factors which indicatesconsumer behaviour)
ANOVA
Sum of Mean
df F Sig.
Squares Square
Owning a car has now Between Groups 0.532 3 0.177 0.146 .932
become a necessity Within Groups 142.278 117 1.216
Total 142.810 120
Purchasing a car can Between Groups 6.051 3 2.017 1.283 .284
raise one’s Social Status Within Groups 183.949 117 1.572
Total 190.000 120
As per table no 9, the significance value is greater than 0.05 (in this case 0.932 and 0.284 respectively) ,
the study fails to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference among respondents
with respect to the social factors (indicating the buying pattern of consumers) based on the income
level. This shows that almost all respondents have a similar kind of opinion irrespective of income
level, even middle-income earners prefer to own a car to maintain a standard of living. This showsthe
consumer behavior buying pattern prevailing in the market with respect to owning a vehicle.

Table No 10 - Co-relation between importance of ease of financing and Socio- economic factors

Correlations
PF3LS2EOF LS345
Pearson Correlation 1 .477**
PF3LS2EOF Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 121 121
Pearson Correlation .477** 1
LS345 Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 121 121
As per table no 10, the significant value here is 0.000 which is below 0.05, the alternate hypothesis is
accepted, which states that there is a significant correlation between the importance of ease of
financing and Socio economic factors.

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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

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As well as, the Correlation value in this case is 0.477 which shows a medium positive correlation
between both the factors. The socio-economic factors are the social factors of consumer behavior in
purchasing a vehicle and the income level. It implies that ease in financing helps a consumer in
owning a vehicle which in turn satisfies the social status, adds utility and fulfils the aspiration of a
consumer which satisfies and establishes the positive relation between both the variables (ease of
finance and socio-economic factors).

Table 11
Regression (Dependent Variable–Purchasing Factors and
Independent Variable – Ease of finance)

Variables Entered/Removeda
Variables
Model Variables Entered Method
Removed
1 Importance of Ease of
Financeb . Enter
a. Dependent Variable: PF1245678
b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of
Model R R Square
Square the Estimate
1 .599a .359 .354 .63795
a. Predictors: (Constant), Importance of Ease of Finance
The “R” here indicates the simple correlation and is 0.599 which indicates a medium correlation
between the two variables.
ANOVAa
Sum of
Model df Mean Square F Sig.
Squares
Regression 27.135 1 27.135 66.675 .000b
1Residual 48.430 119 .407
Total 75.565 120
a. Dependent Variable: PF1245678
b. Predictors: (Constant), Importance of Ease of Finance

Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients t Sig.
Model B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 2.495 .190 13.104 .000
1 Importance of Ease .402 .049 .599 8.165 .000
Of Finance
a. Dependent Variable: PF1245678

As the significance value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05, we accept the alternate hypothesis which
states that the Purchasing Factors taken into consideration is influenced / caused by the independent
variable which here is ‘ease of financing’. This means with availability of finance a consumer can opt
for a better brand or a higher value car, or a car with greater performance, size etc. The consumer is
faced with restricted options while purchasing a car if the loan is not available. The purchasing factors
taken into account are Brand, Price, Performance, Safety, Design, Color & size and Resale value.

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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

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Conclusion:
Various Automobile Companies across the country are competing in the Indian market to provide
their best products. With the increase in technology over decades, many new features are being
provided in each vehicle which earlier seemed to be difficult. Many variants and models are being
manufactured by a number of companies competing neck to neck with each other to cater to different
demographic groups based on the income level, age groups, gender etc.
As per the last 14 years data, continuous growth in the industry from 2009-10 with a dip in only two
years 2013- 14 and 2019-20 owing to the high inflation rate and technological changes respectively
which was predicted that the degrowth would be only for a short term and the industry would spring
back to see a growth in future.
According to many articles, the industry is likely to expect a better and a stronger growth in the
coming few years despite the aftermath of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic hit on the economy.
The pandemic can in itself work as a driving factor for the growth of this industry urgingpeople to use
private transportation over public transport. The growth will also depend on the type of policies and
regulations made, prices set and income in the hands of the end consumers. The proposal made by
the central government if implemented with regard to the production linked incentive will boost the
auto components sector and the auto manufacturing sector which will make the country one of the
manufacturing hub across world as it will provide incentives to thecompanies under this scheme.
Through the analysis, interpretations and findings, the research conducted has been able to establish
a direct relation and shown the direct impact of income levels, availability of loans and consumer
behavior buying patter on the growth of this industry there by accepting the alternate hypothesis of
the study and rejecting the null hypothesis.

References
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International Journal of Management, Technology and Engineering, 696-706.

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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Impact of Vehicle Loans, Consumer Behavior and
Income Level on the Passenger Segment...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Abhishek Maheshwari, Monica Ranka & Chitra. D. Rao

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 8-17

• Patra, T., & J, M. R. (2017). Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Automobile Demand in India.
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Customers in Jaipur. Pacific Business Review.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

Plagiarism/Similarity: 01 %
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Rec.: 08-02-24 1 PR: 15-02-24 2nd PR: 28-02-24 DOA: 14-03-24

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

in Social Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
G. Sudhakar1, R. Srinivasa Rao2 & M. Narasimha3
1. Professor & Principal, Omega PG College (MCA) Edulabad, Ghatkesar Mandal,
Medchal Dist. E-Mail: gsudhakar9309@gmail.com, Mobile: +91 88974 12235
2. Research Scholar, GIETU & Associate Professor, Omega PG College (MCA)
Edulabad, Ghatkesar Mandal, Medchal Dist. E-Mail: sulram2318@gmail.com, Mobile: +91 98490 75387
3. Asst. Professor, Omega PG College (MBA), Edulabad, Ghatkesar Mandal, Medchal Dist.
E-Mail: mnarasimha.mca@gmail.com Mobile: +91 94924 28414

Abstract:
Companies interested in corporate social responsibility use corporate responsibility marketing to inform
consumers about the benefits of their practices and the environment. The counter-measure called “green-
washing” is often used by businesses looking to make an impact on their culture and environment. Although the
former is preferred, the latter is now higher and stronger in the market. A number of causes push organizations
to put into effect a better general of company social duty, which includes changing employee and purchaser
expectancies, policies and government strain, investor interest in social criteria, and modifications to deliver
chain processes. The fundamentals of socially conscious advertising as a moral business enterprise, which
includes observance of the regulation and ecological ideas. Companies need to make certain that each one
workers are aware about and abide through the relevant rules. Agencies' advertising and marketing strategies
and the want to develop goods and offerings that satisfy both consumer needs and environmental rules have had
a main impact on the evolution of cognizance concerning environmental protection. This article specializes in
the modern function and the growth of socially responsible marketing and advertising.
Keywords: Business, Ecological, Environmental, Principles, Organizations, Ethics.

Introduction
Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM), also known as ethical corporate marketing or green
marketing, is used by some businesses to recognize the broader social and environmental effects of
their goods and services. SRM communicates to customers that the business owns up to the effects of
its operations and works to mitigate them. These actions come under the broader category of
corporate social responsibility (CSR), but they are sometimes confused with other practices that are in
opposition to it. One such practice is socially irresponsible marketing (SIM), also known as "green-
washing," which is the practice of corporations disguising their poor social and environmental
records through dishonest advertising campaigns that extol their commitment to and behaviour in
these areas.
Early proposals for SRM called for limitations on marketing to children, especially when it came to
goods like gambling, alcohol, and tobacco. Recently, consumer advocates have added "junk food" to
this list of products, partly as a result of rising childhood obesity rates. Recently, there has been a
desire from some customers for SRM that communicates precise, clear, transparent, and easily
comprehensible information regarding the social and environmental responsibility of firms. Put
another way, some customers see SRM as a platform for informing the public about the negative
effects of their consumption habits. Claims that are readily verifiable using publicly accessible data
are indicative of authentic SRM. Such assertions unequivocally show that specific business
operations, goods, or services are more ecologically or socially responsible than those of the
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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

competitors in the market. Agencies should enforce and submit written ethics guidelines with the
intention to foster a subculture of ethical behaviour within the enterprise and to preserve employees
liable for abiding with the aid of the law and moral concepts. Corporations can generate chances to
decrease present and future costs, enhance their competitiveness and market position, and boom
earnings by using these or comparable ideas [4]. Greater ecological additives are used inside the
conduct of business operations in contemporary commercial enterprise as an important precondition
for reinforcing aggressive benefit and brand notion.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is about how an organization gives back to its stakeholders in an
acceptable and sustainable manner (Sudhakar, 2021). Achieving corporate fulfillment via consistent
patron happiness and gratifying all stakeholders is related to adopting and placing into preparation
excessive standards for dating advertising. Agencies want to interact in socially and ethically
accountable marketing in the event that they want to be triumphant inside the market and meet their
described commercial enterprise goals. In ultra-modern business-stakeholder relationship, ethics are
becoming an important component to be able to be considered socially responsible, a corporation
must uphold ethical principles which might be appropriate to the network wherein it operates as well
as have the organisational and economic resources to carry out its intended route of motion. This
essay discusses relational marketing, socially conscious marketing, historic and modern-day notions
of corporate social responsibility, and corporate social obligation.

The Emergence of Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility

The belief of corporate social duty's emergence is the belief of corporate social duty, or CSR
(Corporate Social Responsibility), changed into evolved inside the latter part of the 20th century. In
step with this enterprise philosophy, groups actively engage in their own operations, relationships
with partners, and social and environmental factors in their enterprise (Sudhakar, 2021). A socially
conscious enterprise actively participates in community trouble-fixing, addressing problems
associated with workers, the economy, energy, and the surroundings. This displays the business's
stage of improvement and best of lifestyles each domestically and globally. One of an organization's
pinnacle priorities while engaging in enterprise on the market is environmental safety. Agencies can
lessen their detrimental results on the environment to the best volume feasible by way of operating to
guard the natural surroundings. What is the aim of business firms, one might surprise? Is the
company's number one goal to maximize profits for its shareholders, or does it also have a bigger
duty to help solve social problems?
The three classes of social responsibility have been a hot topic of debate inside the Nineteen Seventies.
First, there was a communication approximately appropriate workplace behaviour for
businesspeople. Do you really need to uphold the same ethical requirements and ideals that they do
of their private lives? One topic that has been discussed lots is whether or not a director must bribe
someone to assure a settlement if he knows that his opponents will in all likelihood observe fit. The
subject of ways a lot of a social obligation groups have to their personal personnel was mentioned.
The topic of how groups may additionally supply their people higher working circumstances piqued
interest. Lastly, the idea of social responsibility encompassed the perception that businesspeople
ought to help cultural activities or support activities including music festivals and artwork
exhibitions. because managers are also anticipated to serve in an instructional committee, clinic
administrative fee tasks, etc.. In other words, they needed to actively participate inside the existence
of their groups.
Social obligation is a commitment to use discretionary business practises to beautify network well-
being and contribute to the accounting of organization resources. The word discretion is important to
this definition. It has not anything to do with legal necessities for corporation operations or the moral
or moral standards that underpin them. It’s far an organisation's voluntary, unsolicited movement
and decision to pick and implement an enterprise training in addition to making donations. To have
the ability to name the organizations socially responsible, they need to show off this dedication,
which is completed via implementing new commercial enterprise practises and making each
economic and in-kind donations. In this sense, "network gain" implies situations of the humans inside
the network itself, and of course, environmental troubles.

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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

Social Responsibility: New Methods for Addressing

There may be a brand new approach getting used in recent times at the same time as thinking about
social duty. Many humans think that companies should serve society's needs and hobbies similarly
to their own. It’s far their responsibility to useful resource in the decision of problems inside society.
The expectancies that society has for company firms have grown due to this new perception. As an
instance, keeping up the stress on groups to offer people a more secure and greater relaxed
surroundings. Some businesses, like the chemical enterprise, are required to no longer simplest
adhere to state pollution guidelines however additionally take proactive measures to minimise
pollutants, despite the fact that it approach sacrificing income. In cutting-edge society, groups are
required to demonstrate. They may be recommended to produce more secure merchandise, to guard
and recognize the environment, to recruit humans.
From minorities, provide employment for younger human beings without paintings, fight racial
prejudice, and uphold a high general of integrity at some point of the technique. This new technique
is nice seen in banking. Because of the competition of a lot of its clients to South Africa's Apartheid
guidelines, the once-well-known British bank is dealing with strain to close its doorways. In that new
definition of social obligation calls for integrity from both organizations and business people. They
need to be honest with both the outside world and their employees. When a hit business enterprise's
integrity is questioned, that corporation becomes extraordinarily prone. Their responses are regularly
harsh and receive quite a few media interest. This more inclusive definition of social responsibility is
extensively standard through the company community. also, they additionally agree that
organizations need to help in solving social troubles, even while their business enterprise is not
the reason of these issues.
However, some human beings oppose this method. Milton Friedman, a Nobel laureate in economics,
holds that businesses have only one obligation, which is to "pool their assets and power in activities
that purpose to boom earnings so long as they maintain inside the policies of the sport... and to
engage in open and free competition without any form of deception and fraud. “According to
Friedman, businesses have a social responsibility to "make as tons cash for their shareholders as
possible." A determined inside the enterprise, global has a similar outlook. The number one goal of
businesses, consistent with Ian McGregor, a former CEO and chairman of the handling boards of
massive British companies, is to generate wealth. Many organizations, in his opinion, have the idea of
social obligation which deters them from what their essential challenge is. Its miles a reality that
funding social tasks is highly-priced. As an end result, organizations that aid them frequently boost
the fees in their products, reduce worker wages, or enjoy worse profits.
The fees of social movements need to in the end be protected via someone; this someone can be a
shareholder, employee, or purchaser. Of route, in the long run, organizations might gain as well from
showing social duty. Main companies are worried in considerable social and economic tasks that
encompass imparting gadget for universities, seminars, informational generation related to tasks,
training programmes at universities and faculties, profession development seminars, and sponsorship
of artwork and sports competitions. Occasionally, social activities are included in the company's
business strategy. This has not anything to do with whether or not or not the charity need to be cited
in passing in the organisation's annual record. Contracts among massive groups and other social
businesses and nation systems are commonplace. It’s miles in the high-quality pastimes of the firm to
hire knowledgeable and noticeably educated personnel, and as a result, the success of its social
programmes is equally essential.
There's absolute confidence that those movements may be very high quality for the business
enterprise as an entire ultimately. The quote that first added social obligation as a danger
management approach for big, worldwide businesses whose personnel or environmental policies left
them prone to assaults can be observed inside the literature. For these reasons, they have embraced a
proactive method to behaviour this is predicated on sensitivity to the communities and surroundings
wherein they perform. Having sufficient cash inside the form of presents, contributions, and
scholarships for customers and activists is crucial to any non-profit business enterprise's capacity to
characteristic and continue to exist. Socially aware groups offer a source of funding for non-
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

governmental establishments that work for the overall desirable of society. However, there are times
when it's far legitimate to impeach whether or not a positive movement is encouraged by way of
charity and social duty or by way of a deftly planned advertising and marketing plan.

Socially Responsible Marketing

1. Companies inside the carrier zone have to not best purpose for, however necessarily require, a
marketing orientation. If there is no monopoly available on the market or if business operations in
both the domestic and foreign markets are not centered on advertising, there may be little hazard
of long-term corporate success. A practical assessment of the organisation and knowledge
approximately the country of the surroundings are critical for formulating techniques for carrier
agencies. An awesome marketing plan allows you to generate consumer hobby in service
providers, which reinforces sales, as well as generates new business.
2. The building of robust, lengthy-lasting relationships with people and businesses that have the
power to have an effect on the success of corporations' marketing initiatives is rapidly turning
into the primary objective of marketing. Relational advertising and marketing acknowledges the
fee of many stakeholders in supplying the excellent possible price to the client. The remaining
aim of relational advertising and marketing is to create exceptional advertising and marketing
networks made of the enterprise and its stakeholders, with whom the enterprise forges
moneymaking connections.
3. Marketing instils a brand new work ethic in the enterprise, sets new duties, demonstrates subject
in wearing out the plan, and is dedicated to fostering complete collaboration and coordination
among all parties concerned in the enterprise procedure.
4. Through advertising orientation, courting advertising and marketing, emblem control, public
relations, and advertising communications, stakeholders' critiques are blanketed in the
advertising manner. In the framework of corporate advertising and marketing, stakeholders are
perceived as both consumers of goods and offerings and as variables that have an impact on and
expand upon the perception of the marketing mix. Company advertising approach seeks to deal
with social needs and expectations, mainly those of stakeholders, similarly to maximising profit.
As a result, from the viewpoint of social duty, social interaction is one of the maximum important
components of company advertising and marketing. The emergence of monetary entities in market
economies has led to herbal strategies and a legitimate industrial orientation that have given upward
thrust to the contemporary scientific field of marketing. In terms of advertising and marketing as an
enterprise philosophy, or the commercial enterprise orientation of financial entities toward the
market, advertising as an enterprise idea symbolises businesses' proactive mind-set closer to the
marketplace. Its miles predicated on the customers' anticipated wants and, consequently, their
contentment with the particular utility of the use and the realisation of expected industrial
consequences. Pre-perceived patron needs function both the initial and remaining link inside the
chain that agency companies use to construct advertising principles.
To be able to reply to customers' wishes and demands with a enough range of products and services
at the right vicinity, at the right time, and for the right costs which they are inclined to pay,
entrepreneurs behaviour research, perceive, and analyse purchaser desires and needs. Planning
encompasses all movements and organizationally directed gives from manufacturers to consumers;
that is the position of advertising control. Taking an active stance within the employer marketplace is
possible with advertising as a commercial enterprise idea. In business phrases, advertising and
marketing refers to a business enterprise's position regarding its location inside the economy and
society as well as a "way of identification aimed at addressing the demands of citizens as customers,
in addition to the economic system and society in sure products and services to get the conclusion it
needs'.
This concept is based at the understanding that an agency's survival and fulfillment in an economic
system where the market performs an enormous role rely upon it. As an end result, all operations
need to stem from the requirements and desires of the customers as well as from their challenges and
problems. Retaining the foregoing in mind, the advertising belief is frequently cited in the literature
as "marketplace orientation." Orientation encompasses each market penetration and won enterprise
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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

within the current marketplace. As a commercial enterprise concept, advertising gives a particular
method to setting up, defining, and executing commercial prospects for businesses. Certainly,
advertising's energetic (offensive, and in instruction today is often encountered and competitive)
mind-set to all kinds of monetary life, significantly in the commercial enterprise activities of agencies,
reflects the specificity of thought and operational approach. The software of integration,
synchronisation, and coordination of agency-related operations is required with the aid of the
modern-day advertising concept.
Each advertising endeavour should cope with the wishes of customers, the economy, and society
while additionally selling monetary performance. Based totally on the previously cited data, we
deduced that this form of control and marketing control corporation gives a enough evaluation of the
interplay between market, financial, and wider social issues. Moreover, the fundamental first-rate of
advertising is its prompt model to transferring societal and marketplace needs. Because of this nice
element, advertising is seemed as one of the gear suitable for putting the desired structural
adjustments into vicinity. Organization-oriented advertising agencies are trying to find to correctly
portray and fulfill customer needs due to the fact that doing so is critical to reaching the main goals of
their existence, organisation, and organization development. Prioritising the identification and
analysis of consumer needs will assist you become aware of goal markets, manipulate your
manufacturing and sales time table, and engage in different advertising initiatives.
To turn out to be aggressive within the market, strategies and methods that assure the powerful use
of the sources handy ought to also be advanced. The corporation will not live on lengthy if its aim is
not to create approaches to attract in and keep customers and customers. It need to by no means be
forgotten that the primary duty and intention of any position inside the business enterprise is to
satisfy the wishes of clients and clients. As a monetary process, marketing connects production and
consumption by way of bringing them into contact thru an exchange procedure.
Macro advertising is an interest at the level of a country's economy and society, while micromarketing
is a subsystem of the organisation as an entire. One of the trans- disciplinary descriptive scientific
disciplines that studies marketplace phenomena is marketing. It employs particular ideas and
strategies. As a result, some writers contend that advertising is an exceedingly current academic
discipline with a slender theoretical foundation and little variant whilst compared to disciplines like
economics, sociology, and psychology. Although, in addition to the use of antiquated theories to deal
with modern marketing problems, advertising theorists have tried to create their own unique
marketing concept.

Socially Responsible Marketing and Marketing

The importance of courting marketing has grown quickly. Relational advertising has been widely
universal since it has end up clean that a agency's revenues are correlated with its customers' pride
and that a strategic aggressive gain can most effective be granted based on the features of its
products. Distribution channels in business advertising and marketing, advertising services,
advertising, and product management have progressed from advertising to preferred public clients
who're anonymous to advertising and marketing relationships with a diploma of familiarity to clients
and other stakeholders, or identifiable clients.
Product orientation, the orientation of the product, income and business orientation, and advertising
orientation—which is currently further subdivided into consumer-orientation, community
orientation, and relational advertising—are the ranges within the introduction of corporation
conceptions. There exist multiple interpretations of relationship marketing, considered one of which
states that it involves "attracting, maintaining, and improving relationships with customers" (Berry,
1983). The intention of relationship advertising is to set up, expand, and beautify relationships with
clients and other partners at a income if you want to fulfil the targets of the involved events.
Relationship marketing is targeted on the development of lengthy-time period relationships with
customers and different involved parties (Grönroos, 1990). Mutual help and the keeping of pledges
are used to accomplish this (Grönroos 1996).
Advertising and marketing of relations is any other call for courting advertising and marketing; the
word "retention advertising" is particularly found in literature. Courting advertising reinterprets
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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

advertising as a long-time period investment. Relational advertising focuses advertising efforts on

cautiously chosen customers, both as people or as agencies. Those clients customise the product or
service, but their interactions with the other contributors are what generate and offer new, stronger
value. Relational advertising and marketing on the organisational level is known as market version
Six, or The Six Markets version. It is mentioned that the feature of the six markets, every of which
stands for a relational advertising size, is to establish connections with entities - organizations or
human beings which could have an effect on the efficacy of the organization's positioning inside the
market, either immediately or indirectly.
The internal market, that's considered to be the centre of the employer, served because the initial
representative of these domains, emphasising the feature of internal advertising as an integrator and
facilitator that helps with dating control with other parties underneath exceptional markets. The client
marketplace is now placed on the centre. Setting customers at the core of the Six Markets version
concentrates at the goal of relational marketing, generating cost for clients, contentment, and loyalty,
with the lengthy-time period goal of growing profitability. Relational marketing, or courting
advertising, focuses advertising and marketing efforts on carefully chosen clients, either as
individuals or as groups. These clients customise the products or services, but their interactions with
all different members are what generate and offer new, greater value. The cutting-edge method to
advertising and marketing, that is constructed on an interactional network where advertising and
marketing activities expand at some stage in the agency or outdoor of marketing, is a topic of
increasing discussion in modern principle and practise.
Given their importance, marketing desires tackle a greater significance for companies and firms as an
entire. This allows to foster a culture of complete information among all company employees
regarding the price of preserving a watch on customers and competitors. As a result, relational
advertising represents the top of advertising orientation improvement. Positioned every other way,
its primary goal is to provide assistance for setting up the pleasant feasible relationships with all
events concerned (suppliers, competition, vendors and others) and which, in sure situations,
substantially dictate the phrases and requirements of the marketplace economy. The belief of
relationship advertising can be quite simply used to reinvigorate the marketing branch and reassume
its position as the muse control strategy across the complete business enterprise.
Key requirements for the adoption of the concept of relational advertising are the subsequent
elements
• lowering the effect of advertising activities on cycle time;
• changing access to marketplace segmentation; instilling private options for sure goods and
services;
• Shortening the period of marketing studies;
• developing a new definition of advertising and marketing communications;
• presenting after-sale communications services
• The customers need to be concerned in putting the expenses.
Agencies that utilize relational advertising in reality increase their aggressive position by enhancing
the nonmaterial elements of their relationships with customers. This is because intangibles, not like
tangible cloth like leads, are harder to copy and mirror. Current years have seen a shift in control
method towards relational marketing, where relationships with clients are seen as a corporation asset.
This has had many fantastic effects, which includes decrease advertising and marketing expenses and
better average income due to the fee of dedicated clients who aren't touchy to price changes.
Achievement in employer today is intimately linked to the adoption and use of excessive
requirements in new marketing models known as courting advertising and marketing, which
intention to continuously satisfy customers and all other stakeholders. Businesses ought to assess the
real-world software of morally and socially responsible advertising in the event that they wish to
meet their objectives and be triumphant in the market. In today's business-stakeholder relationship,
ethics are getting a critical issue.
The new business-advertising dating concept emphasises the significance of building robust
relationships among stakeholders and recognizes that these relationships are the only manner to
succeed inside the marketplace. clients and with other corporations that include the specific
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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

enterprise gadget's microenvironment a few key tenets of socially aware advertising and marketing
encompass enterprise ethics, respect for human and labour rights of people and corporations in the
marketplace, environmental principles inside the development of recent products, preventing
corruption within the marketplace economic system, and ethical ideas inside the formation of market
group communications.
The subsequent are some of the principle advantages of imposing the idea of socially aware
advertising:
• Developing a hit logo with the aid of associating it with moral behaviour, expanded income, and
committed and constant customers.
• Elevating employee pride within the advertising branch – one approach to draw and preserve
proficient employees is to contain them in socially aware tasks that adhere to ethical guidelines.
• Extra initiative and innovation—creating fresh concepts, viewpoints, and reviews; highlighting
the call for brand new items; being capable of alter to adjustments inside the social and
technological spheres, and so on. The belief of ecological marketing and eco-advertising emerged
as a result of the large position that environmental elements play in advertising and marketing
management.

Conclusion
For the reason that the firm bears a huge portion of the obligation for activities and activities that
have a wider social importance, corporate social responsibility is a belief that is widely used in
contemporary enterprise practices. Companies interact in a spread of corporate social tasks in an
attempt to help clear up troubles inside the groups where they behavior business. Concerning the
legal and social manage of advertising programmers and activities; the wider hobbies and ethical
context of current enterprise are valued inside the framework of socially accountable advertising. To
gain lengthy-term monetary outcomes, contemporary companies need to act closer to appreciation
and recognize for moral standards and concepts, as well as compliance with laws and regulations,
similarly to addressing the needs, necessities, and expectancies of purchasers. In any case, the
marketing discipline plays an important and far-reaching role in society, as evidenced by its direct
development and application of marketing definitions in the business world, as well as its conceptual
and practical links with CSR. The classification of the relationship between the two concepts
discussed here serves as a tool for marketing scholars and practitioners in their respective
endeavours.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Social
Responsibility Marketing (SRM)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION G. Sudhakar, R. Srinivasa Rao & M. Narasimha

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 18-25

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[13] Sajeev Varki, Shirley Wong, “Consumer Involvement in Relationship Marketing of
Services”, Journal of Service Research 2003.
[14] Todorović, J., M. Milisavljević, "Marketing strategy", Faculty of Economics, Belgrade, 1991.
[15] Vasilljev S, Marketing, Singidunum, Belgrade, 2004.
[16] Woo Gon Kim, Jin Soo Han and Euehun Lee, Effects of Relationship Marketing on Repeat
Purchase and Word of Mouth, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 2001; 25; 272
[17] Woodcock N., Stone M., Machtynger L., “Customer relationship Marketing: Get to know
yor Customers and win their loyalty”, Kogan Page, 2002.

*** *** ***

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Yoga for Body, Mind & Soul:
Insights from the Gherand Samhita
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ritesh Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 26-30

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Yoga for Body, Mind & Soul:

Insights from the Gherand Samhita
Ritesh Kumar
Assistant Professor ‘Yoga’, Motherhood University, Roorkee
Mob.: 9412999793, Email: dr.ritesh.rke@gmail.com

Abstract:
The ancient text Gherand Samhita provides profound insights into the practice of yoga, emphasising its holistic
approach towards achieving harmony and balance in body, mind, and soul. This study delves into the Gherand
Samhita's teachings, clarifying the many yogic exercises suggested in the book and their significant effects on
mental, spiritual, and physical health. This article emphasises the therapeutic benefits of yoga for improving
general health, developing mental clarity, and fostering spiritual growth, drawing on both traditional wisdom
and modern research. By means of an extensive examination of the Gherand Samhita's teachings, this piece
seeks to motivate people to take a transforming step towards holistic wellbeing by means of practicing yoga.

Keywords: Gherand Samhita, Yoga, Body, Mind, Soul, Holistic Wellness, Therapeutic Benefits.

Introduction
Sage Gheranda wrote a book on practical yoga known as the Gheranda Samhita. It can be deduced
that the Gheranda Samhita originated as a literary work in the seventeenth century based on the
oldest extant manuscripts. The earliest copy of the fourteen manuscripts that have been used for
critical editions of the Gheranda Samhita that are currently available were discovered in northern and
eastern India in 1802. These hidden lessons would have most likely endured for several centuries as
an oral tradition, transmitted from guru to pupil, before being documented. The exact location and
time of Sage Gheranda's birth remain unknown, although his teachings appear to have been confined
to northeastern India and unheard of in the south. Yoga, an ancient practice originating from the
Indian subcontinent, has gained widespread recognition for its profound benefits on physical, mental,
and spiritual health.1 The Gherand Samhita, one of the classical texts of yoga, offers invaluable
insights into the practice of yoga as a holistic system for achieving harmony and balance in all aspects
of life. This research article explores the teachings of the Gherand Samhita, focusing on its principles
and practices for nurturing the body, calming the mind, and awakening the soul.2
Basically Gherand Samhita is written in talk method between the king chandakpali and sage
Gherand.3 The first verse of Gherand Samhita is “एकदा च कापािलग ा घेर कुिटरम् । ण िवनया ा
घेर ं प रपृ!ित ॥ GS/1॥“ Meaning is that “Once, King Chandakapali went to the hermitage of Sage
Gheranda and, after prostrating before him with due humility and devotion, asked him a question.”4
Saptanga yoga, or the seven limbs of yoga, is the style of yoga that is taught in the Gheranda
Samhita. There is no requirement on the number of limbs in yoga. Other yoga literature explain
ashtanga yoga, also known as eightfold yoga or eight-limbed yoga. The renowned yoga exponent
Srinivasa Bhatta wrote Hatharatnavali, while Yogi Swatmarama's Hatha Yoga Pradipika lists four
limbs of yoga. Sage Gorakhnath describes the six limbs of yoga, or shashtanga yoga, in his book
Goraksha Ashtakam.
Different yoga traditions gain popularity based on the demands of a certain age and society. Yoga
practices were once believed to be reserved for saints, sages, noble souls, renunciates, and people who
were not connected to worldly interests. This could be another explanation for these variations.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Yoga for Body, Mind & Soul:
Insights from the Gherand Samhita
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ritesh Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 26-30

They might not have needed to master the basic yamas (self-control) and niyamas (self-observances)
of yoga at that elevated state. As a result, numerous literature did not mention yama and niyama.
Later on, though, when times changed and more and more common people began showing an
interest in yoga, sages included the yamas and niyamas to the concept of yoga.
The Gheranda Samhita begins by talking about shatkarma, or the body's purification rituals. They are
as follows: dhauti, which is a cleansing of the head and the alimentary canal from the mouth to the
anus; basti, which is a cleansing of the large intestine; nauli, which is a strengthening and massaging
technique for the muscles and organs of the abdomen; kapalbhati, a kind of pranayama; and trataka,
which is a mind-concentrating technique. These are regarded as the six hatha yoga purification
procedures. These body-cleansing techniques were regarded by Sage Gheranda as the fundamental
aspect of yoga.
Asanas are then covered; Sage Gheranda mostly explains positions that strengthen and stabilize the
body. Once total control over the body has been established, the goal is to reach a point where there is
no more pain or discomfort. Sage Gheranda talks about twenty-five mudras in the third dimension
that can be used to regulate prana flow throughout the body. He thinks that the body generates heat
and energy inside through prana, or energy. In advanced sadhana, the body produces heat when an
individual sits in an asana for extended periods of time; the body temperature only decreases if the
internal prana shakti is uncontrolled, resulting in the loss of energy. However, prana shakti, or
energy, is drawn inside the body and prevented from dissipating by the use of mudras. In order to
keep prana within the body, Sage Gheranda explains the mudras.5
After mudras, pratyahara is considered to as the fourth dimension. Illnesses are removed and the
body is first cleaned. Asana stability is then achieved. Next, prana is balanced and governed by the
application of mudras. Under pratyahara, when the senses are under control, the mind spontaneously
internalizes itself. Sage Gheranda says that in the pratyahara condition, when the mind is
internalizing and becoming one-pointed, it is easy to awaken the pranas. In that subtle state, it takes
no effort at all to activate the pranas and internalize the mind. By practicing pratyahara, one can
spontaneously awaken the prana, observe the subtle cosmos, and have experiences at the subtle
level.6
Pranayama is listed by Sage Gheranda as the fifth dimension. When pranayama is practiced, the
duration of the inhale and exhale is equal, and the inhalation and exhalation are typically counted.
This practice is continued by Sage Gheranda, albeit mantras are employed in place of counting. Every
pranayama technique listed in the Gheranda Samhita is done while repeating a mantra. Sage
Gheranda increases the potency of pranayama by adding mantras. The vibrations of the mantra are
felt when it is said while breathing, which heightens focus and generates pranic energy. One
maintains control over this awakened energy via the joint practice of pratyahara and pranayama; it
never becomes unmanageable.
The sixth dimension is then added, which is dhyana, or meditation. Meditation naturally arises when
the mind is internalized and the prana is awakened. Three types of meditation are mentioned by Sage
Gheranda: one-pointed meditation (ekachita dhyana), inner meditation (antaranga dhyana), and
external meditation (bahiranga dhyana). While inner realization is awakened in one-pointed
meditation, awareness of the sensations formed in the subtle mental levels is present in external
meditation.
Important pointers on how to enter the seventh dimension, samadhi, are provided along with a
description of profound meditation.
Ghatastha yoga is another term used by Sage Gheranda to refer to his seven limbs of yoga. Ghatastha
yoga translates to "body-based yoga." Ghata signifies both body (sharira) and vessel (pitcher).7 8
“घट थयोगं योगे श त ान कारणम् । इदानी ोतुमम ािम योगे र वद भो ॥2॥“ GS/2
“O Yogeshwara, god of yoga! I wish to learn ghatastha yoga, which is a means to self-
realization. O Yogeshwara! O Lord! Kindly tell me about this.”9
He has seen the body as a mud pot, formed by matter and filled with all that God has bestowed upon
it, including the senses, the mind, knowledge, wisdom, and ego, which collectively constitute the
individual's pitcher. Therefore, the body is the starting point for self-realization in Sage Gheranda's

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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Yoga for Body, Mind & Soul:
Insights from the Gherand Samhita
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ritesh Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 26-30

ghatastha yoga. By managing the mental and emotional levels through the body, spiritual realization
is awakened. This is his opinion.

The Philosophy of Yoga in Gherand Samhita:

The Gherand Samhita elaborates on a profound yoga philosophy that has its roots in the age-old
spiritual traditions of India. The basic idea of yoga is that it is a comprehensive system of self-
realisation that seeks to integrate and harmonies the body, mind, and spirit. This book describes the
eightfold path of yoga, or Ashtanga Yoga. It consists of the following: yama (ethical practices),
niyama (Observances), asana (postures), Pranayama (Breath Control), Pratyahara (sensation
withdrawal), Dhahran (Concentration), Dhyana (meditation), and Samadhi (unity with the divine).10
These yoga asana limbs are viewed as logical steps that take the practitioner from moral and ethical
behavior to spiritual freedom. The Gherand Samhita encourages practitioners of yoga to develop
characteristics like truthfulness, non-violence, purity, and contentment, emphasizing the value of
discipline, self-control, and renunciation. It also emphasizes the significance of physical postures, or
asanas, and breath control, or pranayama, as vital tools for clearing the mind and body, regulating the
naadis, or energy channels, and assisting practitioners in reaching deeper stages of meditation.
Individuals are encouraged to awaken to their actual nature, transcend the constraints of the egoic
consciousness, and realize the eternal unity of existence through the practice of yoga, as described in
the Gherand Samhita. This yoga philosophy inspires seekers on their quest of self-discovery and inner
transformation by providing profound insights into the nature of reality, the human predicament,
and the path to spiritual freedom.

The Some Verses:

1. "Yatha drishti tatha srishti, drishti sarva prakashini, Drishti marga praveshaya, drishti
lakshanam bhavet."
Yatha- "As is the vision, so is the creation; vision illuminates everything. The path to vision leads
to entry; the characteristics of vision become evident."
2. "Brahma satyam jagat mithya, jivo brahmaiva naparah, Nasti bhinnam jagat kvapi,
brahmatmaikatva bhavet."
Yatha- "Brahman is the only truth, the world is unreal, and there is ultimately no difference
between Brahman and the individual soul. The world is never separate from Brahman; the unity
of Brahman and Atman is the ultimate reality."
3. "Yoginam chitta vritti nirodhah, Aham bhava vyapashraya, Atmanam sarva bhuteshu, Aham
pratyaya sambhavah."
Yatha- "For yogis, the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind is achieved by focusing on the
sense of 'I am.' The self-manifests itself in all beings through the sense of 'I am.'"

Physical Health-
The Gherand Samhita explores the complex connection between physical health and yoga practices,
arguing for the body's holistic well-being and acknowledging it as the temple of the soul. The book
describes a wide range of asanas, or poses, that are carefully crafted to enhance physical strength,
flexibility, and energy. By focusing on different muscle groups, joints, and internal organs, these
asanas improve circulation, increase range of motion, and promote general health. Every asana, from
the vigorous surya namaskar (sun salutation) sequence to the reviving virabhadrasana (warrior pose)
and the restorative savasana (corpse position), has a distinct function in fostering physical harmony
and harmonising the body's energy.11 The Gherand Samhita also highlights the importance of
pranayama, or breath control, as a potent technique for mind and body purification. By means of
controlled breathing exercises like kapalabhati (skull sparkling breath) and nadi shodhana (alternate
nostril breathing), practitioners can cultivate vigor at the cellular level, eliminate toxins, and improve
oxygenation. Through the integration of these yoga practices into their daily routine, individuals can
enhance their overall sense of well-being, prevent illness, and unleash the body's inherent healing
capacity. The Gherand Samhita's holistic approach also emphasizes the need of maintaining physical
health as a basis for spiritual development, acknowledging the interdependence of the body, mind,

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Yoga for Body, Mind & Soul:
Insights from the Gherand Samhita
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ritesh Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 26-30

and spirit. In order to achieve optimal physical health and holistic wellness, practitioners can embark
on a transforming journey by embracing the yogic practices described in the Gherand Samhita.12
1. "Stirabhanga Sthira Dhirgha Sukshma Shvasa Prasvashah, Shvasa prasvasha yor gati
vichchhedah pranayamah."
Yatha - "The regulation of inhalation, exhalation, and retention of breath is known as
pranayama. It should be long, steady, and subtle."
2. "Tatah Sukhaasanam Bhavet, Prayatna Shaithilya Anantasamapattibhyam."
Yatha - "From there, one should attain a comfortable posture. It should be effortless and
merge into the infinite."
3. "Sukhah setuhu jihvagre, sthirah khaa setu bandhah, Tato yogee swayam tu, swayam yogam
pravartayet."
Yatha - "With the tongue gently touching the palate, one should perform the Bandha known
as 'Khecari.' Then the yogi himself initiates the practice of yoga."

Mental Clarity:
The Gherand Samhita's yoga techniques are powerful instruments for developing inner calm,
emotional equilibrium, and mental clarity. The book explains a number of methods for maximizing
mental capacity in order to improve cognitive performance and foster mental clarity. The most
important of these techniques is dhyana, or meditation, which is the deliberate development of acute
awareness and concentrated attention.13 Through meditation, practitioners can transcend habitual
thinking patterns, calm the mind's constant chatter, and enter deeper levels of consciousness. Breath
control, or pranayama, is another important exercise that helps to calm the mind, relax the nervous
system, and promote relaxation by controlling the breath. People can ease tension, lessen anxiety, and
promote mental clarity by coordinating their breath with movement in exercises like the sun
salutation, or deep abdominal breathing. The Gherand Samhita also recommends yoga nidra, or
"yogic sleep," a profoundly relaxing method that causes deep relaxation while preserving an elevated
state of consciousness.14 Yoga nidra allows practitioners to experience profound realms of serenity
and inner stillness, dissolve mental turbulence, and relieve tension held in the body and mind. People
can develop mental clarity and inner calm that permeates every part of their being, improve focus,
and sharpen their mental faculties by incorporating these yoga techniques into their daily life.
1. "Tatra pratyak chetana adhva, svatma darshana yogayoh, Prana samrodhah."
Yatha- "In that state, one attains direct perception and self-realisation through the practice of
yoga, by controlling the prana."
2. "Japa svadhaya ishtadeva samprayogah, karma sanyasa param tapah."
Yatha- "The highest austerity is the renunciation of actions performed with attachment, and the
practice of mantra repetition (japa), self-study (svadhyaya), and devotion to the chosen deity."
3. "Manasah chanchalatam nasyet, manah prashantam bhavet."
Yatha- "The mind should be freed from agitation and brought to a state of tranquility."

Spiritual Growth:
The Gherand Samhita elaborates on yoga as a profound means of achieving self-realization and
spiritual advancement. The development of consciousness, inner tranquility, and a spiritual
connection are essential to this path. The literature places a strong focus on the use of dhyana, or
meditation, as a transformative technique for seeing life as it truly is and overcoming the constraints
of the egoic mind. Through meditation, practitioners explore the depths of their being and discover
the unending love and timeless knowledge that are at the center of who they are. Breath control, or
pranayama, is another important exercise that wakes the dormant spiritual force (kundalini) at the
base of the spine and purifies the energy pathways (nadis). Through the use of breath, practitioners
can bring the body, mind, and spirit into balance, opening the door to deep spiritual experiences and
personal growth. The Gherand Samhita also recommends the practice of japa, or repeating mantras,
as a way to call upon heavenly forces and raise one's consciousness. Practitioners can lift the veil of
ignorance and feel a profound sense of unity with the divine by singing sacred mantras with devotion
and sincerity. The literature also emphasizes the significance of dedication (bhakti yoga) and selfless

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Yoga for Body, Mind & Soul:
Insights from the Gherand Samhita
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Ritesh Kumar

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 26-30

service (karma yoga) as essential components of the spiritual path. Through loving-compassionate
service to others and developing a strong devotion to the divine, practitioners can transcend the ego,
purify the heart, and discover their inherent divinity. Through these yoga techniques, people can set
out on a life-changing path of self-exploration that results in significant spiritual development, inner
ful-fillment, and oneness with the divine.15
1. "Atma chetana samyuktam, yadaa bhavati tadadho, Tadaa yogee prabuddhah, samyoga
visheshaanuvartate."
Yatha- "When the individual consciousness merges with the universal consciousness, the yogi
attains enlightenment and transcends the limitations of the material world."
2. "Sarvabhutaatmakam chittam, kritva yogam avesayet, Eka eva mano yogee, bhavet parama
samsthitih."
Yatha- "By merging the individual mind with the universal consciousness, the yogi attains
supreme realization and experiences oneness with all beings."
3. "Yatha drishti tatha srishti, drishti sarva prakashini, Drishti marga praveshaya, drishti lakshanam
bhavet."
Yatha- "As is the vision, so is the creation; vision illuminates everything. The path to vision leads
to entry; the characteristics of vision become evident."

Conclusion:
The Gherand Samhita's teachings provide a thorough foundation for practising yoga as a holistic
approach to attaining balance and harmony in the body, mind, and soul. People can take a
transformative path towards holistic healing and self-discovery by combining physical postures,
breath control, meditation, and spiritual contemplation. The Gherand Samhita's ageless wisdom
continues to be a beacon of guidance for those who want to use yoga as a means of cultivating holistic
health and spiritual enlightenment, even as scientific research on the therapeutic advantages of yoga
advances.

References

1 Ghosh,Shyam,Gheranda Samhita,In The Original Yoga,New Delhi:Munsiram Manoharlal

Publishers Pvt.Ltd.,New Delhi,308 pages,1980
2 Gheraṇḍa; S.C. Vasu (Translator) (1895). The Gheranda Sanhita: A Treatise on Hatha Yoga.
Bombay Theosophical.
3 https://www.hathajoga.lt/gheranda-samhita-swami-niranjanananda-saraswati.pdf
4 Mark Stephens (2011). Teaching Yoga: Essential Foundations and Techniques. North Atlantic. pp.
17–20. ISBN 978-1-58394-472-1.
5 https://www.hathajoga.lt/gheranda-samhita-swami-niranjanananda-saraswati.pdf
6 Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-14-
341421-6.
7 https://www.hathajoga.lt/gheranda-samhita-swami-niranjanananda-saraswati.pdf
8

9 Georg Feuerstein (2011). The Path of Yoga: An Essential Guide to Its Principles and Practices.
Shambhala Publications. pp. 55, 59–60. ISBN 978-0-8348-2292-4.
10 Mikel Burley (2000). Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 8–9.
ISBN 978-81-208-1706-7.
11 https://www.arnavh.com/gheranda-samhita
12 https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5289/gheranda-samhita
13 https://www.dreambookpublishing.com/product/gheranda-samhita/
14 https://drsomveeryoga.com/gheranda-samhita-introduction/
15 https://terebess.hu/keletkultinfo/lexikon/Gheranda-Samhita.pdf

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Casting Scientific Heed on Academia in Teaching and
Learning Process by Dint of Modern Approach to Class Teaching...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 31-38

Plagiarism/Similarity: 05 %
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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Casting Scientific Heed on Academia in Teaching and

Learning Process by Dint of Modern Approach to Class
Teaching and Publishing Real-time Text Books: A Study and
Recommendation for Greater Learning Outcomes
Kamal Bhattacharyya
Professor of English, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
Motherhood University, Roorkee, Haridwar (U.K.)

Abstract:
In this paper I have substantially tried to establish my view on the topic on Scientific Temperament in
Academics: The Need of Implementation. Indian academics still now, despite the advent of AI, especially in
liberal subjects like language, literature, history political sciences, philosophy, economics etc. The Apex body of
Higher Education UGC has recently added two of its circulars recently- 1. Mulya Pravah 2.0 and
2. Implementation of internship in courses. My view will be to relate Scientific Temperament implementation
in academics so that learning can become live, practical oriented and effective. In subjects group of liberal arts
knowledge is compromised and kept limited in book pages. Advancement in technology was hardly implemented
on textbooks and curriculum. For Indian context, there were basically two problems in the application of
scientific temperament in academics, 1. Lack of infrastructure in schools, colleges and universities 2. Fund. For
implementation of scientific temperament needs practical orientation, internships and physical properties and
TLM. Another, though I think minor, problem is dearth of trained teachers. Education has two parallel domains
as knowledge system, theory and practical. Learning subjects with Scientific Temperament will deduce many
existing problems.
Keywords: Scientific Temperament, AI, UGC, Mulya Pravah 2.0, TLM.

|| Cogito, Ergo Sum - Rene Descartes ||

Introduction:
Education is all the more skills, mental and physical. The faculties of human brain behave best when
the brain receives information scientifically. Philosophically when I think it means I exist. Thinking is
pulsating activity among living being (thinking here is as mental activity driven by hormones—a tiger
also thinks to attack or not in right moment). Education from primary level to university, in India, has
less scope for thinking especially in the subjects which are pent in books, classroom and blackboard.
Rote learning and mugging up are the trends in liberal arts. Even in physical science, geography, life
sciences, mathematics, the mode of teaching is read, remember and
vomit during examination. Swami Vivekananda said, ‘Education is
the manifestation of perfection of knowledge already in men.’
Confucius said, I hear and I forget, I see and I remember. I do and I
understand.’ Many children suffer from sophophobia only because
of lack of understanding the subject, and mathematics is responsible
for the worst case in India, why? The only reason is that children do
not understand the subject despite good teaching by good teachers.
The reason behind is wrong approach of teaching and theoretical
based of teaching. A student should have the conception of how a (a
+ b)2 becomes a2 + 2ab + a2with the help of a square. Let me explain:
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Learning Process by Dint of Modern Approach to Class Teaching...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 31-38

So, a student can understand the above example. I am not a teacher of mathematics, but I can
understand that mundane way of teaching brings lackadaisical attitude towards a subject. Academic
books are not written with innovative style or ideas. If a little effort is given in publication novelty
learning process may transform into a new era.

Science and Society:

In every society, in the daily faith and tradition, there is science, hidden or unexplained. And we
generalize this superstition. But if we deep delve into the background of those superstitions we can
discover scientific phenomenon, only thing that we have to elicit those unexplained reasons behind
every superstition, then we can enlighten the society. It is difficult to change the mindset of the people
and turn their head towards another direction, but constant and ceaseless efforts can do it. Society is a
complex composition of colourful thread, the development of a society thus depends on the design.
The more it will be simple, the more it will quiver in life of wisdom. To teach the peasants not to burn
the paddy stump instead they can be used as compost is good, but better is to tell them why not they
should burn it because the fire would kill the beneficial insects, and harden the soil with carbon
dioxide. So, Scientific Temperament need not and necessarily be taught in schools, colleges and
universities. The buffer zone of a forest should be less frequent visited by the villagers and instead of
cutting trees, they can collect the dry leaves and branches—this too scientific temperament. Why you
should stop when a cat crosses a road? There is also science behind it, as cats are extremely flexible,
they can turn at any point, so in order to avoid accident people are told to stop. There is a psychology
behind this superstition that people are not good at remembering rules, but they easily abide by
something which is related to religious and ominous. But real Scientific Temperament can bring
change if it is practiced and taught in school level.

Science and Scientific Temperament: A Practice is needed:-

The Secret of the Machine-
We were taken from the ore-bed and the mine,
We were melted in the furnace and the pit—
We were cast and wrought and hammered to design,
We were cut and filed and tooled and gauged to fit.
Some water, coal, and oil is all we ask,
And a thousandth of an inch to give us play:
And now, if you will set us to our task,
We will serve you four and twenty hours a day! -Rudyard Kipling
The literature as such in books encompasses the aesthetic values of life, but have we ever thought to
study a poem on science or scientific thought? Water by Rudyard Kipling is an eye opening poem for
the student and in general when he says ‘we are everything on earth—except the God.’ The whole
poem is enshrined upon the scientific thought without disturbing the aesthetics of a poem.
Let me take another example from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ‘Water’
The water understands
Civilization well;
It wets my foot, but prettily,
It chills my life, but wittily,
It is not disconcerted,
It is not broken-hearted:
Well used, it decketh joy,
Adorneth, doubleth joy:
Ill used, it will destroy,
In perfect time and measure
With a face of golden pleasure
Elegantly destroy.
Ralph Waldo Emerson minutely described the potential of water which navigates the world. It is the
beautiful thing and Waldo being didactic when he says,
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‘Well used, it decketh joy,

Adorneth, doubleth joy:
Ill used, it will destroy’
Mind is provocative. If scientific thought can instill inside our mind, AI and literature cannot be
separate domains. Reading about John Thornhill’s AI and Literature: The Muse in the Machine. The
word ‘muse’ is a provocative term which may spark in the students’ mind and set scientific
temperament. So, a cultural tradition can be set among the students so that they can utilise their
potential with full throttle. UNESCO recommends scientific temperament in study. Article 51 (A)h of
our constitution upholds scientific temperament in education and ‘One of fundamental duties as to
develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
People learn lot of things from their surroundings, school and colleges and other educational
institutions. People learn from their education and education develop their responsibilities as a
human to promote humanism; that is eternal, above all the things neither their religion taught to do
nor their culture taught to do. Asking Questions is the most important factor to develop the scientific
temper and it is attained only through education. Asking Questions in the teaching learning process is
the most important thing to develop the spirit of inquiry and it leads many to make a reform in
India.( Role of Education in developing the scientific temper (S.N.Ambumani—Jan 2023).

Why Scientific Temperament is is important:

The term ‘scientific temperament’ was coined by J.L.Nehru in his book The Discovery of India. Scientific
Temperament is important to eradicate superstitions from society, development of human resource, business,
economics, science and technology. The exploration of scientific approach in subjects is the soul of good education.
Development of a country lies in its educated population. Prosperity, growth and progress are interrelated.
Modern era translates growth as per monetary and business policy. Production, R&D, application of technology in
right purposes, international policies all depend on the monetary and military policy. Quality of population will
depend on the right education. Israel, in spite of its small size is one of the strongest countries. The major brains in
all fields are from Israel.
Scientific Temperament and Indian Perspective of Philosophical ways: Indian philosophers from the orient were
aware of the dimension of natural phenomena. Since science and technology was not developed, the philosophers
tried to explain the relation between individual and the Brahman. Shive Purana is the most prominent in
explaining the scientific phenomena through stories. It is the highest science of elevating of human nature.
Brahmanda purana, the shape of the earth was known spherical, where Sage Vashistha call earth as golok
(dharagolaka), dhara=earth, golok=sphere. Surya Shiddhanta class earth is a globe. Markandya Purana even
declares the poles of the earth are flat. Swami Vivekananda discussed the quantum entanglement and theory in
Advaita Vedanta. Padma Purana (140.184-185) says the sun is in the middle of the planets ( हम ये यथा रिवः) and
यु ायािभमुख त थौ धराधरिवकं पनः कशोर वितसंहषाि कशोर इव चो दतः॥ अभव ै यम ये स हम ये यथा रिवः लंब तु
नवमेघाभः लंबांबरभूषणः॥ Therefore there is no dearth of scientific temperament in oriental teachings,
education and philosophy. The modern days flawed it. Rigveda 3.5.5 and Samveda 1.2.1.7 says that
the earth is rotating, Atharva Veda.
Atharva-veda 19.9.7, Bhagvat Puran 3.11.13 & Yoga Vasishtha 5.75.13 says that all the planets &
heavenly bodies are rotating in the universe. Yajurveda 3.6 says that Earth is moving around the Sun
too.
• Atom is the Ultimate Particle:
The atomic description of the Srimad Bhagavatam is almost the same as the modern science of
atomism, and this is further described in the Paramāṇu-vāda of Maharishi Kaṇāda. In modern
science also, the atom is accepted as the ultimate indivisible particle of which the universe is
composed.
Srimad Bhagavatam (3.11.1-2)—
The material manifestation’s ultimate particle, which is indivisible and not formed into a body, is
called the atom. It exists always as an invisible identity, even after the dissolution of all forms.
The material body is but a combination of such atoms, but it is misunderstood by the common
man. Atoms are the ultimate state of the manifest universe. When they stay in their own forms

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without forming different bodies, they are called the unlimited oneness. There are certainly
different bodies in physical forms, but the atoms themselves form the complete manifestation.
• Doubt— Modern Science had already discovered sub-atomic particles such as protons, neutrons
and electrons confirming that atoms are neither ultimate nor indivisible. Hence, this is a scientific
error.
Clarification— Science in the West came to know about the above facts in the 19th century
courtesy Scientist John Dalton whose theory included all the major points mentioned in the above
quote. Although with the coming of technology most of his renderings were proven false, they
were an important stepping stone in this direction. Even, Indian school students are still taught
his already falsified theories in their initial classes — which proves they were not unimportant.
Hence even if the information is wrong, that in no way proves that our ancestors were not
advanced. Rather, they were enough advanced considering the fact that they were devoid of
modern age equipments. Here another thing can also be stated — the discovery of sub-atomic
particles doesn't in all ways disprove the fact that atoms are ultimate. They are ultimate in terms
of existence since smaller particles cannot exist independently.

Advanced Climatology
Water-Cycle causes Rain
Vishnu Purana 2.9.8-10—
During eight months of the year the sun attracts the waters, which are the essence of all fluids, and
then pours them upon earths (during the other four months) as rain: from rain grows corn; and by
corn the whole world subsists. The sun with his scorching rays absorbs the moisture of the earth, and
with them nourishes the moon.
Brahmanda Purana 2.22.12-17 describes—
With the mass of his rays and accompanied by the wind all round, the sun takes away the water of
the entire world, O excellent Brāhmaṇas. The moon transmits the entire water drunk by the sun. The
torrential current of water (Downpour of rain) functions through Nāḍis (veinlike vessels)
accompanied by the wind. The water that oozes out of the moon remains in the food (i.e. plants and
food crops). Being obstructed by the wind, the clouds scatter water over the earth. Thus water is
continuously thrown up (i.e. turned into vapour) and dropped down. There is no total destruction of
water. The same water gets transformed. It is for the sake of sustenance of all the worlds that this
cosmic Māyā has been created (by the lord).
• Sun neither rises nor sets:
Vishnu Puran 2.8.12-15 states—
Whilst the sun, who is the discriminator of all hours, shines in one continent in midday, in the
opposite Dvīpas, Maitreya, it will be midnight: rising and setting are at all seasons, and are
always (relatively) opposed in the different cardinal and intermediate points of the horizon.
When the sun becomes visible to any people, to them he is said to rise; when he disappears from
their view, that is called his setting. There is in truth neither rising nor setting of the sun, for he is
always; and these terms merely imply his presence and his disappearance.
Similar description is provided by Sri Aitreya Brahmana 4.44.243 as well.
• Tides caused due to the Moon:
Vishnu Purana 2.4.89-92—
“In all the oceans the water remains at all times the same in quantity and never increases or
diminishes; but like the water in a cauldron, which in consequence of its combination with heat,
expands, so the waters of the ocean swell with the increase of the Moon. The waters, although
really neither more nor less, dilate or contract as the Moon increases or wanes in the light and
dark fortnights”

Advanced Medical Science/Biology

• Science of Embryology

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Srimad Bhagavatam 3.31.2-10—

On the first night the sperm and ovum mix, at the fifth night there is a bubble and in about ten
days it is thereafter like a plum, lump of flesh or an egg. Within a month a head appears and
within two months limbs like arms and feet form. The nails, [the beginnings of] hair, bones, skin,
reproductive organs and the apertures appear within three months. In about four months the
seven ingredients separate [body-fluids and other elements], in five months feelings like hunger
and thirst occur and in six months the fetus starts to move to the right in the amnion [males to the
right, females to the left so one says]. From the nutrition and fluid obtained from the mother the
body of the fetus grows as it stays in that impossible hollow where[about] stool and urine form a
breeding ground for germs. All the time aching for food, it is, being so tender, affected by
infestations ['worms'] and thus has to suffer all over its body a great deal while residing there,
moment after moment lapsing into unconsciousness. Because of the excessive bitterness, heat,
pungency, saltiness, dryness, the sourness etc. of the food taken by the mother, it is affected in
every limb and thus feels pain. Enclosed by the amnion in that place surrounded by the intestines
it lies with a bent neck and back arched with its head in its belly. Like a bird in a cage that has no
freedom of movement, it still remembers - when it is lucky - what has happened in all its past
hundreds of births. Remembering such a long history, it will sigh, for what peace of mind can it
achieve then? From the seventh month on it is endowed with consciousness, but at the same time
it is pushed down by the pressure of the womb where it cannot stay, just like the worm stemming
from the same belly.
In modern science, embryology is very vast and sophisticated. For detailed information, one can
visit the link given in the comments.
But, our great Sages, at a time when no modern instruments existed, provided such complex data
in a highly summarized and simplified manner in the Puranas, making it easier for the human
mind to grab the concept. In this process, it might appear that there are several inaccuracies in
them.
Note that whenever a specific body part is mentioned in the above verses, it should not be
thought that a fully-developed form of it is being talked about. The organs take a lot more time to
grow properly and become developed. For example, the verses talk about the head of the embryo
appearing within a month — this in no way is referring to fully developed human head. Rather, it
refers to the distinctive appearance of the portion where the head will be formed. Let me quote
some words from the above mentioned website —
(In the 5th week) the embryo has a distinct organization that has a top, bottom, left, right, front
and back.
It clearly says that in 5th week, a baby gets distinct top, bottom & low. Bhagvatam said it one
month (which is 30 days), modern science says it 5th week (which is 35 days). So both are
approximately same.
• Another rendering of embryonic development is also present in Garuda Purana 2.32.22-33.
Principle of Homeopathy:
Homeopathy system of alternative medicine originated in 1796 by German Physician Samuel
Hahnemann. This is based on his doctrine of similia similibus curentur (“Let like be cured by
like"), according to which a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people
will cure similar symptoms in sick persons. Hippocrates wrote of curing ‘like with like' more than
2,000 years ago but it was formally systematized by Hahnemann.
For example, milk or food prepared with milk can cause disorder of stomach. But when same milk is
made into curd and mixed up with remedial ingredients in smaller quantities will cure this disorder.
The onion, which produces tears in the eye and irritation (similar to a cold), can be used as a
homeopathic medicine to cure colds which have irritating tears.
Interestingly, this same principle has been already explained in Srimad Bhagavatam.
In Srimad Bhagavatam 1.5.33, Sage Narada says to Sri Vyasa—
āmayo yaś ca bhūtānāṁ
jāyate yena suvrata

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tad eva hy āmayaṁ dravyaṁ

na punāti cikitsitam
O good soul, does not a thing, applied therapeutically, cure a disease which was caused by that very
same thing?
It is evident that ancient Indians used this principle in different ways with statements like viṣasya
viṣaṁ auṣadaṁ (Poison is the medicine for poison) and uṣnam uṣnena sītalam (Heat can be tackled by
heat to make it cold) and cured diseases of humans and cattle since ages in Ayurveda. A long post
indeed! But, it is just the tip of an iceberg. Ancient Hindu literatures are a mine of mind-boggling
scientific and historical facts that are still to be decoded.
Conceptual learning Vs Rote learning: Indian education system has been thriving on rote learning,
however, there are evidence that ancient teaching (Vaidic teaching) had advanced and easier ways of
teaching and learning. Modern education has been trying to provide different ways of teaching in so
called holistic ways. CBSE in 2006-7 had introduced mathematics lab in schools. Value Based
Integrated Learning (VBIL) was introduced as a multidisciplinary teaching process by CBSE in
primary sections. In Vedas, Nikhilam Sutram is multiplication rule purely based on conception and
easier than conventional. Let me give an example:-

Indian Intelligentsia:
Indian classical knowledge in respect of philosophical aspecgs, was far advanced than that of the
westerners. Jawahalal Nehru was quite aware of the significant characteristics of Indian knowledge.
His Discovery of India and The Glimpses of World History show the in depth study. He realized that
ever the illiterate peasant had a picture gallery in his mind, though this was largely drawn from my
and tradition and epics. Max Muller and Romaine Rolland pointed out the distinctiveness of the
Indian ethos:
‘If there is one place on the face of earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from
the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India.’
In his book The Discovery of India, Nehru discussed six Indian Philosophical interventions to study.
He said,
‘There is polytheism, and theism with a personal God, and pure monism and a system which ignores
God altogether and bases itself on a theory of evolution. There is both idealism and realism.’
The ancient Indian knowledge in Ayurveda (as medical sciences) dates back to 5000 years or so is
significant metamorphosis in modern era as Herbal medicines. The Vishalya Karari plant brought by
Hanuman to save Laxmana is an example of the earliest knowledge. There was no dearth of scientific
temperament in Indian intelligentsia.

Need of Real Time Textbook:

There has a very less importance been given to preparing the textbooks. The mundane
monochromatic books have seen a little transformation in late 20th century in India with limited
coloured versions. Books are the essential parts of education, though today books have been replace
by kindle, tablet and mobile, but books are still sole criteria and necessity for education. The print

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quality of the government books are beyond description. NCERT and CBSE strive for excellence in
the cliché ways of printing books. But modern generation needs books which can quiver in life. For
kids, the life like image (projected) need to be printed in the book, so that children can touch and feel
them. Dissection of a toad or the cause of solar eclipse should not be limited to reading but to
understand and conceptualise. With the introduction of AI, printing technology should be used in its
optimum level.

Knowledge and its Inhibition:

Can science do all things? The answer is obviously based on philosophical views. Knowledge is not
mere information but a structured pattern in our brain which pushes all unscientific propositions
from our brain. Since education is a purely neuroscience based activities, scientific temperament
would bolster educational outcome. The introduction of CBCS, OBE and interdisciplinary education
in NEP2020 education has become more tangible than ever before. To students education has become
more palpable and palatable too. A student of class VIII would happily learn Pythagoras theorem by
means of Mathematics lab will understand that of a right angle triangle a2 + b2 = c2, where c is
always the hypotenuse.

Applying same formula (when the student will understand), he or she will be able to figure out the
length between the two corners of a square or rectangle when he or she will know that two right
angle triangles make a square or rectangle (depending on the length of the two sides), then it will be
very easy for him or her to find the length of this rectangle because every rectangle or square is
combination of two right angle triangles.

Scientific temperament searches for truth and new knowledge. Like Nehru, I would not say that
accept everything after test and trial, but accept things which would not burden you with their
existence in your mind. I would not say to disregard the existence of Lord Shiva on mount Kailash or
to reject the mystery of Bermuda Triangle but I must say to study and explore. No faith or belief is
harmful unless it affects other’s belief. But our mind should be trained to think scientifically.
UNESCO upholds open-competencies so that the scientific knowledge remains free for all. Though
the western world has much improved in science and technology, yet they are still to achieve real
scientific temper.

How to materialize Scientific Temperament on Ground:

The scientific temperament can be applied from the basic level. Trained teachers, right methodology
and properly planned and expressive books can bring change in the conventional education. Less
lecture and more activities, more exposure to nature and natural science can put the consciousness on
track. Present Indian diegesis is we are preoccupied with western cultures and aping without
understanding them. The difference in infrastructure of our schools in comparison to western world
has a wide gap and to cross the gap it needs ‘leap of faith’ and science has little to do with faith. The
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UGC has recently released two circulars to augment the accountability of NEP 2020 in HEIs, 1.
MULYA PRAVAH 2.0 Inculcation of Human Values and Professional Ethics in Higher Education
Institutions and 2. National Higher Education Qualifications Framework (NHEQF). The private
universities need to involve honestly in this national education transformation. Besides normal
academic there should be SDP (student development programme) in frequent and regular intervals in
schools, college and universities. Not only the HEIs, the schools should work as local chapters with
UGC, so that the objectives of Higher Education stay focused among students. More ‘wh’ questions
should be there in text books to inculcate. I made conducted in Rajasthan during my tenure in a
University, a small survey among the students of Primary—Secondary—Sr. Secondary—University
students randomly with equal no. of students asking them basic and fundamental questions on
scientific bent, maximum of which is either teach in school or can have answers from elders.

Conclusion:
The study is intended to show case the need of metamorphosis of the methods and methodology of
education and teaching. Since knowledge has been open and widely available at a finger tips,
students barely keep remembering things and in requirements they refer to their mobile phone. This
is a serious issue because dependence on device rather than on brain, the faculty of retention will
decrease and human brain will work accordingly. Lamarck Theory of Evolution says that organs
which are used most will get stronger and which will barely use will extinct gradually, like appendix,
the third eye lid of human being, the erstwhile voluntary muscle of ear. Since education is a lifelong
process of neuroscience, Scientific Temperament must be the primary factor of academic reach.

Bibliography:
1. Philosophie Zoologique: Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine De Lamarck Vol.-1 (English Version)
2. The Origin of Species: Charles Darwin, Fingerger Publication
3. Genetic Epistemology: Jean Piaget
4. The Psychology of the Child: Jean Piaget
5. The Children’s Conception of the World: Jean Piaget
6. Experience and Education: John Dewey
7. The Public and its Problems: John Dewey
8. Experience and Nature: John Dewey
9. Logic The Theory of Enquiry: John Dewey
10. A History of Knowledge Past, Present and Future: Charles Van Doren.

*** *** ***

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Role of the Judiciary in Advancing Women's Rights
under the Indian Constitution
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vyanjna Saini

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Plagiarism/Similarity: 09 %
st
Rec.: 01-03-24 1 PR: 07-03-24 2nd PR: 18-03-24 DOA: 25-03-24

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Role of the Judiciary in Advancing Women's Rights

under the Indian Constitution
Vyanjna Saini
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Legal Studies,
Motherhood University, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttrakhand
Email: adv.vyanjnasainimhu@gmail.com

Abstract:
The Indian judiciary plays a pivotal role in advancing women's rights under the Indian Constitution, which
guarantees equality and non-discrimination based on gender. This abstract explores the significant
contributions of the judiciary towards promoting gender equality and protecting women's rights in India. One of
the fundamental aspects of the judiciary's role is its interpretation and enforcement of constitutional provisions
related to women's rights. Through landmark judgments, the judiciary has consistently upheld the principles of
gender equality, non-discrimination, and women's empowerment. Moreover, the judiciary has played a crucial
role in abolishing discriminatory practices and laws that perpetuate gender inequality. Furthermore, the
judiciary's proactive approach in addressing issues such as domestic violence, reproductive rights, and gender-
based discrimination has been instrumental in shaping a more inclusive and equitable society for women in
India. The Supreme Court's directives to ensure access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities
for women have contributed significantly to their socio-economic empowerment. The judiciary's role in
advancing women's rights under the Indian Constitution cannot be overstated. The foundation for a more
equitable and inclusive society has been established by its interpretation of constitutional provisions, defense of
fundamental rights, and advancement of gender justice, which has enabled women to assert their rights and
make significant contributions to the advancement of the country.
Keywords: Women's Rights, Gender Equality, Judicial Activism, Legal Precedents, Discrimination.

Introduction
The pursuit of gender equality stands as a cornerstone of a just and progressive society. India, a vibrant
democracy with a rich history of social reform movements, has made significant strides in advancing women's
rights. Yet, the path to full realization of these rights remains marred by deep-rooted patriarchal attitudes,
discriminatory practices, and a persistent gap between the law in theory and its implementation on the ground.
Amidst these complexities, the Indian judiciary has emerged as a vital force in championing women's rights and
upholding the values enshrined in the Constitution. The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, envisioned a
nation where all citizens, regardless of gender, would enjoy equal rights and opportunities. It enshrines
fundamental rights such as the right to equality (Article 14), the right against discrimination on grounds of sex
(Article 15), the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21), and various provisions designed to empower
women and eliminate social inequalities. However, it is the judiciary, with its power of judicial review that has
breathed life into these constitutional guarantees, translating them into tangible advancements for women. The
Supreme Court of India, along with various High Courts, has played a transformative role in expanding women's
rights through landmark judgments and progressive interpretations of the Constitution. These judgments have
struck down discriminatory laws, challenged patriarchal norms, and upheld women's agency in various spheres
of life. Landmark cases like Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan1 (which recognized sexual harassment at the
workplace) or Shayara Bano v. Union of India2 (which abolished the practice of triple talaq) showcase the
judiciary's role as a catalyst for social change. Beyond specific judgments, the Indian judiciary has consistently
engaged in judicial activism to uphold women's constitutional rights. This activism is evident in the courts'
willingness to expand the scope of constitutional protections, issue directives to the government, and monitor
the implementation of women's rights legislation. However, the path has not been without its obstacles.
Challenges such as deep-rooted societal prejudices, the slow pace of legal reform, and limited access to justice
for marginalized women continue to hinder the full realization of women's rights in India. This research paper
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vyanjna Saini

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delves into the multifaceted role of the Indian judiciary in advancing women's rights under the Constitution. It
will examine landmark judgments that have expanded women's freedoms and protections, analyze the instances
of judicial activism, and explore the challenges that persist in ensuring gender equality. The paper will also
discuss the complex relationship between the judiciary, the legislature, and civil society in the ongoing pursuit
of women's rights in India. While much progress has been achieved, the struggle for gender equality continues.
This research paper argues that a robust and proactive judiciary remains indispensable in upholding the
Constitution's promises, challenging discriminatory practices, and ensuring that the rights of women become a
lived reality. By shedding light on the past achievements and present challenges, this paper aims to provide a
nuanced understanding of the judiciary's critical role in India's ongoing journey towards a truly gender-just
society. It seeks to contribute to the ongoing dialogue about law, justice, and the transformative power of
judicial institutions in achieving social progress.

Objective of the Study:

• Thoroughly examine landmark Supreme Court and High Court case rulings that have expanded,
defined, and protected the rights of women guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.
• Analyze Articles of the Indian Constitution that directly promote gender equality (including but not
limited to Articles 14, 15, 16, 21, 39, 51A ), and critically evaluate how these have been interpreted and
upheld by the judiciary.
• Investigate whether the judiciary has been primarily reactive (responding to cases brought before them)
or proactive (initiatives like Public Interest Litigation) in expanding women's rights. Are there areas
where you believe they could have played a more active role?
• Identify discrepancies between progressive judicial rulings and societal realities. Pinpoint where laws
may exist, but their effective implementation is lacking, and suggest potential reasons for these gaps.
• Assess whether the judiciary's rulings have demonstrably impacted the lives of women in India, both in
terms of legal status and changes to societal norms and practices.

Methodology:
This research paper will employ a qualitative, doctrinal legal research methodology. The primary focus will be
on meticulous analysis of relevant Articles of the Indian Constitution that enshrine principles of gender equality
and non-discrimination. Landmark Supreme Court and High Court judgments directly addressing women's
rights will be dissected, examining their legal reasoning, the scope of rights conferred, and their potential
evolution over time. To gain a broader critical perspective, the study will engage with secondary sources,
including scholarly commentaries, legal treatises, and journal articles. These will help identify strengths,
weaknesses, and evolving trends in the judiciary's interpretations of women's rights within the constitutional
framework. While the principal focus remains on textual analysis, the research may incorporate insights from
NGO reports or news analyses to gauge potential gaps between legal pronouncements and the lived realities of
women accessing justice.

Constitutional Framework for Women's Rights

The Indian Constitution enshrines a robust framework for women's rights, reflecting a commitment to equality,
justice, and dignity for all citizens, regardless of gender. Key constitutional provisions form the bedrock of
judicial interpretation and advocacy for women's rights. Equal protection under the law and equality before the
law are guaranteed by Article 14.
Article 15 explicitly prohibits discrimination by the state on grounds of sex, alongside other grounds like
religion, race, and caste. Article 16 ensures equality of opportunity in matters of public employment, providing a
basis for challenging gender-based discrimination in the workplace. Further, Article 21, interpreted expansively,
encompasses the right to life with dignity, which has been crucial in judicial decisions upholding women's
reproductive rights, bodily autonomy, and protection from violence. These Articles, when read in conjunction,
provide a powerful constitutional foundation for the Indian judiciary to safeguard and advance women's rights.
This framework empowers the judiciary to strike down discriminatory laws, challenge patriarchal social
practices detrimental to women, and compel the state to uphold gender equality in all its policies and actions.
The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, while not
judicially enforceable, serve as guiding principles for governance and legislation.3 Several DPSPs resonate
deeply with the advancement of women's rights:
Economic & Social Justice: Article 39(a) directs the state to provide all citizens with an adequate means of
livelihood. This underpins women's economic empowerment and their ability to live with dignity. Article 39(d)

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Role of the Judiciary in Advancing Women's Rights
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vyanjna Saini

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 39-45

mandates equal pay for equal work, a vital principle for combating gender-based wage gaps. Article 39(e)
obligates the state to protect the health and strength of women workers, recognizing that women's labor
conditions require specific attention.
Protection from Exploitation: Article 42 calls for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
This is vital for securing women's rights within the workplace and ensuring safeguards during and after
pregnancy. Article 43 seeks to provide a living wage and conditions ensuring a decent standard of life for all
workers, particularly relevant to women who are often concentrated in low-paying sectors.
Uplifting Marginalized Groups: Article 46 highlights the state's special responsibility to promote the
educational and economic interests of weaker sections of society, which includes women, particularly those
belonging to historically disadvantaged communities.
Promoting Equality: Article 51A (e) places a fundamental duty upon all citizens to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women. This provides a broad ethical mandate aligned with ideals of gender
equality.

Significance of DPSPs for Women's Rights:

• Guiding Policy and Lawmaking: Though not directly enforceable in courts, DPSPs inform legislative
action and policy formation. Women's rights advocates use them as a tool to push for reforms in areas
like labor laws, social welfare schemes, and protections against exploitation.
• Judicial Interpretation: The Supreme Court has increasingly drawn upon DPSPs, alongside
Fundamental Rights, to expand its interpretation of women's constitutional rights. This has been
evident in rulings related to maternity protections, workplace safety, and challenging discriminatory
customs.
• Broad Ethical Framework: The DPSPs help solidify the constitutional promise of a society where
gender equality, economic justice, and social dignity are paramount. Therefore, they remain a powerful
reference point for holding the state accountable to advancing the cause of women's rights.
The Indian judiciary has played a crucial role in interpreting fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution to
ensure gender justice. Here's how key rights have been interpreted with a gendered lens:
“Equal Rights (Article 14): According to the Supreme Court, substantive equality—rather than just formal
equality is guaranteed by Article 14. This means that the state cannot merely treat men and women alike in its
laws and policies but must take affirmative action to dismantle the systemic inequalities faced by women. This
principle has been the basis for striking down discriminatory laws and practices and ensuring preferential
treatment for women in areas like education, employment, and political participation.
Right against Discrimination (Article 15): Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination on grounds including sex. This
right has been interpreted broadly to include not only direct discrimination but also indirect discrimination and
structural inequalities harming women. The judiciary has used Article 15 to address issues like sexual
harassment in the workplace, discrimination on the basis of marital status, and discriminatory personal laws.
Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): Expansive interpretation of Article 21 has transformed women's
rights jurisprudence. Key aspects include recognizing reproductive rights as fundamental to women's autonomy
and bodily integrity, acknowledging the right to be free from violence (domestic violence, marital rape, sexual
assault), and upholding the right to privacy (in matters like contraception and sexual orientation).
Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1) (a)): This right is essential for women to voice their
perspectives, challenge patriarchal norms, and participate fully in public discourse. The judiciary has upheld this
right in contexts of artistic expression, media, and the digital space. However, there's ongoing debate around the
limits of this freedom when it comes to hate speech that promotes violence against women.”4
While the Indian judiciary has made significant strides in advancing women's rights, there remain limitations.
Conflicting judgments, inconsistent interpretations, and sometimes prioritizing personal laws over constitutional
rights create complexities. Further, deep-rooted patriarchal structures within society hinder full implementation
of even progressive rulings.
Judicial Activism and Women's Rights
In India, the concept of judicial activism has played a significant role in advancing women's rights. Judicial
activism refers to the judiciary's willingness to interpret the Constitution and legal principles in a progressive
manner, sometimes going beyond the literal meaning of the text. This approach has been crucial in addressing
the historical and ongoing gender inequalities embedded within Indian society. One key example of judicial
activism lies in the use of Public Interest Litigation (PIL). PILs allow public-spirited individuals and
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organizations to bring legal challenges on behalf of disadvantaged groups, including women. This has been
instrumental in highlighting issues like gender-based violence, discriminatory practices in personal laws, and
unequal access to education and employment opportunities. Landmark judgments like Vishaka v. State of
Rajasthan,5 which established guidelines for preventing sexual harassment in the workplace, were brought
forward through PILs. The judiciary has also been proactive in interpreting fundamental rights enshrined in the
Constitution to promote gender equality. For instance, the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21) has been
interpreted to encompass a woman's right to reproductive choice, privacy in matters of sexuality, and freedom
from violence within the home. This expansive interpretation has challenged traditional notions and empowered
women to control their bodies and lives. However, judicial activism in the context of women's rights is not
without its critics. Some argue that the judiciary has overstepped its boundaries, encroaching on the legislative
domain and dictating policy changes. Others point out that progressive judgments often struggle with real-
world implementation due to societal resistance and lack of adequate enforcement mechanisms. Despite these
limitations, judicial activism remains a powerful tool for advancing women's rights in India. By interpreting the
law proactively and expanding the scope of fundamental rights, the judiciary continues to hold the government
accountable and pave the way for a more just and equitable society for women. There are some landmark
judgments by the Indian judiciary that have significantly impacted gender equality and women's rights:
Bhabani Prasad v. State of Orissa6: This case addressed the issue of gender discrimination in Hindu inheritance
laws. The Court held that daughters have equal coparcenary rights with sons in the ancestral property, a
significant step towards property rights for women.
Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan7: This case established landmark guidelines for preventing sexual harassment at
the workplace. In the absence of a specific law, the Supreme Court, through judicial activism, laid down a
framework for investigation, redressal, and prevention of sexual harassment, setting a significant precedent for
women's safety in professional settings.
Shah Bano Begum v. Mohammed Ahmed Khan8 : This judgment, though later partially reversed by parliament,
sparked nationwide debates on women's rights and religious personal laws. The Supreme Court upheld a
Muslim woman's right to maintenance from her former husband under the Criminal Procedure Code,
challenging the notion that religious laws supersede a woman's right to financial security.
MC Mehta v. Union of India9 : This case addressed the horrific practice of female infanticide. The Supreme
Court highlighted the state's responsibility to prevent such gender-based violence and improve the status of
women. It led to stricter enforcement of laws against sex selection and pre-natal sex determination.
Joseph Shine v. Union of India10: This judgment marked a historic moment by decriminalizing adultery.
Previously, only women could be prosecuted for adultery, perpetuating gender bias. This judgment recognized
the principle of equality within marriage and struck down a discriminatory provision of the Indian Penal Code.
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India11 : This landmark case read down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code,
which criminalized homosexuality. This judgment recognized the right to privacy and dignity for LGBTQ+
individuals, including women, and paved the way for greater inclusion and acceptance.
Shayara Bano v. Union of India12: This judgment declared the practice of "triple talaq" (instantaneous divorce)
unconstitutional. The Supreme Court recognized the vulnerability of Muslim women subjected to this arbitrary
practice and upheld their right to equality within the framework of religious practices.
Puttaswamy v. Union of India13: This case reaffirmed the Right to Privacy as a fundamental right under Article
21. This has significant implications for women's rights, particularly in areas related to reproductive health and
bodily autonomy.
These are just a few examples, and the Indian judiciary continues to evolve its interpretation of the Constitution
in favor of women's rights. It's important to note that these judgments also have their complexities:
implementation challenges, debates on the extent of judicial activism, and the need for further legal reforms to
fully address persistent inequalities.
Safeguarding Reproductive Rights and Health
The Indian Constitution, while guaranteeing fundamental rights like equality and non-discrimination, remains
relatively silent on the specific issue of reproductive rights. This has necessitated a crucial role for the Indian
judiciary in interpreting existing legal frameworks and the Constitution itself to safeguard women's reproductive
rights and health. This section explores how key judicial pronouncements have shaped the landscape for
women's reproductive autonomy and well-being, while acknowledging the ongoing challenges and
complexities.
Judicial Activism and Expanding Rights:

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The Indian judiciary has adopted a progressive approach in interpreting the Constitution to expand women's
reproductive rights. A landmark example is the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India14 judgment. This case
established the right to life (Article 21) as encompassing a woman's right to make reproductive choices. This
paved the way for the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP Act), 1971, legalizing abortion under
specific conditions.15
Further, the Puttaswamy v. Union of India16judgment recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right.
This has significant implications for reproductive rights, implying a woman's right to make informed decisions
about her body and reproductive health without undue interference.
Challenges and Unresolved Issues:
Despite these advancements, significant challenges persist:
• Accessibility of Safe Abortion Services: While the MTP Act exists, access to safe and legal abortion
services remains uneven, particularly for women in rural areas and those from marginalized
communities. The judiciary can play a role in advocating for improved implementation and addressing
barriers like lack of awareness, social stigma, and limited healthcare facilities.
• Unmarried Women and Abortion Rights: The MTP Act primarily focuses on married women. There's
ongoing debate about extending these rights to unmarried women, a crucial step towards ensuring equal
access to safe abortion services.
• New Reproductive Technologies: Rapid advancements in reproductive technologies like surrogacy,
egg donation, and assisted reproductive technologies raise new legal and ethical questions. The
judiciary may need to grapple with issues like regulations, access for single women or same-sex
couples, and potential exploitation of women.
The Indian judiciary has made significant strides in safeguarding reproductive rights and health for women.
However, continued engagement is necessary to address ongoing challenges. Here are some key areas for focus:
• Expanding Access: Advocating for improved implementation of the MTP Act and ensuring wider
availability of safe abortion services, especially in rural and underserved areas.
• Protecting Bodily Autonomy: Upholding the right to privacy and ensuring women's decision-making
power regarding their bodies and reproductive choices.
• Addressing New Challenges: Providing legal clarity on emerging issues related to reproductive
technologies, ensuring equitable access for all women, and preventing potential exploitation.
The role of the Indian judiciary in safeguarding reproductive rights and health for women has been one of
balancing individual autonomy with existing legal frameworks and societal considerations. Continued
progressive interpretations and addressing existing gaps will be crucial in ensuring women have full control over
their bodies and reproductive choices.
Promoting Economic Empowerment
Across the globe, women's economic empowerment is not just a social justice issue; it's a key driver of
economic growth and development. India, with its vibrant democracy and enshrined constitutional rights,
presents a unique case study. Here, the judiciary has emerged as a crucial pillar in advancing women's economic
participation. Indian courts have interpreted the Constitution's principles of equality and non-discrimination to
champion women's economic rights. Cases like Shah Bano Begum vs. Mohammed Ahmed Khan17 secured
maintenance rights for divorced Muslim women, while others have challenged discriminatory inheritance laws
and ensured equal pay for equal work. These judgments have not only established legal precedents but also sent
a powerful message of change. The Indian judiciary has actively used its power of judicial review to strike down
discriminatory laws and practices. One such example is the practice of depriving daughters of their ancestral
agricultural land. Proactive intervention has fostered a legal environment that better supports women's economic
potential. Despite these strides, translating legal pronouncements into tangible change remains a challenge. The
effectiveness of court orders hinges on proper implementation mechanisms. Raising awareness, ensuring legal
aid access, and strengthening enforcement capabilities are crucial for bridging the gap between legal victories
and lived realities. The judiciary's role goes beyond pronouncements. By upholding the principles of equality
and non-discrimination, it creates a legal framework that incentivizes legislative reforms and policy changes that
promote women's economic inclusion. This ripple effect fosters a society where women are empowered to
participate meaningfully in the workforce, own property, and access financial services. The Indian judiciary
stands as a vital catalyst for women's economic empowerment. By interpreting the Constitution with a
progressive lens, dismantling discriminatory laws, and promoting legal awareness, it has paved the way for a
more inclusive economic landscape. However, continued efforts in enforcing judgments, promoting legal
literacy, and addressing social biases are critical in fully realizing this vision.

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Challenges and Limitations

Despite its pivotal role, the judiciary in India faces several challenges and limitations in effectively advancing
women's rights under the constitutional framework.
• Legal Interpretation: The judiciary encounters challenges in interpreting and applying laws pertaining
to women's rights consistently. Ambiguities in legal language and conflicting precedents often lead to
inconsistent judgments, creating uncertainty in legal outcomes and impeding progress towards gender
equality.
• Socio-cultural Barriers: Deep-rooted socio-cultural norms and patriarchal attitudes continue to pose
significant obstacles to the judiciary's efforts in advancing women's rights. Prevailing societal biases
influence judicial decision-making, perpetuating gender-based discrimination and hindering the
implementation of progressive legal measures.
• Access to Justice: Limited access to justice remains a critical challenge for women, particularly those
from marginalized communities. Barriers such as financial constraints, lack of awareness about legal
rights, and geographical remoteness inhibit women's ability to seek redressal for rights violations,
thereby undermining the effectiveness of judicial interventions.
• Delayed Justice: The backlog of cases in Indian courts contributes to prolonged delays in dispensing
justice, particularly in matters concerning women's rights. Lengthy legal proceedings not only prolong
victims' suffering but also erode trust in the judicial system, diminishing its ability to provide timely
and effective remedies for gender-based injustices.
• Enforcement Gaps: Despite the existence of progressive laws, enforcement gaps persist, hampering the
judiciary's ability to protect and promote women's rights effectively. Inadequate implementation
mechanisms, coupled with limited accountability for non-compliance, undermine the efficacy of
judicial interventions and perpetuate impunity for perpetrators of gender-based violence and
discrimination.
• Intersectional Discrimination: Women belonging to marginalized groups face intersecting forms of
discrimination based on factors such as caste, ethnicity, religion, and sexuality. The judiciary's failure
to address intersectional discrimination exacerbates the marginalization of these women, impeding
their access to justice and perpetuating systemic inequalities.
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving legal reforms, judicial sensitization,
awareness-raising initiatives, and enhanced access to justice mechanisms. By overcoming these limitations, the
judiciary can play a more effective role in advancing women's rights and promoting gender equality under the
Indian Constitution.
Recommendations for Enhancing Judicial Mechanisms
Recommendations for Enhancing Judicial Mechanisms in Advancing Women's Rights under the Indian
Constitution:
• Sensitization and Training: Judiciary personnel, including judges, lawyers, and court staff, should
undergo regular sensitization and training programs on gender equality, women's rights, and
intersectionality. This will enhance their understanding of gender issues and ensure fair and impartial
adjudication of causes related to women's rights.
• Specialized Courts and Fast-track Mechanisms: Establishing specialized courts or designated benches
within existing courts to handle cases of gender-based violence and discrimination can expedite legal
proceedings and ensure prompt justice for women. Additionally, implementing fast-track mechanisms
for women's rights cases can help reduce backlog and alleviate delays in dispensing justice.
• Legal Aid and Support Services: Enhancing access to legal aid and support services, particularly for
marginalized women, is essential for ensuring effective representation and empowerment. Establishing
legal aid clinics, helplines, and support centers staffed with trained professionals can provide women
with guidance, counseling, and assistance throughout the legal process.
• Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms: Strengthening enforcement mechanisms to ensure
compliance with court orders and judgments is crucial for effective protection of women's rights. This
includes holding authorities accountable for implementing laws and policies related to gender equality,
as well as monitoring and reporting on progress in addressing gender-based violations.
• Community Engagement and Awareness: Promoting community engagement and awareness-raising
initiatives on women's rights and legal remedies is vital for empowering women to assert their rights
and seek redressal for violations. Conducting outreach programs, workshops, and campaigns in

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 39-45

collaboration with civil society organizations can help disseminate information and foster a culture of
respect for women's rights.
• Research and Data Collection: Conducting research and data collection on gender-based violence and
discrimination can inform evidence-based policymaking and judicial decision-making. Collecting
disaggregated data on women's experiences with the legal system, including barriers to access and
outcomes of legal proceedings can help identify gaps and inform targeted interventions to enhance
judicial mechanisms.
By implementing these recommendations, the judiciary can strengthen its role in advancing women's rights
under the Indian Constitution and contribute to fostering a more equitable and just society for all.

Conclusion
The Indian judiciary stands as a vital pillar in advancing women's rights under the Indian Constitution. Through
landmark judgments, judicial activism, and a commitment to interpreting the Constitution with a progressive
lens, it has dismantled discriminatory practices and paved the way for a more inclusive economic and social
landscape. However, the path to full empowerment remains an ongoing journey. Deep-rooted societal biases,
limited awareness of legal rights, and challenges in enforcing court orders present hurdles that require a multi-
pronged approach. Collaborations between the judiciary, civil society, and policymakers are crucial in bridging
the gap between legal pronouncements and on-the-ground realities. Looking ahead, the judiciary's role continues
to be essential. Increased legal literacy campaigns, improved access to legal aid, and sensitivity training for law
enforcement can empower women to claim their rights. Additionally, fostering a culture of judicial consistency
and advocating for necessary legislative reforms will further strengthen the legal framework for achieving
women's empowerment. The Indian judiciary serves as a beacon of hope for women's rights. By acknowledging
the remaining challenges and working towards a more holistic approach, the judiciary can ensure its vital role in
creating a truly equal and empowered future for all Indian women.

References:

1 (1997) 6 SSC 241

2 (2017) 9 SCC 1
3 The Directive Principles of State Police of the Indian Constitution avilable:
https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/Part4.pdf (last visited on 10 March 2024).
4 The Constitution of India
5 Ibid
6 (2010) 85 SSC 633, (2010) 9 SCR 457
7 Ibid
8 1985 (1) SCALE 767, 1985 (3) SCR 844, 1985 (2) SCC 556, AIR 1985 SC 945
9 JT 1998 (7) SC 275, (1998) 9 SCC 93 AIR ONLINE 1997 SC 492
10 (2019) 3 SCC 39, AIR 2018 SC 4898
11 2018 INSC 790
12 Ibid
13 (2017) 10 SCC 1, AIR 2017 SC 4161
14 AIR 1978 SC 597; (1978) 1 SCC 248
15 Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, (MTP Act) 1971
16 Ibid
17 1985 AIR 945, 1985 SCR (3) 844

*** *** ***

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Electoral Bond Judgement- A Critical Analysis
Ramesh Prasad Yadav & Kiran Yadav
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Plagiarism/Similarity: 09 %
st
Rec.: 01-03-24 1 PR: 07-03-24 2nd PR: 18-03-24 DOA: 25-03-24

REVIEW ARTICLE

The Electoral Bond Judgement- A Critical Analysis

Ramesh Prasad Yadav1 & Kiran Yadav2
1. Faculty of Legal Studies, Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, UK, India
Email: ypramesh76@gmail.com Mobile :9910427831
2. Faculty of Legal Studies, Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, UK, India
Email: urcounselkiran@gmail.com, Mobile : 9818088754

Abstract:
The present article attempts to concisely analyse and summaries the electoral bond’s judgment passed by the
Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court in case of Assn. for Democratic Reforms v. Union of India. The
article in the process also analyses how the Supreme Court has reaffirmed and augmented various concepts and
precepts of testing legislative action, balancing of ever conflicting exercise of fundamental rights, extent of right
and reach of informational privacy, etc. How the Supreme Court of India has presented one of the everlasting
exemplary verdicts showcasing the finest design of social engineering.
Keywords: Electoral Bond, Unconstitutional, Political Parties, Political Funding

Introduction
Electoral Bond was a mode of funding to the political parties in India. The scheme of Anonymous
Electoral Bond was introduced in The Finance Bill, 2017 during Union Budget 2017-18. It was struck
down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on 15 February 2024.1
Electoral Bond is a kind of instrument that functions like a Promissory Note and an interest-free
banking instrument. Any Indian citizen or organization registered in India can buy these bonds after
fulfilling the KYC norms laid down by the RBI. It can be procured by a donor solely through the
means of cheque or digital payments in various denominations, such as one thousand, ten thousand,
one lakh, ten lakh, and one crore from specific branches of the State Bank of India (SBI). Within a span
of 15 days of issuance, these electoral bonds can be redeemed in the designated account of a legally
registered political party under the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (u/s 29A) which got at
least 1% of the votes in the last election. The stanches of bonds will be available for purchase for 10
days in the month of January, April, July, and October with an additional time-frame of 30 days in the
year of General Elections for Lok Sabha.[2] [3] [4]
Electoral bonds features anonymity since it bears no identification of the donor and the political party
to which it is issued.5 In the event that the 15-day deadline is not met, neither the donor nor the
receiving political party receives a refund for the issued electoral bonds. Rather, the fund value of
electoral bond is remitted to the Prime Minister Relief Fund.6
Scope and Objectives:
Explanation of the focus
A five-judge Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice of India unanimously struck down the Union’s
2018 Electoral Bonds (EB) Scheme. The Bench held that the Scheme violated the voters’ right to
information enshrined in Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. “Information about funding to a political
party is essential for a voter to exercise their freedom to vote in an effective manner,”
The Bench said that Scheme facilitated anonymous donations to political parties from corporations.
Petitioners, Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), Common Cause, and the Communist Party of
India (Marxist) had argued that the scheme allowed “non-transparency in political funding” and
legitimised electoral corruption at a “huge scale.”

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Electoral Bond Judgement- A Critical Analysis
Ramesh Prasad Yadav & Kiran Yadav
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION
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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 46-49

Purpose of the Review-

The writ petitions challenged declaration of Electoral Bond Scheme and following amending
provisions to be declared unconstitutional:
(a) Amendment of Section 31 of the Reserve Bank of India Act (through Section 135 of the Finance
Act, 2017).
(b) Amendment of Section 29-C of the RP Act (through Section 137 of the Finance Act, 2017 and the
corresponding amendment).
(c) Amendment of Section 13-A of the IT Act (through Section 11 of the Finance Act, 2017 and the
corresponding amendment).
(d) Amendment of Section 182 of the Companies Act (through Section 154 of the Finance Act, 2017
and the corresponding amendment).

The Apex Court based on contentions advanced framed two issues for consideration and resolution in
the proceedings as follows:
(a) Whether unlimited corporate funding to political parties, as envisaged by the amendment to
Section 182(1) of the Companies Act infringes the principle of free and fair elections and
violates Article 14 of the Constitution.
(b) Whether the non-disclosure of information on voluntary contributions to political parties
under the Electoral Bond Scheme and the amendments to Section 29-C of the RP Act, Section
182(3) of the Companies Act and Section 13-A(b) of the IT Act are violative of the right to
information of citizens under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.

Methodology:
I have collected my information through various online and office line reports pertain to this topic
like:
(a) The Wire;
(b) The Mint;
(c) Livelaw
(d) Bar and Bench

Summary of existing research:

The purpose of introducing the bonds was to expose illegal money and increase transparency in
political funding. However, it seems that it has had the opposite effect, as bonds are veiled in secrecy.
There exists lack of publicly accessible documentation regarding the purchasers of individual bonds
and the recipients of the corresponding donations. This lack of transparency renders the bonds
susceptible to being deemed "unconstitutional and problematic," as it obstructs taxpayers and citizens
from obtaining information about the origins of these contributions. Also the anonymity of the bonds
is not absolute since State Bank of India, the state-owned bank maintains a comprehensive record of
both the benefactor and the beneficiary. Consequently, this enables the ruling government to
effortlessly obtain pertinent information and potentially exploit it in order to exert influence over
donors. This practice has been deemed as conferring an unjust advantage upon the ruling party and
the government.

Analysis and synthesis:

The scheme was challenged by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), the Communist Party
of India (Marxist), Congress leader Jaya Thakur, and Spandan Biswal. They were represented by
senior advocates Kapil Sibal, Vijay Hansaria, and Prashant Bhushan. The government was
represented by Attorney General (AG) Venkatramani and Solicitor General (SG) Tushar Mehta.
Those challenging the scheme argued that electoral bonds are eroding the institution of democracy
since they lack transparency. It was contended that the scheme itself ensures that there is no level
playing field between the ruling party and the opposition parties.

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Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Electoral Bond Judgement- A Critical Analysis
Ramesh Prasad Yadav & Kiran Yadav
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||
|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 46-49

The Electoral Bond Scheme was framed by the Ministry of Finance in January 2018 in exercise of
powers conferred under Section 31(3) of the RBI Act. Salient features of the EBS introduced in 2018
were as follows:
(a) Electoral Bond may be purchased by any person and can be encashed only by an eligible political
party, entitled to receive an electoral bond, registered under Section 29-A of the Representation
of the People Act, 1951 (“RP Act”) and meet other conditions therein.
(b) EB issued under the scheme is non-refundable vide Clause 7(6) and the information furnished by
the buyer is to be treated as confidential by the authorised bank, to be disclosed only when
demanded by competent court or upon a registration of a criminal case by any law enforcement
agency.
(c) Vide Clause 13, value of the bonds is considered as income derived as voluntary contributions
received by the political party, exempted from income tax under amended provisions of Section
13-A of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (“IT Act”).
The Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud said that poll bonds are violative of fundamental rights
and they are not the only way to curb black money. The SC's judgment was delivered seven years
after the scheme was first challenged by ADR in 2017.

Critical Evaluation:
The Supreme Court’s landmark verdict on electoral bonds upholds constitutional rights and
values, striking down the scheme as unconstitutional. The judgment will enhance transparency and
accountability in political funding, reducing the influence of money and corporate power in politics.
It will level the playing field for all political parties, ensuring fair competition and offering genuine
choices to voters.

Conclusion:
It is concluded that electoral bonds are being used to choke democracy and hamper transparency in
political funding. The Centre claims that since the donors are mandatorily KYC-compliant, there
transactions leave an audit trail. However, this investigation by audit trail would be allowed only
when there are serious doubts. The amendments made to the various legislations, particularly to the
Companies Act, 2013 show the increasing trend of corporates contributing to political parties under
a quid pro quo settlement that can have severe ramifications on the concept of free and fair elections.
However, larger public interest cannot be dismantled to shield the identity of the donors.

The Supreme Court’s decision of declaring Electoral Bond Scheme as unconstitutional has firstly
legitimized and reaffirmed the reservations conveyed by the RBI and the Election Commission of
India, the threat to democratic fabric of the country and also to the vision of free and fair elections of
the Constitution makers. The potential for channeling funds from shell companies and money
laundering through corporate funding by the corporate industry has received a blow, especially the
flow of money from loss-making firms and companies. The judgment has ushered in a big electoral
reform, as the problem of curbing black money was actually never obliterated by the Electoral Bond
Scheme. The possible solution is a cap on funding of political parties, especially by the corporates, as
was the situation prevailing prior to 2017. There cannot be any dragging of feet or procrastination of
disclosure of funding received by the political parties, in view of the time-bound directions issued to
SBI by the Supreme Court. It also gives a fillip to the Election Commission of India, an institution
which as constitutional watchdog has been seeking means to increase transparency on where the
funds of election come from and where they are spent. The Electoral Bond Scheme was shrouded in
mystery from the beginning, compromising not only transparency, but also the fundamental right of
information of the voters. The Government of the day must take leads from the magnificent verdict of
the Supreme Court and introduce a transparent dispensation of electoral funding through specific
legislation in this regard, instead of a scheme or an executive instruction.

Suggestions:
In order to better use of Fund collected through electoral Bond it is suggested as follows:

- 48 -
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Electoral Bond Judgement- A Critical Analysis
Ramesh Prasad Yadav & Kiran Yadav
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||
|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 46-49

1. To Implement partial state funding for political parties (Indrajit Gupta Committee)
2. To Cap anonymous donations at Rs. 20 crores or 20% of total funding (Law
Commission recommendation)
3. To Consider a National Electoral Fund (where donors contribute anonymously, and
funds are allocated to parties based on their vote share)
4. To Impose a complete prohibition on cash donations.
5. To Strengthen auditing of party accounts (Venkatachaliah Committee Report (2002))
6. Learn from international best practices, like prohibiting corporate funding (e.g. Chile
and Brazil banned corporate donations after corruption scandals associated with
corporate funding.)

References:

1 "Elector "PRESS RELEASE: Introduction of the Scheme of Electoral Bond" (PDF). dea.gov.in.
Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 4 October 2023.al
Bonds Judgment: LIVE updates from Supreme Court". Bar and bench.
2 "GAZETTE NOTIFICATION - Electoral Bond Scheme, 2018" (PDF). Department of Economic Affairs,
MoF-GoI. 2 January 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
3 "Sale of Electoral Bonds at Authorised Branches of State Bank of India (SBI)". pib.gov.in.
Retrieved 5 October 2023.
4 "EC opposes anonymity involved in electoral bonds". mint. IANS. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4
October 2023.
5 Nayak, Venkatesh (17 August 2018). "SBI Accepts It Goofed Up RTI Data About Buyers of
Electoral Bonds". The Wire. Retrieved 5 October 2023.

*** *** ***

- 49 -
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL dkedkth efgykvksa dh
lkekftd leL;k,¡ ,oa mudk lek/kku
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION vydk jkuh ,oa vkjrh HkV~V
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||
|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 50-54

Plagiarism/Similarity: 00 %
st
Rec.: 22-02-24 1 PR: 28-02-24 2nd PR: 10-03-24 DOA: 19-03-24

RESEARCH ARTICLE

dkedkth efgykvksa dh lkekftd leL;k,¡ ,oa mudk lek/kku

vydk jkuh1 ,oa vkjrh HkV~V2
1- çksQslj o ladk;k/;{k] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] enjgqM fo'ofo|ky;] :Mdh ¼gfj}kj½
bZesy& dralkarani2016@gmail.com
2- Lkgk;d çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku] enjgqM fo'ofo|ky;] :Mdh ¼gfj}kj½
bZesy& aartibhatt372@gmail.com

Abstract:
efgykvksa dks l'kä cukus] mUgsa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj nsus rFkk xfjekiw.kZ lqjf{kr thou fn;s tkus dh fn'kk esa Hkkjr
ljdkj us vusd ;kstukvksa o dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; laln }kjk Hkh efgykvksa ds dY;k.k vkSj lqj{kk
gsrq dbZ dkuwu cuk, x, ftlls fd f'kf{kr] tkx:d rFkk çxfr'khy efgykvksa dks ns'k dh eq[;/kkjk ls tksM+k tk
ldsA Hkkjr esa efgyk,a iq#"kksa ds leku vk; mRiknu dk;Z djds] ,d osru Hkksxh ;k dkedkth efgykvksa ds :i esa
ns'k ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodkl esa cjkcj lgk;d cu jgh gSA efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks etcwr djus rFkk
voljksa dh çkfIr dk jkLrk ljy djus dh fn'kk esa mUgsa vkj{k.k dh lqfo/kk nh xbZ ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i vkt
efgyk;sa mUufr ds çR;sd ik;nku ij viuh fot; dk irkdk ygjk jgh gSa rFkk gj {ks= esa viuh Nki NksM+rh tk
jgh gSA vkRefuHkZj] dkedkth efgykvksa ds :i esa vkt dh efgyk;sa oks lHkh dk;Z dj jgh gS tks dsoy iq:"kksa ds
vf/kdkj {ks= ds ekus tkrs FksA gkyk¡fd fL=;ksa dh çxfr o mUufr ds ihNs la?k"kZ dh dgkuh nq%[k o ihM+k ls Hkjh gqbZ
gSA bl vkys[k esa ukSdjhis'kk efgykvksa dh çxfr ds jkLrs ds chp vkus okyh ck/kkvksa rFkk ?kj o dk;ZLFky ds chp
Hkkxrh nksgjh ftUnxh ds la?k"kZ dh leh{kk djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA
Keywords: dkedkth efgyk,a] lkekftd leL;k,aA

Hkwfedk
^^efgyk** “kCn esa l`tu] iks"k.k vkSj ifjorZu dh {kerk dk lekos'k gksus ds dkj.k og vius vki esa lEiw.kZ gSA l`f"V
Lo:ik efgyk tUe Hkh nsrh gS vkSj thou HkhA mlesa vusd Hkko lekfgr gksrs gSaA vius gj :i] gj Hkko esa og
l`tu] psruk o 'kfä dk çrhd gSA mldh lgHkkfxrk ds fcuk bl l`f"V dk cpk jguk Hkh vlaHko gSA blh dkj.k
Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa efgykvksa dks ges'kk 'kfä dk çrhd ekuk tkrk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh
lEekutud] xfjeke; çfr"Bk gS D;ksafd tks dke iq#"k ds fy, vlaHko gks ldrs gks mUgsa iw.kZ djus esa og l{ke gSA
;fn ns[kk tk;s rks oSfnd dky ls gh efgyk;sa vkfn'kfä ds :i esa tkuh o ekuh tkrh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; efgyk;sa
vkfn le; ls u dsoy x`fg.kh ds :i esa vfirq fonq"kh ds :i esa Hkh lEekfur gksrh jgh gSA ysfdu e/;dky esa
jktuhfrd okrkoj.k ds cnyko ds lkFk gh lkekftd ifjos'k esa Hkh ifjorZu ds fu'kku fn[kkbZ nsus yxs ftldk
çHkko efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ij ns[kus dks feyk] ifj.kkeLo:i oSfnd dky esa tks efgyk;sa 'kfä Lo:ik] nqxkZ Lo:ik
rFkk vkn'kZ Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ;k ukjh ds :i esa 'kksfHkr Fkh oks e/;dkyhu le; esa jktnjckjks dh 'kksHkk o dqyhu
oxZ ds fy, euksjatu ds lk/ku ds :i esa ,d HkksX;k cu dj jg xbZA
ysfdu /khjs&/khjs fLFkfr;ksa o ifjfLFkfr;ksa us djoV ysuk çkjEHk fd;k A iq#"k lekt dh 'kksHkk o f[kyksuk jgh
efgyk;sa ladh.kZrk o cU/kuksa dh csfM;ksa dks rksM+us gsrq la?k"kZ'khy :i esa mB [kM+h gqbZA vaxzsth lÙkk ls LorU=rk
feyus ds ckn Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku vf/kdkj o voljksa dh leku :i ls çkfIr]
lkekftd] vkfFkZd U;k; rFkk LorU=rk dh cnkSyr vkt Hkkjr dh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa xq.kkRed :i esa lq/kkj
vk;k gSA ns'k dh çxfr o fodkl dh –f"V ls efgyk f'k{kk o l'kfädj.k ds egRo dks loZizFke egkRek xk¡/kh o
M‚å Hkhejko vEcsMdj us igpkuk rFkk efgykvksa dks vf/kdkjksa ds çfr tkxzr djus ds fy, efgyk f'k{kk dks c<+kok
nsus dk ç;kl fd;kA lafo/kku fuekZrk Hkh ;g tku x;s Fks fd ns'k o lekt dh mUufr dh dlkSVh mlesa jgus okyh
efgykvksa dh çxfr ls gh gSA lgh vFkksZ esa yksdrU= dh lkFkZdrk Hkh rHkh fl) gks ldrh gS tc L=h o iq#"k
feydj fu.kZ; ysus esa LorU= gks A ifj.kkeLo:i lafo/kku esa tSUMjxsi dks de djus ds fy, iq#"kksa ds leku
efgykvksa dks tks vf/kdkj çnku fd;s x;s muls efgyk,a i<+&fy[kdj mRiknu dk;Z djus ds fy, ?kj ls ckgj
fudyh rFkk dkedkth efgyk ds :i esa igpku çkIr djds iq:"kksa ds dne ls dne feykdj pyus dk ç;kl dj
- 50 -
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL dkedkth efgykvksa dh
lkekftd leL;k,¡ ,oa mudk lek/kku
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION vydk jkuh ,oa vkjrh HkV~V
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||
|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 50-54

jgha gSaA bl çdkj ^^dkedkth^^ 'kCn dk rexk efgykvksa dks vktknh ds ckn ls gh feyuk vkjEHk gqvk rFkk
efgykvksa ds dk;ksaZ dk x`g.kh o dkedkth ds :i esa foHkktu Hkh gqvkA ;gha ls efgykvksa dks nksgjh ftEesnkjh mBkus
dk la?k"kZ çkjEHk gqvk tks fnuksa&fnu c<+rk gh jgk Fkk iajrq 21oh lnh ds izkjEHk ls fo’ks”kdj fiNys ,d n”kd ls
vkewy&pwy ifjorZu ns[kus esa vk;k gS vkSj vkt dh efgyk;sa dkQh lhek rd iq:’kksa ds da/ks ls da/kk feykdj pyrh
fn[k jgh gSA gkyk¡fd fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k efgyk;sa vkt Hkh [ksrh ds dke gsrq iq#"kksa ds lax ?kj ls ckgj tkrh gS
vkSj ?kj ds dkeksa esa dksYgw ds cSy dh rjg fcuk vodk'k ds tqVh jgrh gSaA ?kjsyw dkeksa dks L=h dk tUefl)
vf/kdkj le>us okys bl lekt }kjk u rks muds dk;ksZa dh ç'kalk gksrh gS u gh mudk ewY; le>k tkrk gSA ;kfu
muds —f"k o x`g.kh ds :i esa dk;ksaZ dk ewY; ugha feyus ds dkj.k mUgsa osruHkksxh ugha ekuk x;kA fQj Hkh lsokvksa
ds izR;sd {ks= esa vkt dh efgyk;sa dk;Z djrh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA

dkedkth efgyk;sa
^dkedkth^ 'kCn dk vaxzsth 'kCn ^ofdaZx^ dk i;kZ; gSA ofdaZx 'kCn ewy esa ,slk dke gS tks ckSf)d o 'kkjhfjd
{kerkvksa dk mi;ksx djds thfodksiktZu gsrq /ku dekus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh efgyk,a tks vFkZ çkfIr gsrq
dke djrh gS os lc ^^ofdaZx oqeu^^ ;k dkedkth efgyk;sa dgykrh gSA vFkksZiktZu djus okyh efgyk,a gh dkedkth
dgykrh gSaA bl –f"V ls rks oks lHkh efgyk,a dkedkth gSa tks ?kj esa jgdj ;k ckgj tkdj dke ds cnys
thfodksiktZu ds lk/ku çkIr djrh gS ysfdu ofdaZx ;k dkedkth efgyk ds :i esa os gh efgyk,a igpkuh tkrh gS
tks ljdkjh ;k xSj ljdkjh laLFkkuksa esa fdlh in ij jgrs gq, fu;ekuqlkj osru] HkÙks] lqfo/kk,a rFkk vodk'k çkIr
djrh gSaA bl çdkj dkedkth 'kCn dk vFkZ O;kidrk fy, gq, gSaA blesa f'k{kk o çf'k{k.k xzg.k djus okyh efgyk,a]
?kj dh ukSdjkuh ls ysdj fofHkUu inksa ij inklhu efgyk,a rFkk ?kj ls ckgj fudydj fofHkUu çdkj ds dke djds
çfrfnu /ku vtZu djus okyh lHkh fL=;ka 'kkfey gSaA vFkkZr orZeku le; ds eísutj ;g t:jh ugha gS fd
/kuksiktZu ds fy, efgyk,a ij ls ckgj tkdj gh dke djsaA

efgyk l'kfädj.k
l'kfädj.k ,d lkekftd dkjd cgqvk;keh /kkj.kk gSA O;fä;ksa dh lkekftd miyfC/k;ksa] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd
lgHkkfxrk ls bldk vVwV lEcU/k gS A l'kfädj.k dh dksbZ vafre lhek ugha gksus ds dkj.k ;g ,d lrr~ çfØ;k
gSA efgyk l'kfädj.k dk vk'k; efgyk dks vkfFkZd :i ls 'kfä lEiUu cukuk] lÙkk çfr"Bkuksa esa efgykvksa dh
lk>snkjh] fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk fodflr djuk] f'k{kk o lalk/kuksa ij fu;U=.k ,oa budh lqyHk :i ls çkfIr
vkRefuHkZjrk] vf/kdkjksa dh çkfIr rFkk LorU=rk dh ekax vkfn ls fy;k tkrk gSA pwafd ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh
efgykvksa dh gS] blh dkj.k buds l'kfädj.k rFkk lg;ksx ds fcuk gekjs ns'k dh fodkl ;k=k ds pje y{; dh
çkfIr laHko ugha gSa
;fn Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds l'kfädj.k dh ckr dh tk;s rks efgykvksa dks gj {ks= esa l'kä cukus rFkk mudk ns'k ds
fodkl esa cjkcj dk lg;ksx çkfIr ds fy, vktknh ds ckn ls gh ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu vk;kA if.Mr
tokgjyky usg: ds le; ls gh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i yk[kksa efgykvksa&iq:"kksa dks jkstxkj ds volj
feys] f'k{kk ds ra= esa vk'p;Ztud ifjorZu gq, ftudk ykHk efgykvksa dks Hkh feykA ikapoha o vkBoha iapo"khZ;
;kstukvksa ds nkSjku efgykvksa ds dY;k.k ds LFkku ij muds fodkl ij rFkk efgykvksa dks ns'k dh fodkl çfØ;k esa
Hkkxhnkj cukus ij T;knk tksj fn;k x;kA L=h l'kfädj.k ds ç;klksa ls gh efgyk f'k{kk dk xzkQ c<+kA efgyk;sa Hkh
i<+&fy[kdj ukSdfj;‚ djus esa leFkZ gksus yxh rks ifj.kkeLo:i dkedkth efgykvksa dk ,d u;k oxZ vfLrRo esa
vk;kA

nksgjh ekufldrk
Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;ksa ds çfr nksgjh ekufldrk rFkk ?kj dh iwjh ftEesnkjh vdsyh efgyk ds ekFks e<+us okyh
lksp j[kus okys ifjokj ls dkedkth efgyk dks vius dk;ksZa esa lg;ksx pkfg, u fd buls eqfäA D;ksafd mls ?kj ds
lkFk dk;ZLFky ij Hkh Lo;a dks fl) djuk gksrk gSa] tgk¡ pqukSfr;ksa dk Hkh vEckj yxk jgrk gSA vr% nksgjh Hkwfedk
esa csgrjhu lkeatL; fcBkus ds fy, mls ikfjokfjd lacy o HkkoukRed lg;ksx pkfg, rkfd mls ukSdjh NksM+us dk
fodYi pquuk u iM+saA bl rjg nks ukoksa esa lokj gksdj vius O;kolkf;d y{;ksa rFkk futh çkFkfedrkvksa dks iwjk
djrs gq, la?k"kZe; thou esa çxfr ds ekxZ ij pyrs jguk fdlh Hkh iq:"k ds fy, ukeqefdu gks ldrk gS ysfdu
vkt dh l'kä efgyk çR;sd ck/kk dks ikj djrs gq, nksgjh Hkwfedk dks lQyrkiwoZd fuHkkus gsrq ç;kljr gSA

ifjofrZr ekufldrk
çxfr'khy dkedkth efgykvksa lfgr Hkkjr dh çR;sd efgyk ds thou esa cnyko ykus esa vf/kdkj] uhfr funs'kd
rRoksa tSls laoS/kkfud çko/kkuksa] efgyk fgr esa cus fofHkUu dkuwuksa us egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA blh Øe esa ns'k o
jkT;ksa dh ljdkj ds ç;kl o efgyk dsfUær fofHkUu ;kstukvksa us vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA xHkZ esa iy jgh dU;k ls

- 51 -
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL dkedkth efgykvksa dh
lkekftd leL;k,¡ ,oa mudk lek/kku
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION vydk jkuh ,oa vkjrh HkV~V
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||
|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 50-54

ysdj dkedkth efgykvksa dh lqj{kk gsrq vusd lqj{kkRed dne mBk, x;sA bu ç;klksa esa csVh cpkvks] csVh i<+kvksa]
lqdU;k le`f) ;kstuk] efgyk lqj{kk gsrq dkuwu] isfud cVu tSlh lqfo/kk,a] efgyk gsYiykbu vkfn lqfo/kkvksa ds
dkj.k efgyk;sa dEifu;ksa] cSadksa] iqfyl ç'kklu vkfn esa dk;Z dj jgh gSaA
ijarq ijs'kkuh vHkh Hkh ;gh gS fd cM+s in ij fu;qfä ;k inksUufr ls os bUdkj Hkh dj jgh gSA os ml in ds nkf;Roksa
dks fuHkkus esa iw.kZ l{ke rFkk ;ksX; gksrs gq, Hkh dsoy ikfjokfjd dkj.kksa ls vius dSfj;j dks nkao ij yxkus dk dne
mBkus dks etcwj gSA dkedkth efgykvksa ds fy, ifjokj o dk;Z ds nkf;Roksa ds chp lkeatL; fcBkdj ukSdjh dj
ikuk fdlh pqukSrh ls de ugha gSaA

çeq[k leL;k;sa
bl çdkj ifjokj dks etcwr vk/kkj çnku djus dh ykylk fy, dkedkth efgykvksa dks dne&dne ij vusd
ck/kkvksa dks >syuk iM+rk gSA ftuesa ukxj ¼2021½ ds vuqlkj çeq[k leL;kvksa o ck/kkvksa dk o.kZu fuEu çdkj dj
ldrsa gS&
1- dkedkth efgyk;sa ,d rjQ ?kjsyw leL;k ls tw>rh gS rks nwljh rjQ dk;ZLFky dk lqjf{kr o lgt ugha gksuk
Hkh dkedkt esa mldh Hkkxhnkjh dks grksRlkfgr djrh gS A dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu 'kks"k.k ls lqj{kk dh xkjUVh nsus
okys dkuwuksa dh ekStwnxh esa Hkh vkt dkedkth efgykvksa dks lgt ekgkSy feyuk ,d e`xr`".kk tSlk gS tks
efgykvksa dh mEehnksa ls ijs gSA yxHkx lHkh çdkj o Js.kh ds dk;ZLFkyksa ij p;u o inksUufr ds uke ij ;kSu
'kks"k.k dh lkSnsckth] fu;ksäk o lgdfeZ;ksa }kjk NsM+NkM+ o efgyk dh detksjh dk Qk;nk mBkus tSls ?k`f.kr
leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dkedkth efgyk dks gj dne rFkk gj Lrj ij djuk iM+rk gSA vkfFkZd :i ls ukSdjh
djus dh etcwjh ds dkj.k efgykvksa dM+os ?kwaV dh rjg ihuk iM+rk gSA
dke ls fudkys tkus o lkekftd frjLdkj ds Mj ls os dkuwu dh lgk;rk ysus ls Hkh drjkrh gSaA flusek
txr dh pdkpkSa/k jks'kuh ls n'kZdksa dk euksjatu djus okyh efgykvksa us Hkh ^eh Vw^ dk;ZØe ds nkSjku dke]
volj nsus rFkk çflf) ds cnys lkSns Lo:i gq, ;kSu 'kks"k.k dk [kqyklk djus dh fgEer tqVkbZA ;|fi oks
blds fy, lkgl dkQh le; ckn tqVk ikbZ ysfdu bl fgEer us jaxhu nqfu;k ds ihNs ds ekfeZd ihM+k :ih
L;kg jax dh lR;rk dks nqfu;k ds lkeus ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k fd viuh vfLerk dh cfy fn;s cxSj 'kk;n gh
dksbZ eafty ikbZ tk ldrh gSA
2- dkedkth efgykvksa ds Je dks Hkh iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa de vkadk tkrk gS vkSj iq:"kksa ls mudk dkS'ky fdlh Hkh
:i esa de u gksus ij Hkh rqyukRed :i ls de osru fn;k tkrk gSA fyaDMbu vi‚P;qfuVhZ bUMsDl 2021 dh
fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj vkt Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds lkFk dk;Z LFky ij ySafxd HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gS rFkk osru o
inksUufr ds fy, Hkh la?k"kZ djus ds ckotwn Hkh mUgsa de osru feyrk gSA losZ ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr esa yxHkx 37
Qhlnh efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds cjkcj osru ugha feyrk gS (https://hindi.thequint.com/
news/india/linkedin-opportunity-index-2021-report-working-women-gender-bias)A ge efgykvksa dks
iq:"kksa ds cjkcj [kM+k djus dh odkyr] rdZ&fordZ djrs gS ysfdu dSls mUgsa iq:"kksa ds ftruk lEeku o gd
fey ldrk gS bldk lek/kku vHkh rd lkeus ugha vk ldk gSA
3- dkedkth efgykvksa dks feyus okys ekr`Ro vodk'k dh lqfo/kk ds dkj.k dbZ xSj ljdkjh laxBu ;k rks
efgykvksa dk p;u gh ugha djrs ;k vfookfgr gksus dh 'krZ p;u çfØ;k esa Mky nsrs gSA D;ksafd dkedkth
efgyk dks feyus okys bl vf/kdkj ls fu;ksäk dks nksgjk uqdlku gksrk gSA ,d rjQ efgyk dkfeZd dh
vuqifLFkfr ls dke dk uqdlku gksrk gS rks nwljh rjQ efgyk dks fcuk dke fd;s gh losru vodk'k ls
laLFkku dks vkfFkZd uqdlku mBkuk iM+rk gSA vkt ge utj Mkysa rks ns[k ik;saxs fd ftruh Hkh cMh dEifu;ka
;k m|e gS muesa loksZPp inksa ij efgykvksa dh la[;k ux.; ek= gS D;ksafd iq#"koknh vge ds dkj.k mls 21
oha lnh esa Hkh efgyk ds funsZ'ku o vkns'k esa dk;Z djuk Lohdk;Z ugha gSA
4- dkedkth efgyk;sa pkgs og fookfgr gks ;k vfookfgr mldk ifjokj rFkk og Lo;a Hkh pkgrh gSa fd og ,slk
jkstxkj pqus ftlesa dk;Z dk le; fu/kkZfjr gks] dke ds dk;ns fu/kkZfjr gks] jktuhfrd çHkko ls ijs gks rFkk
lqjf{kr dk;Z LFky gksA blh dkj.k efgykvksa }kjk lsuk] QkSt] U;kf;d] cM+k ç'kklfud in rFkk vU; [krjukd
,oa dfBu dk;ksaZ ds {ks=ksa dks de gh çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA dk;Z ds nkSjku ?kjsyw nkf;Ro o dk;Z LFky dh
leL;kvksa ds QyLo:i gh orZeku esa ^^'kS{kf.kd {ks=^^ efgykvksa ds fy, vkd"kZ.k dk dsUæ cuk gqvk gSA gkyk¡fd
f'k{kk txr esa ukSdjh djus dh vuqdwyrk o larks"ktud osru gksus ij Hkh efgyk dks nksgjh Hkwfedk ls futkr
ugha feyrh ysfdu dqN dfBukbZ;ka t:j de gks ldrh gSA
5- dkedkth efgykvksa ds thou ls lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa o nksgjh Hkwfedk ds ncko gksus dk eryc ;g drbZ ugha
fd efgyk dk vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gksdj vkRefuHkZj cuus ds mlds thou ij ldkjkRed çHkko ugha iM+s gSaA
vk/kqfud ;qx dh efgyk us f'k{kk dk egRo le>k gS rFkk vusd ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, og f'k{kk xzg.k
djrh gS rFkk f'k{kk dks mi;ksxh cukus gsrq ;Fkk laHko dksbZ u dksbZ ukSdjh ;k O;olk; dj jgh gS A iq:"kksa ds
leku gh efgyk }kjk ukSdjh djuk ;k æO; mRiknd dk;Z djuk le; dh ekax gSA vkRe fuHkZj cudj vkRe
- 52 -
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL dkedkth efgykvksa dh
lkekftd leL;k,¡ ,oa mudk lek/kku
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION vydk jkuh ,oa vkjrh HkV~V
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||
|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 50-54

lEeku dk thou thus dh bPNk] HkkSfrd le`f) dh egRokdka{kk] cPps o ifjokj dks csgrj thou eqgS;k djuk]
xzg.k dh xbZ f'k{kk o çf'k{k.k dks lkFkZd cukus gsrq] jgu&lgu ds c<+rs Lrj dks cjdjkj j[kus rFkk çxfr dh
ubZ Å¡pkb;ksa rd igq¡pus dh pkgr] c<+rh egaxkbZ dh ekj o lkekftd çfr"Bk rFkk ifr ds lkFk dne ls dne
feykdj pyus dk ^xoZ^ vkfn dkj.kksa us fL=;ksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku osruHkksxh dk;Z djus dks çsfjr fd;k ftlls
fd mls nwljksa ij fuHkZjrk ;k ?kj dh pkjnhokjh esa fleVh ftUnxh ls vktknh fey ldsA

lq>ko
fiNys dqN o"kksaZ ls ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd efgykvksa us lkoZtfud thou ds çR;sd {ks= esa u dsoy viuk çfrfuf/kRo
c<+k;k gS cfYd lQyrk ds xzkQ esa Hkh mudh la[;k iq:"kksa ls dgha T;knk c<+rh tk jgh gSA ;g rks ml ifjfLFkfr
esa gS tcfd mUgsa iq:"kksa ds ftruh lq[k&lqfo/kk] volj] f'k{kk o mfpr ekgkSy Hkh eqf'dy ls ulhc gks ikrk gSA
ysfdu efgyk;sa 'kfä gj ck/kk dks /kS;Z ls phjrh gqbZ gj txg viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSA bldk thrk tkxrk –';
dksjksuk egkekjh ds ladVk/khu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldk gSA
;g [kq'kh dh ckr gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt vkt lHkh {ks=ksa esa :f<+okfnrk dks ihNs NksM+ çxfr'khy fopkj/kkjk dks viuk
jgk gSA ?kj dh pkS[kV rd lhfer Fkh ftudh ftUnxh vkt mu efgykvksa esa vUrfj{k dh mM+ku Hkjus dk lkgl
iq:"kksa ls fdlh ek;us esa de ugha fn[krkA efgykvksa dh bl meax Hkjh ftUnxh esa efgyk l'kfädj.k ds ç;kl]
ljdkjh ;kstuk,a] vf/kdkj o dkuwuksa rFkk Lo;a efgyk ds gkSlys us mM+ku Hkjus esa Hkjiwj vk/kkj çnku fd;k gSA
ysfdu vkt Hkh Hkkjr ds yksxksa dh lkekftd lksp fir`lÙkkRed ç—fr ls ckgj ugha fudy ldh gSA vkt efgyk;sa
?kj o dk;ZLFky nksuksa esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSaA dkedkt o vkfFkZd t:jrksa esa iw.kZ ;ksxnku nsus ds ckotwn
mUgsa u rks ?kjsyw dk;ksaZ ls rfud Hkh eqfä feyh u gh dkedkth QSlyksa esa cjkcjh dk gdA efgykvksa }kjk dkedkth
gksus dh [kq'kh ifjokj dks gksrh gS ysfdu mls ukSdjh djus gsrq fo'ks"k lqfo/kkvksa ds uke ij viuh lq[k&lqfo/kk vkSj
vktknh esa fdlh Hkh çdkj ds cnyko dks cnkZ”r djus gsrq tjk Hkh jkth ugha gSaA blh ds dkj.k dkedkth efgykvksa
ds fy, nksgjh Hkwfedk dh yM+kbZ dks thr ikuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA [kq”kh dh ckr gS cnyrs le; ds vuqlkj iq:"kksa
dh lksp Hkh cny jgh gSA vc oks ?kj ds dke Hkh fcuk fdlh ladksp ds djus yxs gSA ?kj ds çcU/ku esa ifRu dk
iwjk lg;ksx djus dh dksf'k'k djus yxs gSA
gkyk¡fd ifjokfjd ijs'kkfu;ksa dh otg ls gh L=h o iq:"k nksuksa gh ,dkdh ifjokjksa esa jguk T;knk lqfo/kktud
le>us yxs gS ysfdu ;g vPNh ckr ugha gSA fQj Hkh efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku gj {ks= esa ;ksxnku o Hkwfedk
egRoiw.kZ rFkk vko';d gSA gj txg mldh mifLFkfr Hkh le; dh ekax gSA dkedkth efgyk ds lkeus ,d Hkwfedk
fuHkkus ds fy, nwljh dks NksM+uk iM+s ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka ugha vk, blds fy, gesa gh dqN ç;kl djus gksxsaA
pêksik/;k; ¼2012½] oekZ ¼2009½ vkSj ukxj ¼2021½ ds vuqlkj ;s fuEuor gks ldrs gSa &
1- lcls igys gesa ?kj ij gh efgykvksa dks leku vf/kdkj vkSj volj nsuk gksxkA dke u NksM+us gsrq mUgsa ?kj esa
gh çksRlkgu o ikfjokfjd enn dk vk'oklu Hkh nsuk gksxkA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks lqjf{kr o vuqdwy okrkoj.k
rFkk lgh volj feyrk jgs rks 'kk;n gh ,slk dksbZ dke gks ftlesa oks viuh n{krk lkfcr u dj lds D;ksafd
muesa {kerkvksa o vkdka{kkvksa dh vlhe laHkkouk,a gSa ftlls os iq:"kksa ls dgha Hkh fdlh Hkh ckr esa ihNs ugha jg
ldrhA blds fy, fu;ksäk dks ;kSu mRihM+u ds ekeyksa esa vius dk;Z LFky ij Þthjks&lfg".kqrkß uhfr ykxw
djuh pkfg,A ,slh f'kdk;r dh vfoyEc o xksiuh; :i ls tk¡p gks rkfd efgykvksa dk vkRefo'okl cuk jgs
rFkk mUgsa ukSdjh NksM+us dk fu.kZ; u ysuk iM+sA lkFk gh viuh çfrHkk ls laLFkku dks ykHkkfUor djus gsrq fcuk
ck/kk ds nkf;Ro fuHkkrh jgs A
2- efgyk dks l'kä djds ns'k dh mUufr dk mUgsa fgLlk cukuk gksxkA mlds dke esa nksgjs ncko dks de djus
esa ifjokj dks viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxhA nksgjs xkspsZ ij vius dks fl) djus ds la?k"kZ ls tw>rh efgyk ?kj o
ckgj dh Hkkx&nkSM esa vius LokLF; dks utj vUnkt dj nsrh gS tcfd mldh lsgr dk vlj iwjs ifjokj ij
iM+rk gSA vr% dkedkth efgyk dks viuh lsgr o LokLF; dh vgfe;r le>uh gksxhA
3- Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks lqjf{kr o vuqdwy ekgkSy feyuk vR;ko';d gS D;ksafd orZeku esa lqj{kk dk eqík vge gks
x;k gSA blh ds pyrs efgyk }kjk dke NksM+us ds vkadM+s Hkh c<+rs tk jgs gSA oä dk rdktk gS fd efgykvksa
ds ckjs esa lksp cnyus dk vkSj fu;ksäk ls T;knk lgdfeZ;ksa dks viuh lksp cnyus dh T;knk t:jr gSA
efgykvksa dh {kerk vkSj dke dks de vkadus rFkk mUgsa vcyk ;k detksj le>us dh ekufldrk dks [kRe
djuk gksxkA dke dk caVokjk o vkadyu ySafxd utfj;s ls ugha] ifj.kke ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg, A
4- efgyk dks ukSdjh ds volj o lqfo/kk nsus okys dkuwuksa ds gksus ek= ls mUgsa lqj{kk dh xkjUVh ugha feyrh cfYd
blds fy, bUgsa l[rh ls ykxw djuk gksxkA
5- Lo;a dh vk; vius vuqlkj O;; djus dk gd vf/kdka'k dkedkth efgykvksa ds gkFk esa ugha gS ftlds dkj.k
muesa grk'kk o ghurk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gSA vr% mldh dekbZ ds lkFk mldh bPNkvksa dks Hkh egRo nsuk
pkfg, D;ksafd L=h LoHkkor% fuos'kh ç—fr dh gksrh gSA mlds }kjk dh xbZ NksVh&NksVh cpr ifjokj ds gh dke
vkrh gSA

- 53 -
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL dkedkth efgykvksa dh
lkekftd leL;k,¡ ,oa mudk lek/kku
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION vydk jkuh ,oa vkjrh HkV~V
|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||
|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 50-54

6- iq:"kksa ds leku gh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld :i ls dk;Z djus okyh fL=;ksa dks leku osru feyuk pkfg,A blds
fy, mUgsa nwljs ntsZ dh rFkk iq:"kksa ls de vkadus okyh lksp dks cnyuk t:jh gS] rkfd mudk 'kks"k.k u gks
ldsA ;g ckr vge gS fd vkfFkZd l'kfädj.k efgyk l'kfädj.k ds mís';ksa esa ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqvk gSA
ysfdu tc rd efgyk vkfFkZd :i ls le`)] vkRefuHkZj rFkk vkfFkZd fu.kZ; ysus dh vf/kdkjh ugha gksrh tc
rd l'kfädj.k ds lkjs ç;kl vk/kkjghu gksxsa A
;g Hkh mYYks[kuh; gS fd lekt dh lksp o bnZ&fxnZ ds ekgkSy dk efgyk dh fLFkfr ij xgjk çHkko iM+rk gSA
efgykvksa ds çfr yksxksa dh lksp esa cnyko ykus ij gh L=h vius vlyh 'kfä Lo:i dks igpku ldrh gS rFkk
lekt fuekZ.k esa viuh l'kä Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA vr lkekftd okrkoj.k dks ldkjkRed cukus ds lkFk gh
lekt dh lksp dks cnyus dh vksj ç;kl djuk gksxkA lkFk gh dkedkth efgykvksa ds lkFk O;ogkj esa lekurk
vkSj ns'k ds fodkl esa mudh lgHkkfxrk ds fy, vko';d dne mBkus gksxsa D;ksafd efgykvksa ls lEcfU/kr yxHkx
lHkh leL;k,a ifjokj] lekt o dk;ZLFky ij vlekurk dh Hkkouk ds vkl&ikl gh faeyrh gSaA

fu"d"kZ
bl çdkj ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd fiNys dqN o"kksZa ls fo'ks"k :i ls lapkj o rduhdh ;qx esa efgyk;sa l'kä cuh gSaA
os dksjksuk tSlh egkekjh ds nkSj esa vkt fofHkUu dk;ksZa esa n{krk çkIr o dq'ky efgyk,a ?kj esa jgrs gq, gh cPpksa dks
i<+kdj] u`R; o QS'ku fMtkbfuax] dqfdax fl[kkdj] v‚uykbu O;kikj djds] flykbZ&d<+kbZ djuk o fl[kkdj vkfn
dk;ksaZ }kjk vkfFkZd :i ls l'kä cuh gSaA dksjksuk dh vkink ls tw>rs gq, ns'k dh efgykvksa us xtc dh thftfo"kk
fn[kkbZA ÝUV ykbu odZlZ ds :i esa egkekjh ls yM+us okys ;kS)kvksa ls ysdj ?kj ds lnL;ksa dks laHkkyus okyh
x`gf.k;ksa rd efgyk,a esgur vkSj eukscy ds ne ij ns'k vkSj lekt dh jh<+ cuhA
dkedkth efgykvksa us ^odZ Ý‚e g‚e^ ds rgr v‚fQl o ?kj ds nkf;Roksa dks c[kwch fuHkk;k gSA foink ds nkSj esa os
iq:"kksa ds lkFk&lkFk gSYFk odZj] iqfyl] lQkbZdehZ] DokjaVkbu lsUVj ij] ?kj&?kj tkdj losZ djus rFkk osDlhus'ku
tSls ekspsZ ij mudh Hkkxhnkjh fdlh ls fNih ugha gSA gkyk¡fd ?kj ls ckgj tkdj dke dj ikus ds ihNs ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds lUnHkZ esa efgyk&iq#"k dh fLFkfr esa tehu&vkleku dk vUrj gksrk gS] ysfdu efgykvksa ds tTcs esa drbZ deh
ugha gksrhA bl gkSlys dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, mUgsa T;knk dqN ugha pkfg, flQZ ifr dk lacy] larks"ktud
ikfjJfed rFkk dk;Z LFky ij lqj{kk dh fuf'prrk rFkk ifjokj }kjk mlds nksgjh Hkwfedk ds la?k"kZ dks le>dj
I;kj vkSj lg;ksx fey tk;s rks og n{k x`g.kh o dq'ky dkedkth efgyk ds :i esa ^lqij oqeu^ cudj vius lHkh
nkf;Roksa dks lgtrk ls iw.kZ djus ls ihNs ugha gV ldrhA ;g Hkh [kq”kh dh ckr gS vkt jktuhfr esa efgykvksa us
viuh ;ksX;rk dks lkfcr dj fn[kk;k gSA f”kf{kr efgyk,a gh ugha cfYd de i<+h&fy[kh efgyk,a Hkh jktuhfr esa
ldkjkRed Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa l{ke gks jgh gS vkSj viuh fLFkfr dks vkSj vf/kd l”kDr dj jgh gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS & efgyk 'kfä ds cxSj ekuork ds fodkl dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA Lokeh foosdkuUn
us dgk gS fd ^^tc rd efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ugha gksxk] fo'o ds dY;k.k dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gS] tSlk fd
fdlh iaNh ds fy, ,d ia[k ls mM+uk laHko ugha gS^^ (https://vivekavani.com/swami-vivekananda-quotes-
women-womanhood)A vr% ifjokj gks ;k ns'k fcuk efgyk ds lg;ksx vkSj lkFk ds dHkh Hkh mUufr dh mM+ku
ugha Hkj ldrkA ,slh gh fLFkfr nksgjh Hkwfedk Lo:i ?kj o dk;ZLFky dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ls ynh dkedkth efgyk dh
gksrh gS ysfdu nksuksa esa larqyu cus jgus ij gh thou dh tax thrh tk ldrh gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- oekZ] vatyh ¼2009½ Hkkjr esa dk;Z'khy efgyk,a] vksesuk ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh A
2- vkgwtk] jke] ¼1995½ Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqjA
3- Ukkxj] vk”kk ¼2021½ Hkkjr esa dkedkth efgykvksa dh lELk;k;sa ,ao lek/kku% ,d fo”ys’kukRed v/;;u]
bUuksos”ku& n fjlpZ dUlsIV] 6 ¼6½% ,p1&,p6A
4- dqekj] jk/kk] ¼2005½ L=h la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl% 1800&1990] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
5- Chattopadhyay, A. (2012). Women's Empowerment Across Indian States. Yojna, 56(6): 29-54.

*******

- 54 -
Published by: Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand website: mhu.edu.in
Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Environmental Pollution and Human Rights
Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

Plagiarism/Similarity: 10 %
st
Rec.: 20-02-24 1 PR: 26-02-24 2nd PR: 06-03-24 DOA: 15-03-24

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Environmental Pollution and Human Rights Violations:

An Analytical Framework
Vivek Kumar1 & J.S.P.Srivastava2
1. Research Scholar, Motherhood University, RoorkeeUttarakhand
Email: vivek.viudh@gmail.com, Mobile: 9319024422 (Corresponding Author)
2. Professor & Dean, Faculty of Legal Studies, Motherhood University, Roorkee,Haridwar,
Uttarakhand, jaishankerprasadsrivastava@gmail.com

Abstract:
The intersection of environmental pollution and human rights has emerged as a critical concern in India, a
nation grappling with rapid industrialization and urbanization. This legal study delves into the pervasive issue
of environmental pollution and its profound implications on human rights within the Indian context. Through
comprehensive legal analysis and case studies, this study explores the multifaceted dimensions of this violation,
encompassing air, water, and soil pollution, as well as the associated health hazards and socio-economic
disparities. It scrutinizes existing legislations, international conventions, and judicial precedents to assess their
effectiveness in safeguarding human rights against environmental degradation. The study also sheds light on the
challenges in enforcement, policy implementation, and access to justice for affected communities. Furthermore,
it proposes a framework for strengthening legal measures, promoting public awareness, and enhancing
environmental governance to address this pressing issue. This study serves as a critical resource for
policymakers, legal scholars, and activists, offering valuable insights into the urgent need for comprehensive
legal frameworks to protect the fundamental rights of citizens amidst escalating environmental challenges in
India.
Keywords: Dimensions, Socio-Economic, Legislations, Human Rights, Communities.

Introduction:
Environmental pollution has indeed risen to a critical concern in India, posing multifaceted
challenges to its population and ecosystem. With rapid urbanization, industrialization, and
population growth, the country has witnessed a surge in pollution levels, particularly in densely
populated urban centers. The air quality in many Indian cities frequently breaches hazardous levels,
leading to severe health consequences for millions. Particulate matter, volatile organic compounds,
and pollutants like nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide are pervasive, contributing to respiratory
illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and a host of other health issues.Water pollution is another
significant challenge. Rivers, lakes, and groundwater sources are contaminated with industrial
effluents, untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff, affecting both drinking water quality and
aquatic ecosystems. This has far-reaching implications on public health, particularly in regions where
clean water sources are scarce. Furthermore, soil pollution, often caused by improper waste disposal
and industrial practices, has consequences for agricultural productivity and food safety.
Human rights and environmental protection are interdependent. A safe, clean, healthy and
sustainable environment is necessary for the full enjoyment of human rights, including the rights to
life, to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, to an adequate standard of
living, to adequate food, to safe drinking water and sanitation, to housing, to participation in cultural
life and to development, as well as the right to a healthy environment itself, which is recognized in
regional agreements and most national constitutions. At the same time, the exercise of human rights,
including rights to freedom of expression and association, to education and information, and to

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Environmental Pollution and Human Rights
Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

participation and effective remedies, is vital to the protection of the environment.1So that he
implications of environmental pollution on human rights are profound and multifaceted. Clean air,
potable water, and a healthy environment are not mere amenities; they are fundamental rights
intrinsic to human dignity and well-being. As pollution levels rise, so do the threats to these basic
rights. The right to life, enshrined in India's Constitution, encompasses the right to live in a clean and
healthy environment. Yet, millions of citizens are subjected to hazardous pollutants daily, posing
severe risks to their health and longevity. This study seeks to dissect these infringements, offering a
comprehensive legal analysis of the violation of human rights through environmental pollution in
India. While the issue of environmental pollution transcends geographical boundaries, its impact is
acutely felt by marginalized communities. Low-income urban neighbourhoods and rural areas often
bear the brunt of industrial emissions and contaminated water sources. These communities, typically
lacking resources for proper healthcare or the means to relocate, find themselves disproportionately
affected.
In this way we can say that environmental pollution has far-reaching implications on human rights,
encompassing a broad spectrum of fundamental entitlements that individuals inherently possess.
This interconnectedness is increasingly acknowledged within the global discourse on human rights
and environmental protection.
First and foremost, the right to life is directly impacted by environmental pollution. Contaminated air,
water, and soil contribute to a host of health problems, ranging from respiratory illnesses to life-
threatening conditions like cancer. In this context, the right to life, as enshrined in international
human rights instruments, is undermined when individuals are subjected to hazardous pollutants.
The right to health is also profoundly affected. Prolonged exposure to pollutants can lead to a range
of health issues, from respiratory diseases to developmental disorders. Access to clean and safe
environments is integral to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental
health, as articulated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
Moreover, environmental pollution disproportionately impacts marginalized and vulnerable
communities. Low-income neighbourhoods, often situated in close proximity to industrial zones, bear
a disproportionate burden of pollution. This environmental injustice exacerbates existing inequalities
and constitutes a violation of the right to non-discrimination and the right to equality before the law.
The right to a healthy environment is an emerging human right, recognized by a growing number of
countries and international bodies. A clean and healthy environment is essential for the well-being
and dignity of individuals and communities. The degradation of the environment through pollution
infringes upon this right, hindering people's ability to live in an environment that supports their
physical, mental, and social well-being. Access to information, participation in decision-making, and
access to justice in environmental matters are also critical human rights in the context of pollution.
Individuals have the right to be informed about environmental risks, participate in decisions that
affect their environment, and seek legal remedies when their rights are violated. Transparency, public
involvement, and access to justice are essential components of effective environmental governance
and the protection of human rights.
In this way we can say that Human rights and environmental pollution are interconnected in
profound ways, with the degradation of the environment often leading to violations of fundamental
human rights. This relationship is increasingly recognized globally as a critical issue that demands
attention and action. Environmental pollution has emerged as a pressing concern in India, casting a
long shadow over the nation's progress and prosperity. As one of the fastest-growing economies in
the world, India has witnessed unprecedented industrialization, urbanization, and infrastructural
development. However, this surge in economic activities has come at a significant cost to the
environment. The consequences of this unchecked growth are palpable, with air, water, and soil
pollution reaching alarming levels in many regions.
Discussion: Environmental Pollution and It’s Type:--
Environmental pollution refers to the introduction of harmful or undesirable substances or alterations
into the natural environment, causing adverse effects. This introduction can occur through human
activities, such as industrial processes, agricultural practices, transportation, and waste disposal, as
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Environmental Pollution and Human Rights
Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

well as natural events like volcanic eruptions or forest fires. It encompasses various types of
contaminants, including chemicals, toxins, biological agents, and physical agents, that can disrupt the
balance of natural ecosystems and harm living organisms, including humans. Environmental
pollution can occur in different media, such as air, water, soil, and even light and sound. The
consequences of environmental pollution can be widespread and severe, leading to health problems,
ecological imbalances, loss of biodiversity, and degradation of natural resources. Additionally, it can
have long-lasting impacts on both the environment and human societies. Efforts to combat
environmental pollution involve the development and enforcement of regulations, the adoption of
cleaner technologies and practices, public awareness campaigns, and the promotion of sustainable
resource management. Recognizing and addressing environmental pollution is crucial for the well-
being of the planet and the health and prosperity of current and future generations.
So that environmental pollution encompasses a wide range of contaminants that adversely
affect the natural environment. These pollutants can be categorized into various types based on their
sources, characteristics, and impact on different components of the environment. Here are some of the
major types of environmental pollution:
1. Air Pollution:
Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the Earth's atmosphere. These substances
can be natural, like dust or pollen, but more often they are anthropogenic (human-made), such as
pollutants released from industrial processes, transportation, and other human activities. These
pollutants can have detrimental effects on the environment, human health, and the overall quality of
life. The most common types of air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ozone (O3).
Air pollution arises from a variety of sources. Industrial processes, including manufacturing, power
generation, and chemical production, release a significant number of pollutants into the atmosphere.
Transportation, especially vehicles running on fossil fuels, is a major contributor to air pollution,
emitting significant amounts of NOx and CO. Agricultural practices, like the use of fertilizers and
pesticides, can release harmful compounds into the air. Natural events such as wildfires and volcanic
eruptions can also contribute to temporary spikes in air pollution. So that gaseous Pollutants include
substances like sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3),
and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released from industrial processes, vehicle
emissions, and natural sources.
Air pollution has severe consequences for both human health and the environment. Short-term
exposure can lead to respiratory issues, aggravate existing conditions like asthma, and even cause
premature death. Long-term exposure is linked to chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular
problems, and even certain types of cancer.Environmental impacts include damage to vegetation and
ecosystems, acidification of soils and water bodies due to pollutants like SO2 and NOx, and the
deterioration of buildings and monuments due to acid rain. Air pollution also contributes to climate
change by releasing greenhouse gases and altering the balance of radiative forcing in the atmosphere.
2. Water Pollution:
Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans,
groundwater, and even smaller sources like ponds and streams. This contamination occurs when
harmful substances enter these water sources, making them unsafe for various forms of life, including
humans. Water pollution can result from both natural processes and human activities, but it is
primarily caused by human actions like industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, and improper
sewage treatment.
Sources of Water Pollution:
There are various sources of water pollution, each contributing different types of contaminants: ---
a) Industrial Activities: Industries release a wide range of chemicals and toxins into water
bodies through their manufacturing processes. This includes heavy metals, solvents, and
various organic compounds.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Environmental Pollution and Human Rights
Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

b) Agricultural Runoff: The use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in agriculture can lead
to excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering water bodies. These nutrients can
cause harmful algal blooms, leading to oxygen depletion and fish kills.
c) Domestic Sewage and Wastewater: Improperly treated sewage and wastewater from
households and commercial establishments can introduce pathogens, organic matter, and
nutrients into water sources.
d) Mining Activities: Mining operations can release hazardous substances like heavy metals
and sulfur compounds into water bodies, particularly when not properly managed.
e) Oil Spills: Accidental oil spills from shipping accidents or drilling operations can have
devastating effects on marine ecosystems and coastal regions.
Effects of Water Pollution:
Water pollution has dire consequences for both ecosystems and human health. Contaminated water
can lead to the loss of biodiversity, with many species of fish, amphibians, and invertebrates
particularly vulnerable. It can also disrupt food chains and alter entire ecosystems.For humans, water
pollution poses a significant risk to public health. Consuming contaminated water can lead to
waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and giardiasis. Additionally, exposure to certain
chemical pollutants can cause long-term health problems, including cancer, organ damage, and
developmental issues in children.
In this way we can say that water pollution is a pressing environmental issue with far-reaching
consequences for ecosystems and human health. Addressing this problem requires concerted efforts
from individuals, communities, industries, and governments to prevent further contamination and
ensure the sustainability of water resources for future generations.
3. Soil Pollution:
Soil pollution, also known as land pollution, refers to the contamination of the Earth's soil with
harmful substances or chemicals. This contamination disrupts the natural composition and fertility of
the soil, making it less suitable for healthy plant growth and other forms of life that depend on it. Soil
pollution can result from various sources, including industrial activities, agricultural practices,
improper waste disposal, and the use of harmful chemicals.Soil pollution has far-reaching
consequences for both the environment and human health. It can lead to reduced agricultural
productivity, affecting food security. Contaminated soil can also harm soil-dwelling organisms and
disrupt the balance of ecosystems. Additionally, pollutants in the soil can leach into groundwater,
potentially affecting drinking water sources. So that soil pollution is a critical environmental issue
that requires concerted efforts from individuals, communities, industries, and governments to
prevent further contamination and restore the health and fertility of soils worldwide.
4. Noise Pollution:
Noise pollution is the presence of excessive or disturbing noise levels in the environment, caused by
human activities or natural phenomena. It has become a growing concern in urban and industrialized
areas worldwide. Noise pollution can have detrimental effects on human health, wildlife, and the
overall quality of life. So that noise pollution is a significant environmental issue that affects both
urban and rural areas. It requires a combination of regulatory measures, technological advancements,
and public awareness efforts to effectively mitigate its impact and create a more peaceful and
sustainable environment for all.
5. Thermal Pollution:
Thermal pollution refers to the alteration of natural water temperatures in rivers, lakes, or other water
bodies due to human activities. It occurs when heated water is released into natural water systems,
disrupting their thermal equilibrium. This phenomenon is predominantly associated with industrial
processes and power generation. Power plants, particularly those fuelled by coal, oil, or nuclear
energy, require significant amounts of water for cooling purposes. After this water absorbs heat from
the industrial processes, it is discharged back into the environment at elevated temperatures.
This rise in water temperature can have profound effects on aquatic ecosystems. Warm water holds
less dissolved oxygen, which is crucial for the survival of fish, invertebrates, and other aquatic
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Environmental Pollution and Human Rights
Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

organisms. As a result, the reduced oxygen levels can lead to "thermal shock," causing stress, illness,
or even mortality in aquatic life. Additionally, certain species of fish and macroinvertebrates are
temperature-sensitive, and alterations in water temperature can disrupt their reproductive cycles and
migration patterns. In extreme cases, thermal pollution can trigger harmful algal blooms, further
depleting oxygen levels and leading to fish kills.
Mitigating thermal pollution requires the implementation of various strategies. One approach
involves using cooling technologies, such as cooling towers or natural draft cooling systems, which
aim to reduce the temperature of the water before it is discharged back into the environment.
Additionally, the design and location of power plants and industrial facilities can play a crucial role in
minimizing their impact on water temperatures.
In this way we can say that, recognizing and addressing thermal pollution is vital for maintaining the
health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems. Balancing industrial and energy needs with environmental
sustainability is crucial to ensure that human activities do not unduly disrupt the delicate balance of
natural water systems.
6. Other pollution:
Certainly, beyond the well-known types of pollution like air, water, soil Noise and Thermal pollution,
there are several other forms of pollution that can have significant environmental and health impacts.
These pollutions are Light Pollution, Radioactive Pollution, Plastic Pollution, Biological Pollution etc.
These various forms of pollution highlight the complexity and interconnectedness of environmental
issues. Addressing them requires a holistic approach that considers not only the physical aspects of
pollution but also the social, economic, and cultural dimensions of sustainability and well-being.
Environment pollution and its Impact on Human Rights
Environment protection is part of our cultural values and traditions. In Atharvaveda, it has been said
that “Man’s paradise is on earth; this living world is the beloved place of all; It has the blessings of
nature’s bounties; live in a lovely spirit”. Earth is our paradise and it is our duty to protect our
paradise. The constitution of India embodies the framework of protection and preservation of nature
without which life cannot be enjoyed. The knowledge of constitutional provisions regarding
environment protection is need of the day to bring greater public participation, environmental
awareness, environmental education and sensitize the people to preserve ecology and environment.2
Environmental pollution, characterized by the introduction of harmful substances or alterations into
the natural environment, has profound implications for human rights. This complex interplay
between environmental degradation and the preservation of human rights is an increasingly pressing
global concern. At its core, pollution jeopardizes the fundamental right to life, recognized universally
as one of the most fundamental human entitlements. When air, water, and soil are contaminated with
hazardous pollutants, individuals are subjected to an array of health risks, ranging from respiratory
ailments to life-threatening conditions like cancer. Consequently, this undermines the right to life, as
articulated in international human rights covenants and national constitutions.
Furthermore, the right to health, an essential component of the broader right to well-being, is
critically impacted by environmental pollution. Prolonged exposure to pollutants leads to an array of
health issues, from respiratory diseases to developmental disorders. This extends beyond physical
health, encompassing mental well-being as well. Access to clean and safe environments is intrinsic to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, an assertion made
clear in international human rights instruments. The right to a healthy environment is an emerging
human right, recognized by a growing number of countries and international bodies. It asserts that
individuals have a rightful claim to live in an environment that sustains their well-being, free from
contamination and degradation. Yet, the degradation of the environment through pollution infringes
upon this right, hindering people's ability to live in surroundings conducive to their physical, mental,
and social welfare.
However, the impact of pollution extends beyond individual rights. It bears a collective dimension,
implicating entire communities and even nations. Vulnerable and marginalized populations, often
residing in proximity to industrial zones and pollution hotspots, bear a disproportionate burden. This
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Environmental Pollution and Human Rights
Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

constitutes a violation of the right to non-discrimination and the right to equality before the law. The
adverse effects of pollution are felt more acutely in these communities, exacerbating existing social
and economic disparities. Furthermore, pollution can undermine the right to work and to an adequate
standard of living. Industries that generate pollution often employ significant portions of the
population, but they may also pose risks to worker health and safety. Additionally, pollution can
impact livelihoods dependent on natural resources like farming and fishing, as contaminated soil and
water sources reduce agricultural productivity and disrupt ecosystems.
The impact of pollution is not confined within national borders. It has transboundary and global
ramifications, implicating the collective responsibility of nations to safeguard the environment.
International human rights mechanisms are progressively recognizing the intrinsic link between
human rights and environmental protection. Special rapporteurs on human rights and the
environment have been appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council, charged with
investigating and reporting on human rights violations related to environmental issues.
In this way we can say that the intricate relationship between environmental pollution and human
rights is undeniable. Pollution not only poses a direct threat to the right to life and health but also
affects the right to a healthy environment, exacerbates social inequalities, and hinders access to
information and justice. Recognizing and addressing these interconnections is imperative for
ensuring a just, sustainable, and equitable future for all. It necessitates integrated approaches that
view environmental protection and human rights as mutually reinforcing imperatives, embodying
the shared responsibility of humanity to preserve the well-being of both present and future
generations.
Legal Framework in India related to Violation of Human Rights
through Environment Pollution:
Environmental protection is thus an essential instrument in the effort to secure the effective universal
enjoyment of human rights. Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment
Programme, reflected this approach in his statement to the 57th Session of the Commission on
Human Rights in 2001:
“Human rights cannot be secured in a degraded or polluted environment. The fundamental
right to life is threatened by soil degradation and deforestation and by exposures to toxic
chemicals, hazardous wastes and contaminated drinking water. Environmental conditions
clearly help to determine the extent to which people enjoy their basic rights to life, health,
adequate food and housing, and traditional livelihood and culture. It is time to recognize
that those who pollute or destroy the natural environment are not just committing a crime
against nature, but are violating human rights as well.”3
In India, the legal framework addressing the violation of human rights through environmental
pollution is a complex and evolving system that draws from a combination of international
conventions, constitutional provisions, statutes, and judicial decisions.

Constitutional Provisions:
The constitution of India is not an inert but a living document which evolves and grows with time.
The specific provisions on environment protection in the constitution are also result of this evolving
nature and growth potential of the fundamental law of the land. The preamble to our constitution
ensures socialist pattern of the society and dignity of the individual. Decent standard of living and
pollution free environment is inherent in this. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 defines
environment as “environment includes water, air and land and the interrelationship which exists
among and between air, water and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-
organism and property”.4
The Constitution of India echoes the approach to human rights for the protection of the environment
through the various directives. In India the apprehension for environmental fortification has not only
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Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

been elevated to the grade of fundamental law of land, but it is also dedicated with the very basic
human right of every individual to reside in healthy and pollution free environment with full human
dignity. The Indian Constitution necessitates the State as well as the individuals to improve and
protect the environment. The two decades of the previous century, in the arena of Environmental Law
the Indian Legislature, numerous changes were drafted and the concept of social change was brought
in new horizon. The provisions of Fundamental duties and Directive Principles of State Policies have
various provisions for the protection of environment vis-à-vis maintaining the human rights and
dignity. The fundamental Right to live in a clean, healthy and pollution free environment having no
specific provision in the Indian Constitution has been set off by Judicial Activism.5
The chapter on fundamental duties of the Indian Constitution clearly imposes duty on every citizen to
protect environment. Article 51-A (g), says that “It shall be duty of every citizen of India to protect
and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have
compassion for living creatures.”6
a) Article 21: Right to Life and Personal Liberty
The Indian Constitution lays the foundation for the protection of human rights, implicitly recognizing
the right to a clean environment as an integral part of the right to life under Article 21. The judiciary
has consistently interpreted this provision to encompass the right to a healthy and pollution-free
environment. This has led to a series of landmark judgments that emphasize the state's duty to
protect citizens from environmental harm and to hold violators accountable.
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, has been
interpreted by the judiciary to encompass the right to a clean and healthy environment. This
expansive interpretation recognizes that a clean environment is essential for the meaningful
enjoyment of life and personal liberty. The judiciary has established that the right to life under Article
21 includes the right to live in a pollution-free environment. This implies that individuals have a
constitutional right to be protected from the harmful effects of environmental pollution, which can
directly impact their health and well-being.
This interpretation has been reinforced by several landmark judgments. The Supreme Court of India,
in cases like Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar7 and Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of
India8, emphasized that environmental protection is an integral part of the right to life. The courts
have held that any activity that impairs the quality of the environment or poses a threat to public
health infringes upon the right to life.
Furthermore, the courts have established that it is the duty of the state, as well as private entities, to
ensure a pollution-free environment. They have directed government agencies and industries to take
proactive measures to prevent and control pollution. This has led to the development of a robust legal
framework for environmental protection in India.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, mandated under the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986, is a significant tool in ensuring compliance with Article 21. It requires industries and
development projects to undergo thorough assessments to evaluate their potential environmental
impacts. This process aims to prevent or mitigate adverse environmental effects and ensure that
development activities are carried out sustainably.
Public Interest Litigations (PILs) have also played a crucial role in upholding the right to a clean
environment. Citizens and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have approached the courts to
seek redress for environmental violations. Many important environmental precedents have been
established through these PILs, setting standards for environmental protection and pollution control.
In this way we can say that the interpretation of Article 21 in relation to environmental pollution
highlights the recognition of a clean environment as a fundamental human right. This interpretation
has been pivotal in shaping India's legal framework for environmental protection. It underscores the

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Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

importance of balancing economic development with the protection of the environment and the rights
of individuals to a healthy and pollution-free life.

b) Article 48-A: Protection and Improvement of Environment

Article 48-A of the Indian Constitution, inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976, states, “The
State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and
wildlife of the country.” This constitutional provision reflects a significant commitment by the Indian
government to prioritize environmental protection and conservation.
In the context of environmental pollution, Article 48-A serves as a guiding principle for the state to
take proactive measures in preventing, controlling, and mitigating pollution. It underscores the duty
of the state to not only protect the environment but also work towards its improvement. This article
recognizes that environmental protection is a collective responsibility and acknowledges the
interdependence between a healthy environment and the overall well-being of society. It emphasizes
the need for sustainable development that does not compromise the integrity of the environment or
the rights of future generations.
The judiciary has frequently referred to Article 48-A in environmental cases to emphasize the
constitutional duty of the state to protect the environment. It has been cited in numerous judgments
to highlight the importance of balancing economic development with environmental sustainability
and the preservation of natural resources.
Article 48-A also complements Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. The
right to a clean and healthy environment is considered an integral part of the right to life, as
established by the judiciary in various landmark judgments. Therefore, the state’s endeavour to
protect and improve the environment under Article 48-A directly contributes to the realization of the
fundamental right to life. Furthermore, Article 48-A reinforces the significance of environmental
conservation and biodiversity. It acknowledges the importance of safeguarding forests and wildlife,
recognizing their critical role in maintaining ecological balance and providing essential ecosystem
services.
So that, Article 48-A reinforces the constitutional commitment of the Indian state towards
environmental protection and conservation. It provides a legal basis for policies and actions aimed at
preventing and addressing environmental pollution, and it reinforces the idea that environmental
sustainability is a fundamental component of India’s development agenda.

Environmental Laws and Regulations:

Every man in the society has its own fundamental right to equality, freedom and adequate conditions
of life. Connecting environment and human rights is the most valuable area that discovers the
unexplored grey area that underlines between human rights and environment legislations. The Indian
Constitution enshrines that Right to reside in a healthy and pollution free environment is a
Fundamental Status granted to every individual with complete dignity.Living and non-living things
around us forms the part of the Environment. Land, water and soil add up to the non-living
ingredients of the environment whereas the human, plants, and other living macro and micro-
organisms add to the living components of the Environment. Environmental Index Quality helps us
to identify the healthy conditions of the society and that decides the life span of the citizens.
Environmental Quality decides the economic growth of the nation keeping in mind the social and
human rights.9So that India has enacted a comprehensive set of environmental laws and regulations
that govern various aspects of pollution. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, establish the legal framework for
regulating and controlling water and air pollution, respectively. These acts provide for the

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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

establishment of pollution control boards at both the central and state levels, tasked with monitoring
and regulating pollution levels.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
requires industries and development projects to undergo rigorous assessments to evaluate their
potential environmental impacts. This process aims to prevent or mitigate adverse environmental
effects and ensure that development activities are carried out sustainably.

The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is landmark legislation in India aimed at expeditious and
effective disposal of causes related to environmental protection, conservation of forests and other
natural resources, and prevention and abatement of environmental pollution. It was enacted in
response to the pressing need for a specialized body that could exclusively handle environmental
matters.One of the primary objectives of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) is to address issues
related to environmental pollution. The NGT has been vested with significant powers to hear and
dispose of cases pertaining to violations of environmental laws, including those related to air and
water pollution. The power and Functions of NGT are bellow-

1. The NGT has the authority to adjudicate and provide speedy redressal of civil cases involving
environmental issues. This includes cases related to environmental pollution, whether caused
by industries, urban development, or any other activity.
2. The NGT can impose penalties on individuals, industries, or entities found guilty of causing
environmental harm or violating environmental laws. It can also order the payment of
compensation for any damage caused to the environment.
3. The NGT can issue orders for the cessation or regulation of activities that may be causing
environmental pollution. It can also direct parties to take specific measures for the restoration
and conservation of the environment.
4. The NGT has the power to review decisions and actions taken by the government or
regulatory authorities in matters related to environmental protection.

Impact on Environmental Protection:

The establishment of the NGT has significantly enhanced the legal framework for environmental
protection in India. It provides a specialized forum for expeditious adjudication of environmental
cases, reducing the burden on regular courts. The NGT's decisions have played a pivotal role in
holding industries and government agencies accountable for environmental violations. While the
NGT has made substantial contributions to environmental governance, it has faced challenges such as
resource constraints and delays in the appointment of members. Strengthening the institution,
ensuring timely appointments, and expanding its outreach will be crucial for further enhancing its
effectiveness in addressing environmental pollution.
In this way we can say that the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is a critical legislative framework in
India for addressing environmental pollution. It empowers the NGT to adjudicate on a range of
environmental matters, including those related to pollution, and its decisions have had a positive
impact on environmental protection in the country.

Public Interest Litigations (PILs):

The Indian judiciary has played a crucial role in upholding environmental rights through Public
Interest Litigations. Citizens and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have frequently
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Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

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approached the courts to seek redress for environmental violations. Many significant environmental
precedents have been established through these PILs, setting standards for environmental protection
and pollution control.

International Commitments:
India is a signatory to various international agreements and conventions related to environmental
protection and human rights. These include the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, the Rio Declaration of
1992, and the Paris Agreement of 2015. These international commitments emphasize the
interdependence of environmental sustainability and human rights protection.
While India has made significant strides in establishing a legal framework for addressing
environmental pollution, challenges persist. Enforcement, particularly at the grassroots level, remains
a concern. Additionally, balancing economic growth with environmental protection remains a
complex task.In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the need for stricter
environmental norms and greater public participation in decision-making processes. Efforts are
underway to strengthen legal provisions, improve monitoring mechanisms, and enhance public
awareness about environmental rights.
In 1992, twenty years after the first global environment conference, the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, took place from 3-14
June in Rio de Janeiro. The Conference aimed to help governments ‘rethink economic development
and find ways to halt the destruction of irreplaceable natural resources and pollution of the planet’ as,
despite international efforts, environmental degradation had accelerated at an alarming rate.
Delegations from 178 countries, heads of state of 108 countries and representatives of more than 1,000
NGOs attended the meetings. In Rio, three major agreements were concluded of which the Rio
Declaration on Environment and Development is the most pertinent in the context of human rights
and the environment. Principle 1 sets out that ‘Human beings are at the center of concerns for
sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature’
and Principle 4 establishes ‘In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection
shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation
from it’. Principle 10 of the 1992 Rio Declaration was of great importance for the developments that
led to the 1998 Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and
Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) which entered into force in 2001.
The Aarhus Convention covers the three themes indicated by its title. Rather than using rights-
oriented language the Convention requires states parties to ‘ensure’ that members of the public have
access to information, are allowed to participate and have access to judicial review. Although the term
“law” is not commonly used, the purpose, structure and context of the Aarhus Convention is rights-
oriented and based on the concepts of international human rights law. The Convention aims to ensure
the right to participation, information and due process in environmental issues.10
In conclusion, India's legal framework related to the violation of human rights through environmental
pollution is a dynamic and evolving system. It draws from constitutional provisions, environmental
laws, judicial decisions, and international commitments. The synergy between these elements forms
the basis for addressing environmental pollution and safeguarding human rights in India. However,
continuous efforts are needed to ensure effective enforcement, promote sustainable development, and
protect the rights and well-being of all citizens.

Case Studies
In the case of Ratlam Municipal Council vs. Shri Vardhichand and Others,11 reported in is a
significant legal precedent in Indian environmental jurisprudence. This case revolved around the

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Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

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issue of environmental pollution caused by industrial activities and the resultant violation of the
fundamental right to life and personal liberty as guaranteed by Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
The Supreme Court of India, in its judgment, acknowledged that the right to a pollution-free
environment is an essential component of the right to life. It emphasized that the right to life under
Article 21 encompasses not only the right to a mere existence but also the right to a life of dignity and
well-being. This includes the right to breathe clean air and live in an environment that is conducive to
physical and mental health.
The court recognized that industries are obligated to bear the cost of remedying any environmental
damage they may cause, in accordance with the Polluter Pays Principle.The Ratlam case laid down a
precedent that industries cannot operate in a manner that endangers public health and the
environment. It established a legal framework that imposes a duty on industries to adopt stringent
pollution control measures, thereby safeguarding the rights of individuals to a pollution-free
environment.
M.C. Mehta and Anr. Etc. vs. Union of India and Ors.,12,the Supreme Court, in its landmark
judgment, reinforced the principle of "strict liability" for industries engaged in hazardous activities. It
established that industries engaged in inherently dangerous activities are strictly liable for any harm
caused to the public, irrespective of whether or not they had taken all reasonable precautions. This
ruling established a crucial precedent for holding industries accountable for environmental
disasters.Furthermore, the court emphasized the "Polluter Pays Principle," which holds that
industries responsible for environmental pollution are obligated to bear the cost of remediation and
restoration. This principle served as a significant deterrent against careless environmental practices,
and underlined the importance of corporate accountability in safeguarding human rights.
The case also underscored the significance of Public Interest Litigations (PILs) in enabling concerned
citizens and activists to raise crucial environmental issues before the courts. It demonstrated that PILs
are not only an essential tool for seeking redress, but also for advancing the cause of environmental
justice and upholding human rights in the context of environmental pollution.
Furthermore, the Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum vs. Union of India13 case focused on pollution
caused by industries in the town of Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The Supreme Court established the "Polluter
Pays Principle" and emphasized the duty of industries to prevent and control pollution. It held that
industries must bear the cost of remedying environmental damage.
The case of Enviro-Legal Action vs. Union of India14, reported in, is a landmark judgment in Indian
environmental jurisprudence. It epitomizes the intersection of environmental protection and human
rights, demonstrating the judiciary's commitment to safeguarding the well-being of citizens from the
adverse impacts of environmental pollution. The matter at hand concerned the alarming levels of
vehicular pollution in the city of Delhi, which had reached crisis proportions. The petitioner, the
Enviro-Legal Action, an environmental NGO, brought this matter before the Supreme Court, seeking
immediate measures to combat the severe air pollution in the national capital.
In its judgment, the Supreme Court acknowledged that the right to life under Article 21 of the Indian
Constitution encompasses the right to a clean and healthy environment. It underscored that clean air
is a fundamental component of a dignified life, and individuals have an inherent right to breathe
pollution-free air. The court emphasized that the government has a duty to take all necessary
measures to protect this right.The court, recognizing the gravity of the situation, issued a series of
directions to address the issue of vehicular pollution in Delhi. These directives included the
introduction of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a cleaner fuel for public transport, the
establishment of emission standards for vehicles, the restriction of certain types of vehicles from
entering the city, and the creation of pollution monitoring and control mechanisms.
The judgment in the Enviro-Legal Action case not only led to significant improvements in air quality
in Delhi but also set a precedent for judicial intervention in environmental matters. It established that

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Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

the judiciary has the authority to issue directives to ensure compliance with environmental norms
and to protect the rights of citizens to a pollution-free environment.Moreover, the case exemplified
the importance of public interest litigation (PIL) as a tool for citizens and NGOs to hold authorities
accountable for environmental violations.
The case of T.N. GodavarmanThirumulpad vs. Union of India15 is a landmark legal battle that
significantly influenced environmental jurisprudence in India during the specified period of 2000 to
2015. While primarily focused on forest conservation, this case held profound implications for
environmental protection and the prevention of human rights violations through environmental
pollution.
The case originated from a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed by T.N. GodavarmanThirumulpad, an
environmental activist, seeking the court's intervention in matters related to forest preservation. The
Supreme Court, acknowledging the ecological significance of forests, assumed a proactive role in
safeguarding these natural habitats.One of the key facets of this case was the court's recognition of the
interconnection between forests and environmental sustainability. It emphasized that forests play a
critical role in maintaining ecological balance, preventing soil erosion, regulating water cycles, and
providing habitat for diverse flora and fauna. This recognition reinforced the principle that
environmental protection is a holistic endeavour, encompassing not only specific pollutants but also
broader ecosystems.Moreover, the case laid down important directives to regulate activities within
forested areas. It imposed strict restrictions on activities like mining, logging, and construction,
particularly in ecologically sensitive regions. These directives were instrumental in preserving fragile
ecosystems and preventing the degradation that often results from unchecked industrial and
developmental activities.
So that this case left a lasting impact on Indian environmental jurisprudence. It emphasized that
environmental rights are not secondary or negotiable but are fundamental to the well-being and
dignity of every citizen. This case reinforced the idea that sustainable development is not an option
but an imperative, and that the rights of individuals to a clean and healthy environment must be
upheld and protected at all costs.To protect against environmental harm and to take necessary
measures for the full realization of human rights that depend on the environment, States must
establish, maintain and enforce effective legal and institutional frameworks for the enjoyment of a
safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. Such frameworks should include substantive
environmental standards, including with respect to air quality, the global climate, freshwater quality,
marine pollution, waste, toxic substances, protected areas, conservation and biological diversity.16
Conclusion:
The issue of Violation of Human Rights through Environmental Pollution in India stands as a critical
intersection of legal, ethical, and moral imperatives. It encapsulates the profound impact that
environmental degradation can have on the lives and dignity of citizens. Through landmark cases
and legal frameworks, India's judiciary has played a pivotal role in safeguarding the rights of
individuals against the adverse effects of pollution, setting commendable precedents and establishing
robust legal principles.One of the central conclusions that emerge from these cases is the unequivocal
recognition of the right to a clean and healthy environment as an integral part of the right to life and
personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. This recognition signifies that
environmental rights are not secondary or optional, but fundamental and non-negotiable components
of human rights. It reaffirms the principle that every citizen has the inherent entitlement to live in an
environment that nurtures their physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
Moreover, these cases highlight the judiciary's crucial role in upholding and enforcing environmental
laws and regulations. They showcase the proactive stance taken by the courts in ensuring compliance
with environmental norms, holding industries accountable for their actions, and compelling
regulatory authorities and the government to take necessary measures to mitigate pollution. This
underscores the judiciary's authority as a protector of the environment and a guardian of citizens'
rights.The Polluter Pays Principle, established through these cases, embodies a fundamental shift in
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Environmental Pollution and Human Rights
Violations: An Analytical Framework
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Vivek Kumar & J.S.P.Srivastava

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 55-67

environmental ethics. It places the onus on industries and entities responsible for pollution to bear the
cost of remedying environmental damage. This principle serves as a powerful deterrent against
careless environmental practices and reinforces the idea that those who profit from activities that
harm the environment must take responsibility for rectifying the consequences.Furthermore, the cases
demonstrate the importance of Public Interest Litigations (PILs) in advancing environmental justice.
They exemplify how concerned citizens, activists, and non-governmental organizations can play an
instrumental role in holding authorities and industries accountable for environmental violations. PILs
serve as a vital tool for citizens to actively participate in the protection of their environmental rights
and to advocate for stronger environmental protection measures.
In this way we can say that the cases related to Violation of Human Rights through Environmental
Pollution in India represent a significant chapter in the evolution of environmental jurisprudence.
They emphasize the inseparable link between environmental protection and human rights, affirming
that a clean and healthy environment is not a privilege but a birthright. These cases underscore the
judiciary's commitment to upholding citizens' rights, setting high standards for environmental
accountability, and paving the way for a more sustainable and equitable future. So that the link
between human rights and environmental pollution is undeniable. Pollution not only poses a direct
threat to the right to life and health but also impacts the right to a healthy environment, exacerbates
social inequalities, and hinders access to information and justice. Recognizing and addressing these
interconnections is essential to ensuring a just and sustainable future for all. It calls for integrated
approaches that consider environmental protection and human rights as mutually reinforcing goals.

Funding Agency:
Research & Development Cell (R&D Cell), Motherhood University, Roorkee, District Haridwar,
Uttarakhand.

References:

1
Knox, John H., “Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment”, 2018, p.6.
2
https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=105411, Last visited dated on 19/09/2023.
3
https://blog.ipleaders.in/relation-right-pollution-free-environment-human-rights, Last visited dated on
20/09/2023.
4
Vardhan, Pooja P., “Environment Protection under Constitutional Framework of India”, 2014, p. 1.
5
DR MWIRIGI K. CHARLES, “A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF RIGHT TO HEALTHY AND
POLLUTION FREE ENVIRONMENT vis-à-vis ENVIRONMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS”, e-ISSN 2348 –
1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138, p.155.
6
Vardhan, Pooja P., “Environment Protection under Constitutional Framework of India”, 2014, p. 1
7
1991 AIR 420, 1991 SCR (1)
8
1996 5 SCR 241.
9
DR. MWIRIGI K. CHARLES, “A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF RIGHT TO HEALTHY AND
POLLUTION FREE ENVIRONMENT vis-à-vis ENVIRONMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS”, e ISSN 2348 –
1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138, p.155.
10
Jadhav, Shanker, “Environmental Degradation and Violations of Human Rights”, International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ
Impact Factor: 7.538 Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022, p.2224.
11
AIR 1980 SC 1622.
12
Air 1987 SC 965.
13
AIR 1996 SC 2715.
14
AIR 1999 SC 1502.
15
(1997) 2 SCC 267.
16
Knox, John H., “Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment”, 2018, p.15.

*** ***

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Lesbian Identity:
A Critical Exploration on ‘Chameli’
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Amit Kumar

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 68-72

Plagiarism/Similarity: 08 %
st
Rec.: 26-02-24 1 PR: 03-03-24 2nd PR: 09-03-24 DOA: 222-03-24

REVIEW ARTICLE

Lesbian Identity: A Critical Exploration on ‘Chameli’

Amit Kumar
Assistant Professor of English
Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences,
Motherhood University, Roorkee

Abstract:
The paper examines the concerns of the Supreme Court’s decision to recognize homosexuality. The historic
verdict that partially dismissed Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code filled him with hope. The paper also
explores the various and varied aspects of lesbian identity, looking at the subtleties and complexity that affect
how lesbians perceive and express themselves. The first section of the essay examines the historical backdrop of
lesbian identity and charts its development through various cultural and socioeconomic periods. In recognition
of the diversity of experiences present within the lesbian community, the study also highlights the many ways
that lesbian identity is presented. To acknowledge the overlapping identities and experiences of people who
represent different ethnic, cultural, and religious origins, it investigates the intersectional aspect of lesbian
identity. This paper seeks to further knowledge of the experiences and difficulties experienced by lesbian people
by illuminating the many facets of lesbian identity. To empower lesbian people in their self-discovery, encourage
positive identity development, and advance a more inclusive and fair society for everyone, it promotes more
social knowledge, acceptance, and support. However, a lingering concern occupied his thoughts regarding the
aftermath of this decision. The possibility of accelerated processing of sexual offense cases with stricter laws in
light of the infamous Nirbhaya case, but unfortunately, such progress was not realized.
Keywords: Homosexuality, Lesbians Perceive, Nirbhaya Case, self-discovery, Identity.

A Brief History of Lesbianism

Lesbianism, the term for the sexual and romantic affinity between women, has a long and varied
history that crosses many countries and eras. I can provide a broad summary of the history of
lesbianism even if it is difficult to do so in a short answer.
Lesbian relationships and same-sex love between women have been reported throughout history in
several different ancient cultures. For instance, the poet Sappho, whose poems often emphasized love
and yearning for other women, made allusions to relationships between women in ancient Greece.
Similar to how female same-sex relationships were seen differently than male homosexuality in
ancient Rome, there were cases of female same-sex partnerships there.
Medieval and Renaissance eras: Discussions on same-sex desire were impacted by theological and
moral frameworks throughout the Medieval and Renaissance eras. Lesbian relationships sometimes
went unnoticed or did not get as much attention as homosexuality among men. There are traces of
same-sex yearning in several texts from this era, particularly in the poetry of female authors like
Christine de Pizan.
The development of the idea of romantic friendship throughout the 18th and 19th centuries allowed
for emotionally intense interactions between women. Although some of these connections were often
stated in language that might be perceived as entirely platonic, others of them were probably
romantic or sexual in character. The open display of same-sex attraction was, however, prohibited by
society's views and cultural conventions.
The emergence of the Lesbian Identity: A separate lesbian identity and community emerged in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries. Women started to create social networks and locations that were

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Lesbian Identity:
A Critical Exploration on ‘Chameli’
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Amit Kumar

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 68-72

more obvious and unified, such as salons, literary circles, and women’s clubs. Feminist movements
also gained momentum during this time, and they were crucial in questioning social conventions and
promoting women’s rights and autonomy.
The 20th Century and Beyond: The 20th century saw important turning points in the acceptability of
lesbianism. Lesbian concerns were made more prominent by the feminist movement and the sexual
liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Lesbian rights and visibility were significantly
advanced as a result of the Stonewall Riots in 1969, which are often credited with serving as the
impetus for the present LGBTQ+ rights movement.
Since that time, lesbian people, relationships, and rights have gained more prominence and
recognition. With the liberalization of homosexuality and the acceptance of same-sex partnerships in
many nations, the law has advanced in many areas of the globe.
It is significant to remember that lesbians have had a variety of difficulties throughout history and in
various cultural, social, and historical circumstances. The history of lesbians is a rich tapestry that
keeps changing as society moves closer to inclusiveness and understanding.
He had known a transgender woman named Chameli who begged. He once saw her dancing in the
torrential rain of July. One of his friends had fallen in love with her. He often used to talk to Chameli.
Once he whispered in her ear, “I think my friend is in love with you.” Upon hearing this, Chameli
began to laugh. She lit a beedi and offered it to him, but he declined. She said, “He is a good boy, but
what about family, friends, customs, mother, and all? He is in love with a transgender. What will he
speak about? How will he live freely? But you also love him, isn’t it? How do you define your favor?”
She said, “My mother hates me. Don’t be afraid of hate, sir. Don’t feel bad.” Chameli had no family.
Even his friend did not ask her to marry.
One day Chameli told him her story. Everyone in the village called her “Chikna.” Anyway, it was
natural, but he felt that he had a woman in his body. He used to play with his sister’s dolls. His
mother wanted a girl, but he was born a boy. So despite being a boy, he was like a girl. Girls didn’t
attract him. When he was seventeen, he had a physical relationship with his brother-in-law. Later on,
he was so disgusted with his manhood that one day, insisting on getting rid of him, he injured
himself badly. After nine hours of operation in a large hospital in the city, doctors fixed him, but after
learning his truth, his mother and his family began to hate him. His mother asked him to leave the
village, saying that his sister’s marriage and the family’s respect were more important than his sexual
desires and reluctance.
However now he wondered how Chameli must have felt after the Supreme Court’s decision. Would
she be happy about this decision? Would Chameli’s mother realize what she had done to her? Is
Chameli truly free? Would society no longer display the same hatred towards homosexuals as before?
Would people still take their gay boys to the exorcist? And would they force their lesbian daughters
into unwanted marriages?

What is Sexual Identity?

It is an essential part of their whole identity and relates to the persons they are romantically,
emotionally, and sexually attracted to. The sexual identity of any individual is distinctively their own
and may vary.Additionally covered are bisexuality (attraction to both genders) and homosexuality
(attraction to the same gender). Since sexual identity is a continuum and individuals may identify in
many different ways that go beyond these classifications, these are only a few examples.
Biological sex, which refers to the physical and physiological traits that commonly characterize
people as male or female, is distinct from sexual identity. Often arising throughout adolescence or
earlier, sexual identity is a highly felt and self-identified part of a person’s uniqueness. It may either
be mostly consistent or change over time.
Individuals should be recognized for and supported in their self-identified sexual orientation, free
from prejudice or discrimination since sexual identity is a personal and private affair. An inclusive

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A Critical Exploration on ‘Chameli’
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Amit Kumar

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 68-72

and welcoming society for all people is facilitated by acceptance and understanding of various sexual
identities.

Theories of Lesbian Identity Development

There isn't one, all-encompassing theory of how lesbians come to terms with their sexual orientation,
several models have been developed to understand the experiences and challenges that lesbians face.
Here are three often-mentioned theories on how lesbian identity develops:

Cass’s Theory of Sexual Identity Development

Cass's model, which was initially developed to understand how gay male identity evolved, has also
been adapted to explain how lesbian identity developed. Six steps are proposed by this model:
Identity confusion: The person is unsure about their sexual orientation and has identity
confusion.
Identity Comparison: The individual starts contrasting her or his sentiments and experiences
with those of other lesbians.
Identity Tolerance: The person begins to accept their lesbian identity and looks for support and
information.
Identity Acceptance: The individual completely accepts and starts to incorporate their lesbian
identity into their self-concept.
Identity Pride: The person grows proud of and has high self-esteem concerning her lesbian
identity.
Identity Synthesis: The individual develops a feeling of completeness by integrating their lesbian
identity with other facets of their life.

Models Based on Minority Stress Theory

These models, which were influenced by the Minority Stress Theory, highlight the particular
pressures that lesbians must deal with as a result of their stigmatized position. They contend that
extrinsic elements like internalized homophobia, social stigma, and discrimination have an impact on
how lesbian identities evolve. These models emphasize how these stresses affect a person's
psychological health and sense of self-acceptance.

Feminist and queer theories:

These ideas cast doubt on the idea of a stage-based or linear model of identity formation. These
theories contend that lesbian identity is a fluid and socially produced term rather than a permanent
and stable category. They highlight the significance of intersectionality, admitting that elements like
race, class, and gender have an impact on how lesbian identities evolve. These ideas place a strong
emphasis on enabling people to forge true identities while resisting conventional norms and
expectations.
It's crucial to remember that these ideas are not all-inclusive and that different people will have
different experiences as their lesbian identities evolve. Furthermore, it's important to acknowledge the
variety of the lesbian community and the many experiences and difficulties that exist among its
members. Gay and lesbian people “have as their work the creation of an identity that goes opposite to
the heterocentric culture in which they are raised'' since heterosexuality is the norm in our society.
Morrow and Messinger (2006, p. 85).The term “lesbian” initially arose on the Greek island of Lesbos,
where the great poet Sappho resided and wrote lyrics expressing her love and desire for women.
A lesbian is a female homosexual. The name of the Greek island Lesbos, where the poet Sappho lived
in the sixth century BCE, is where the term lesbian originated. “Erotic relationships between women”
is what the term “lesbianism” refers to. Lesbianism is characterized as having sex with or loving
women, as a genuine essence, as just loving a woman, or as only one minor feature of a person.

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A Critical Exploration on ‘Chameli’
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Amit Kumar

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 68-72

Lesbian Feminism
Lesbian feminism is a feminist movement that places a strong emphasis on the rights and experiences
of lesbian women. When it initially emerged in the 1970s, it was a component of the second-wave
feminist movement, which sought to address the unique challenges that Lesbian feminists, in
particular, bridge the boundaries of gender, sex, class, and race in their thinking.

Conclusion
Now, Chameli wondered how she must have felt after the decision of the Supreme Court. Would she
truly be happy about this decision? Would Chameli's mother realize what she had done to her? Was
Chameli finally free? Would society no longer exhibit the same hatred towards homosexuals as
before? Would people still take their gay sons to exorcists? And would they still forcefully marry off
their lesbian daughters? Numerous questions need to be addressed to comprehend the possibilities
and find solutions. How could they understand the predicament of lesbians and how could their
problems be resolved?

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and Gay Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, 1998, pp. 437-465.
• Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, 1999.
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• Routledge, 2014. 111-121.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Implementing Fuzzy Neural Training System
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Anita Venugopal

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ARTICLE

Implementing Fuzzy Neural Training System

in Language Education
Anita Venugopal
Dhofar University, IT Unit, Oman
Email: anita@du.edu.om

Abstract:
The use of neural computation for training model prediction is based on neural networks' ability to identify
objects. Fuzzy neural networks can effectively analyze human brain functioning and be used as a valuable tool
for predicting various fields, including funding and medical fields. Additionally, it can be used to understand
people's behavior and their reactions to various situations. In the education system, particularly in teaching
graduate and undergraduate students, AI is becoming increasingly popular due to its ability to comprehend
learning patterns and increase analytic speed. Fuzzy neural networks are particularly well-suited for dealing
with nonlinear and fuzzy problems, making it an important component in artificial information computation. In
this study, the prediction of a training model in the education system using fuzzy neural networks is
implemented.

Keywords: Fuzzy neural prediction, prediction using AI in education.

Introduction
As the demand for highly skilled graduates increases to meet the ever-changing requirements of
technology, it has become imperative for colleges to transform their training methods and produce
graduates who are well-equipped for the job market. The quality of talent training directly impacts
their success and development [1]. Therefore, it is crucial for colleges to recognize the importance of
teaching quality. While considering quantity of student output, it is essential to also focus on the
quality aspect for a more accurate evaluation of teaching effectiveness. The quality of teaching has a
direct impact on employment openings and social associations [2]. By implementing effective
strategies for improving and monitoring teaching quality in the training process, colleges can
establish a robust quality management system and produce highly skilled graduates who can
contribute to industrial growth.
In today's globalized world, there is a growing need for professionally trained academic speakers for
various courses. As a result, academic systems are focusing on specialized quality management and
curriculum development, leading to the high-quality training of professionals. By utilizing a fuzzy
neural network algorithm, colleges can continuously improve curriculum evaluation, teaching teams,
teaching facilities, and quality monitoring, thereby enhancing the development of academic courses
[3].
It is widely acknowledged education plays a crucial role in nurturing talent. Over the years, the scale
of higher education in middle east region has significantly expanded, with a focus on promoting
widespread access to quality of education and training. As a necessary professional skill in today's
global economy, the quality of education and teaching has received considerable attention [4]. Most
research focus on core competencies on curriculum and textbook development. This paper explores
the prediction of the training mode of courses based on a fuzzy neural network algorithm.Network
Theory
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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 73-78

The first research on Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNN) began in 1987 when B. Kosko introduced the
idea of neural networks into the fuzzy system, combining fuzzy information processing with neural
networks. Scholars have continuously studied and improved this field, making various enhancements
in the structural design of fuzzy neural networks and the output principle between layers. This
section briefly explains the principles and concepts of FNN.
FNN integrates fuzzy theory and benefits of neural network, allowing processing of fuzzy
information to reflect uncertainty characteristics and utilize neural network structures for learning
and model adaptation. The network comprise of basic units known as fuzzy neurons which includes
a fuzzy neuron which is responsible to convert a determined value into a fuzzy output value using
the formula y = µ(x), where x is the input, y is the fuzzy output, and µ is the membership function
and a defuzzification neuron which transforms fuzzy values into determined values through the
expression y = f (x1, x2, ..., xn).
The widely used models T-S model and Mandani model are ideal for linear data and dividing
variables into independent individuals with the help of simple rules and fast matching speed.
However, it generates complicated fuzzy rules impacting operational efficiency and increasing
complexity in reasoning. Mandani Model uses the fuzzy rule base where input data undergoes
fuzzification through membership functions and proceeds with fuzzy inference engine before
generating output. Furthermore, the paper discusses the use of fuzzy neural networks in establishing
network operation situation awareness models, focusing on learning algorithms introduced by
various researchers over the years, such as adaptive models by Shing and Fang, reinforcement
learning algorithms by ntimberger et al., and hybrid learning algorithms by Buckley et al.
Fuzzy theory and artificial neural networks together form a fuzzy neural network. There are different
types of fuzzy neural networks based on different combination methods. One of these types is the
indirect connection type, where each independent part has its own responsibilities within the
network. In this type, each part functions are independent within the network model. The part that
can be expressed using fuzzy logic is handled by fuzzy theory, while the parts beyond fuzzy logic's
capability are processed by the neural network. This approach does not intelligently fuse the two
methods, leading to suboptimal utilization of both algorithms simultaneously. It may result in
significant data deviation during operation, impacting overall accuracy. The network structure of this
type is illustrated in Fig 1.

Fig 1: Network structure model

Different types of fuzzy neural networks exist based on various combination methods and functions.
The main types along with their characteristics are:

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1) Series Type- In this type, the fuzzy system serves as the input (output) of the network model,
while the neural network acts as the output (input). This method enhances system efficiency and
accuracy by processing data using one technology and then expressing it through another. The
series type ensures the simultaneous advantages of both algorithms compared to the non-direct
connection type.
2) Parallel Type- In this, both the fuzzy system and neural network function as the input and output
of the overall network model simultaneously. This parallel processing model allows both
methods to process input data and produce results concurrently, leading to more accurate data
processing and leveraging the reasoning strengths of the fuzzy system and the learning efficiency
of the neural network.
3) Network Type- In this type, the neural network is integrated into the fuzzy reasoning system to
learn and control fuzzy rules, determine membership functions, and adjust errors. This approach
empowers the network model with self-learning and self-adaptive capabilities.
4) Logic Type- Primarily performs logical calculations and transforms rule-matching reasoning
processes into logical addition or multiplication operations using fuzzy neurons for data
processing.
5) Arithmetic Type- Focuses on arithmetic operations with real numbers and fuzzy numbers as
input signals.
6) Hybrid Type- Widely utilized in research and applications, this network model adjusts its
topology according to practical needs and is suitable for various data types. Commonly used
models include the T-S-based model and fuzzy modular model, addressing the challenge of
handling a large number of rules in nonlinear data scenarios with the T-S fuzzy reasoning model.

The training mode in higher education is a widely discussed topic, but there is no consensus on its
definition or components. “Mode" refers to a standard form or a form that people can follow.
According to the norms of education it can be defined as the composition of knowledge acquisition,
skill, and excellence built by the university for students. It fundamentally defines the characteristics of
talent training and embodies the educational thoughts and concepts. However, there are different
visions on the definition of training mode. Training mode depends to the training goals and training
methodology. It uses a standard structure style and operation mode formed by designing the whole
process of talent training activities. Talent training mode in educational institutions follow a teaching
structure composed of different parts, which includes training objectives, training procedure, and
training assessment. Curriculum is framed, teaching forms are developed, and student management
is given importance. In this modern world, the interpretability of training graduate and
undergraduate talents are constantly changing due to the diversity and dynamics of training types
and educational levels, as well as the impact of the social, economic, and technological platform.
Social factors such as national policies, regional, population, and education system influence the
education system. The economic environment has a direct impact on talent training, with industrial
structure and economic aggregate and quality being the main indicators. Technological platform has
high impact on the training student education talents [5].

Research on Fuzzy Neural Network Model

The fuzzy evaluation method is a way to evaluate network system by using fuzzy logic. By dividing
each characteristic of the data into multiple fuzzy types and calculating the probability of each type,
the fuzzy relationship matrix is obtained, which is then used to obtain the fuzzy evaluation result
through fuzzy operation. The final network operation situation value is calculated by synthesizing the
weight of each feature.
The steps of this method are:
• Define the characteristic domain u = {u, UZ,… UN} and the hierarchical domain of fuzzy
evaluation v = {V, VZ,… VM}.
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Anita Venugopal

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 73-78

• Determine the membership function Uij of each fuzzy subset

• Calculate the membership degree of each feature on each fuzzy subset
In addition, fuzzy neural network model can be used for network situation evaluation. It combines
the advantages of fuzzy system and neural network to handle fuzzy information, imitate human
thinking, analyze large data information, and establish an independent learning model. The fuzzy
neural network model is suitable for establishing network situation awareness learning model,
completing situation analysis and prediction.
The degree of membership of the ith indicator in the jth level of hierarchy is determined by using the
membership function UX. This function can be obtained using fuzzy statistical methods or direct
empirical assignment methods. To obtain the number of membership functions m and their
expressions, this paper suggests a method that uses clustering for network perception. The
membership degree of each feature for each fuzzy subset is calculated. Fuzzy neural network, which
combines the advantages of fuzzy system and neural network, is used for dealing with fuzzy
information, imitating human thinking judgment and analyzing large amounts of data to establish an
independent learning model. Due to its consistency and stability, fuzzy neural network is suitable for
building network situation awareness learning model, which can analyze and predict the situation in
a network, as shown in Fig. 2.

Final Layer

Output Layer

Hidden Layer

Input Layer

Input 3 Control 1 Spin Sort 2 Geometric Feature

dimension Variables

Figure 2: Fuzzy neural network model

The fuzzy prediction model for higher vocational technical education incorporates a talent training
influence factor Xi, which is represented as a time series value x = (x1, X2,... xn) for n consecutive
years. The time series value is organized based on a specific model.

Prediction of Training Mode

The core literacy indicator system in language study for students' development in education includes
foreign language usage, so that students can understand, express and communicate in other
languages apart from their native language in oral or written forms. This breaks the "instrumental"
definition of language. One of the core qualities is the ability to use foreign languages for
communication. It covers knowledge, skills, and attitude, including the ability to learn oral and
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Implementing Fuzzy Neural Training System
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Anita Venugopal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 73-78

written expression, use foreign languages to explain concepts, ideas, feelings, attitudes, and facts in
various situations, and develop multicultural understanding talents. English courses are mainly
responsible for cultivating cross-cultural understanding, requiring students to use cross-cultural
understanding and create a series of texts that present diverse cultural perspective. Researchers have
defined the core literacy of language course into different levels such as basic literacy, literacy
acquired through courses, and abilities vital to the development of language students, including
innovative ability and critical thinking.
The core competence of the language education can be classified into four aspects: language ability,
cultural character, thinking quality, and learning ability. Language competence is the most important
part of the core competence of the language education and includes not only basic language skills
such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing but also language understanding, language
awareness, and communicative identity awareness. It can be divided into three parts: language
knowledge, language cognition, and language application. Cultural influence has significantly
enhanced the educational value of the language curriculum to understand the cultural phenomena
and to emphasize the evaluation of traditions. It includes three parts: cultural identity, cultural
discrimination, and cross-cultural communication ability. Thinking quality is another important
aspect of the core competence which is closely related to the fundamental task of cultivating morality
and people. It is manifested in the level and characteristics of students' logical criticism and creativity
through discrimination, generalization, inference, and analysis. It can be divided into three indicators:
understanding, inference, and creativity.
Learning ability, which is essential for every discipline, is not limited to learning methods and
strategies but also includes understanding and attitude towards language learning. In core
competence, learning ability includes active learning ability, cooperative learning ability, and deep
learning ability.

Steps of the training mode prediction based on a fuzzy neural network is shown below:

Step 1:
• Competency-oriented curriculum
• Enhanced learning strategies
• Understand core concept
• Gain IT skills
Step 2:
• Evaluate education context
• Evaluate process competency in education
Step 3:
• Assign responsibilities
• Involve students in project teams
• Implement creativity
• Apply knowledge
• Gather experience
Step 4:
• Evaluate emotional development
• Evaluate competency
• Evaluate professional competency

Conclusion
The prediction of talent training is mostly focused on the enterprise level, and market-oriented
specialty setting and adjustment are needed. A fuzzy neural network model structure is proposed to
predict talent training in socialized higher education system. To address network situation awareness,
a running situation awareness model based on fuzzy neural network is constructed. The model
includes a nonlinear output activation layer to improve expression ability and an initialization
method consistent with the actual problem.
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Anita Venugopal

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 73-78

According to a survey, higher education colleges have the highest development level of learning
ability, but their cooperative learning ability needs improvement. This may be due to students'
learning habits and normal teaching forms. To improve students' cooperative ability, methods such as
group discussion and cooperative inquiry plays a crucial role. Teamwork is also an essential skill in
both the undergraduate stage and the workplace.

References
1. Zeng Y. “Research on the teaching model of comprehensive English for preschool education
major in higher vocational colleges based on english for specific purposes”. In: 1st International
Conference on Education: Current Issues and Digital Technologies (ICECIDT 2021) (2021).
2. Chen Hai-ying. “The mixed teaching quality evaluation model of applied mathematics courses
in higher vocational education based on artificial intelligence”. In: Liu, S., Ma, X. (eds.) ADHIP
2021. LNICSSITE, Springer, Cham 417 (2022): 443-454.
3. Yue C. “The innovative reform of public english teaching in higher vocational education based on
computer information technol- ogy”. J. Phys. Conf. Ser 1744.3 (2021): 032050 (5pp)
4. Wen J and Fu F. “English teaching courses for students majoring in occupational health in higher
vocational education based on virtual reality”. J. Phys. Conf. Ser 1881.4 (2021): 042020.
5. Wang, Y., et al. “Prediction algorithm of regional lymph node metastasis of rectal cancer based on
improved deep neural network”. J. Med. Imaging Health Inf (2021).

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Chromatic Dispersion of Literature in Philosophy,
Sociology and Political Science: The Dynamic...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya, Alka Rani, Arti Bhatt & Amit Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 79-89

Plagiarism/Similarity: 10 %
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ARTICLE

The Chromatic Dispersion of Literature in Philosophy,

Sociology and Political Science: The Dynamic Spectrums
and Hues which teach parallel teachings since
Human Civilization: A Discussion at the
Oriental and Occidental Milieu
Kamal Bhattacharyya1, Alka Rani2, Arti Bhatt3 & Amit Kumar4
1. Professor of English, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Motherhood University
2. Dean and Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Motherhood
University
3. Asst. Professor, Political Science, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Motherhood
University
4. Asst. Professor of English, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Motherhood
University

Abstract:
This article attempts to establish the relation of these four subjects with the frame of reference that has always
been an integral part in the annals of human civilization. Though apparently literature, Philosophy, Sociology
and Political Science have their unique periphery, but undeniable that literature cannot be evaluated without
casting the light of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Science. On the other hand Sociology and Political
Science cannot be completed without being corroborated by literature. Poetics of Aristotle, though a book of
Philosophical canons, is treated a great literary treaties. Rhetoric of Aristotle is more applied in literature than
in Philosophy. Metamorphosis of Kafka or Ulysses by James Joyce deals with more Philosophical view that the
aesthetic of literature. The Stream of Consciousness is a genre of literature of which deals with philosophical,
social aspects of individual’s life. We cannot understand the literary fervor and evaluate 1984 or Animal Farm
of George Orwell without understanding the Sociology of the fictitious animal farm lead by the pig Napoleon
and the political scenario at the backdrop of 1917 Russian Revolution. Like that the French Revolution and its
political and socio economic theory cannot be understood from mere historical facts unless one reads
Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau and Diderot and the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. The
Great Depression of American of 1930, the inflation cannot be understood if one does not read The Grapes of
Wrath by John Steinbeck. The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli is no less a literary writings than a political
treaties of the 16th century and Ramayan and Mahabharat are no less socio-political deeds than epics.
Keywords: Philosophy, Sociology, Political Science, French Revolution, Diderot,

Introduction:-
The beauty of education is that it is intertwined and the thrust of academic pushes the beauty to the
farther corner of human cognitive domain. The relation among literature, philosophy, sociology and
political science is more tangible than we think. It is more palatable than we expect and it is more
palpable than we think. Since the history of academia, that began in India in about five thousand
years ago, and in Greece in fourth century B.C with the establishment of academia these subjects
always paved their path hand in hand. Specialization may have created their different domains, but
they cannot be complete without each other. The Vedas, the Puranas, and all the religious books

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Chromatic Dispersion of Literature in Philosophy,
Sociology and Political Science: The Dynamic...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya, Alka Rani, Arti Bhatt & Amit Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 79-89

written can be evaluated in quadruple ways—Manu Samhita (Manusmiriti) is a sectarian book

written dated back to 1 and 3 CE and translated by William Jones in 1794. This book has literary
value, historical appeal, political influence and philosophical dictum. Every Puran has its story value
and they are all related to Indian Philosophy, Sociology, and Political discussion. The Bhagvad Gita is
the epitome of Indian philosophical views; each poem in it is exponentially great. Sanskrit literature
should never be evaluated without its philosophical perspectives.
काते कांतालागतेपु ः,संसारोऽयमतीव व च ः।
क य वं वा कुत आयतः, त वं च तय त दः ातः ॥8॥
Adi Shankaracharya’s is equally beautiful poem with robust philosophical views. Each and every
poem of Kalidasa is superb example of poetic genius as well as philosophical abundance, when in
Meghdutam Yaksha sends the cloud messenger and says:-
प ूव म
" ेघ
कि%च का ता वरहगु'णा वा धकारा *मत:
शापेना तग ्ड:/मतम हमावष"भो2येणभतु":।
य3%च4ेजनकतनया नानपु6योदकेषु
ि न2ध7छायात'षुवस9तंराम गया":मेषु।।
It is very difficult to appreciate poem over philosophy or philosophy over the poem. The Sociological
adherence is in the negligence of duty by Yaksha, and the political interference is that he was cast by
Kubera.

Philosophy and Literature:

Philosophy has different connotation in Orient and Occident. Philosophy is called Darshana in Indian
language and it has a deeper sense in comparison to the western one. Darhsan means to see beyond
the present and the philological structure has come up from the verb stem Drish (to see) and ‘anat’
(Dhatu pratyaya, Pratyaya = suffix). In western definition Philosophy has come from the ancient
Greek word Philos (love) sophia (wisdom). Therefore, Philosophy in Greece started as a discourse of
wisdom. The three maestros Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the pioneers of western philosophy.
The undeniable relation: From western perspectives:
Literature as a specific term is written text, but commonly we know writing with aesthetic value,
stories, poems which describe the growth and development of an individual, who faces struggles in
life, love, hate, failure and success. A poem with beautiful description of an event, time, man or
woman, paintings, birds etc. When writers (here novelists or poets) write a novel or a poem, his or
her mind remains preoccupied with philosophic views. Even if we read the poems of Sapho (630-570
BC) we shall see how integrally philosophic view is incorporated in her poems.
Hymn to Aphrodite
Immortal Aphrodite, on your intricately brocaded throne,
child of Zeus, weaver of wiles, this I pray:
Dear Lady, don’t crush my heart
with pains and sorrows.
But come here, if ever before,
when you heard my far-off cry,
you listened. And you came,
leaving your father’s house,
yoking your chariot of gold.
Then beautiful swift sparrows led you over the black earth
from the sky through the middle air,
whirling their wings into a blur.
Rapidly they came. And you, O Blessed Goddess,
a smile on your immortal face,
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Chromatic Dispersion of Literature in Philosophy,
Sociology and Political Science: The Dynamic...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya, Alka Rani, Arti Bhatt & Amit Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 79-89

asked what had happened this time,

why did I call again, (Translated by Julia Dubnoff)
In this analogous poem Sapho pleads Aphrodite requests her to intervene and solve her problems. In
her poems there are at least two senses in which we may call philosophical, for one of existence of
human value and the exploration of the nature. The time of her writings was crucial and the time was
Dark Ages. The speech of Antony on the capitol over Caesar’s dead body is exquisite example of
literature, discourse and philosophy. When Hamlet says, ‘there are more things in heaven and earth
Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy.’ Is sheer example of philosophical view of
Shakespeare and beautifully timely depicted on the lips of Hamlet. Aesop’s fables carry
simultaneously the philosophical and literary qualities.
Indian Perspectives:
Let us now unfold the literary and philosophic tradition of the orient. In Indian philosophy, unlike,
the Greek, there are canons and religious doctrines of life and death. The Panchatantra like the
Aesop’s fable carries the philosophical perspectives of Indian values. Pick up any story, and you will
find inherent philosophy. The story the tortoise and the two cranes, in which the talkative tortoise at
last fell from the sky and died. Talk less when you are not required to speak.
The Bhagvad Gita is supreme example of piece of literature which is a portion of the epic the
Mahabharata. The discourse between Arjuna and Krisha is an example of supreme philosophy and
literary creation by Vyas.
कम येवािधकार ते मा फलेषु कदाचन।
मा कमफलहेतभ ु मा
ू ते स गोऽ वकमिण॥ (ि तीय अ याय, ोक 47)
Deep philosophy is interconnected with these literary lines from the Gita. All Indian ancient Sanskrit
texts are literature and figurative too which under the surface hold philosophic views.
Literature and Sociology:
1. Sociology and Literature.
To begin with, I am not going to describe definitive mode of sociology and literature. Since, this
paper will explore the relations; it is obvious that definition will reduce the periphery of the subjects
and the domains.
In the International Social Science Journal published by UNESCO, Vol XIX No. 4, 1997, I have
found Lucien Goldman’s article truthfully expresses the perpetual relation of sociology and
literature, it is said that the ‘generic structural sociology of structure has given rise to a number of
works which are characterized, in particular, by the fact that in seeking to establish an operational
method for the positive study of human facts- and more, especially, of cultural creation—their
authors have been obliged to fail back on a type of philosophical reflection that might, in a somewhat
general way, de described as dialectic. Hegel summed up all this in a concise and brilliant formula—
‘the identity of the subject and object of thought.’ Literature prompts from society, Sociology is the
direct subject to society, and therefore, literature and society are inseparable. This inductive logic
may be fit to prove, but there are lot human factors to deal with. Any productive literature, which
tells the story of time and human being, is necessary part of sociology. The fabric of sociology is
scientifically structured, and the fabric of literature is more prone to aesthetic and emotional and
concocted rationale. In the play of G.B.Shaw, Saint Joan, the sociological implications over an
individual and society, even on a government cannot be denied. The emotional appeal in the play
comes up from within the structure of the play. The institution and corruption, gender bias against
Joan, sanity and madness are all part of socio-cultural facets of the then French society.
Another intellectual property of relation between sociology and literature is the evaluation of
literature under the magnifying glass of social doctrines. Marxism comes with the problems in the
relation of superstructure and base for the vulgar, or of explicating the didactical dynamics of
alienated expression for the more deadly: MARXIST ROMANTIC > FORMALIST > READER
HUMANIST STRUCTURALIST ORIENTED- the criticism in literature in modern time has seen
more sociological implication on evaluating literature. The psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud
has a root in the societal function in which the semantic meaning is more pejorative which lies in the
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relation between father-daughter, mother-son…especially the Oedipus syndrome is obviously

psycho-socio factor. The Russian Formalism is
‘Two general principles underlie the Formalist study of literature: first, literature itself, or rather,
those of its features that distinguish it from other human activities, must constitute the object of
inquiry of literary theory; second, "literary facts" have to be prioritized over the metaphysical
commitments of literary criticism, whether philosophical, aesthetic or psychological (Steiner,
"Russian Formalism" 16). To achieve these objectives several models were developed.’
Nothing can escape the pull of the societal cobweb of human relation. Literature cannot be created
without relation. The books of Michael Crichton (Jurassic Park), describes the relation between
human and animals of prehistoric era. The Velociraptors in Jurassic World understand the instruction
of Owen Grady is the magnet of the entire story. Look at the other Literary Theories, like
Structuralism, Reader-Response Theory, Feminist Theory, LGBT, all are rooted to the societal
interpretation.

Literature and Political Science:

Nature and Scope of Political Science: It is a specialized branch of study part history, part society and
part literature. Political Science is a part of Social Science. Political Science, though deals with state
about its past, present and future, it is more concerned with the human behavior. Political Science
cannot exist without human psychology because; all political activities are subject to human behavior.
J.W.Garner said, ‘Politics begins and ends with the state.’ Today’s Political Science is completely new
domain of academic study which is entirely different from erstwhile polis means city state. Shashi
Tharoor is a live example of political wizard who easily channelized his political beliefs and thoughts
into his boos like The Great Indian Novel, a satire which takes the theme from Mahabharata and cast
it on modern period.
After the 1960’s behavioural revolution, political science has been adapted through the path of
natural science and empirical and quantifiable domain of academics. The discipline of political
science has only recently

The Literary Maneuvering:

The middle of the eighteenth century marked the beginning of sociology as a new discipline of social
science on its own right. Before this time, sociology was subsumed under social philosophy rather
than social science. It was August Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher, who attempted a
systematic study to make sociology as the scientific study of society. The word „sociology‟ was used
and introduced for the first time by August Comte in his work Positive Philosophy (1839) and it was
defined as the science of social phenomena. Therefore sociology is an in-depth analysis and
investigation of the relationships, processes, actions and interactions of the social system. Comte was
mainly concerned with the examination of the nature of human society and its underlying principles.
He was the person who gave sociology its name, shape and laid its foundation as “an identical
branch of social science” (qtd. in Swingewood, 40-44).
Similarly, Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) added much significant contribution into the march of
sociology as an independent and systematic discipline. Principles of Sociology (1877), Spencer‟s
influential book, reveals the major fields of sociology and puts a tremendous stress on the
sociological study of community, politics, industry, social control and family. In addition to that he
laid emphasis on the sociological study of aesthetics and art. The emphasis on interrelations of the
different factors and elements of the society is of a paramount importance.
Karl Marx (1818-1883), Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and Max Weber (1864-1920) also consolidated
the foundations and establishment of sociology as a systematic and scientific branch of knowledge.
Karl Marx was interested in the economic aspect and class struggle as the catalysis of any social
action. He thinks that the economic factor influences the general character of all other aspects of
culture and social structure. Emile Durkheim saw social life as a set of social facts and stated that
these facts are nothing more than collective ways of thinking and feeling about society. According to

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Max Weber, the underlying basic unit of society is the individual. Much of his work has been devoted
to explain a new method of understanding processes, actions and reactions of social phenomena.
These are the founding fathers of sociology, however, a great deal of modern thinkers and
sociologists also contribute significantly to expound the methodology, nature and scope of sociology.
In addition to these founders and thinkers, many factors have a tremendous influence on the
progress of sociology as an independent and significant branch of human science. These
influencing factors are the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution and the intellectual
ideologies such as socialism, individualism, humanitarianism, positivism, colonialism, and the
mushroom growth and developments in modern natural sciences. Notwithstanding, the credit for
founding and systematizing sociology as an independent scientific discipline indisputably goes to
August Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber who were the pioneers
in their leading role in establishing sociology a scientific discipline of social science.
Put in a historical perspective, one can say that the first one who attempted to study sociology as an
approach to analyzing literature in a scientific and systematic way was H. A. Taine. His work entitled
History of English Literature (1886) constituted a turning point in the history of the sociology of
literature. Many critics who significantly contributed to the progressive wheel of the sociology of
literature came later such as Karl Marx and Frederic Engels who gave it a new turn. However, the
sociology of literature occupied an important place among critical theories only in the late twentieth
century at the hands of such prolific social critics and thinkers like Lucien Goldman, Leo Lowenthal,
Robert Escarpit, Alan Swingewood, Diana Laurenson and John Hall. To particularize, Rene
Wellek, Austin Warren, Swingewood and Diana Laurenson profoundly carried out their studies
on the sociology of literature.

Scope and Nature

Sociology of literature is a new approach to the study and analysis of literature which attempts to
understand societal aspects of a particular group of people. The correlation of sociology and
literature is basic and sociology turns out to be a science while literature appears to be a phenomenon
of society. Swingewood (1972) states that sociology is a scientific and objective study of man in
society, the study of institutions and social processes. Sociology tries to answer questions about
society, how it is possible that this work is done, how and why the community survived. From the
point of view of sociology, literature does not exist in vacuum or acts as autonomous.
Thus sociology, as the scientific and systematic study of human community, gains its material from a
variety of sources. Literature is one of the primary sources on which sociology depends. Like
sociology, literature examines human experiences and social processes in their chameleon-like
manifestations. It is a reflection of the society in which it is created. It holds a mirror to the life of
individuals as well as social groups so as to record human actions, interactions and multi-layered
relations. Sociology attempts to study the literary facts and their impact on social relations. So the
sociologists such as M. C. Albrecht, Rene Wellek, and others agree with the argument that literature
is an institution, and sociology is the study of this institution.
Sociology, today, has established itself as a distinctive discipline on its own right. Sociology of
literature, in contrast to other social sciences, focuses on the study of literature for the sake of
understanding all aspects of human life and all social forces that impact communities as well as
individuals living in them. So, literature is regarded as the expression or representation of human life
through the medium of social creation or institution called language.
The raw material of literature is individuals and society. These two elements constitute the outer
world which is transformed in the mind of the writer to become a reality and a source of wisdom and
pleasure. Thus the changes in both content and form that accompanied the march of literature came
into existence as a result of changes in the ideas, concepts, values, preferences and priorities of
society. The sociology of literature tries to investigate and study the symbiotic correlation of society
and literature. Every society has its own system of norms, behaviors, values, beliefs and traditions
which are reflected in its respective literature. There is a reciprocal influence and relationship
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between this system and literature and this system provides writers with a variegated sort of images,
ideas, themes, symbols and forms of literature. Consequently different kinds of literatures can be
found across the world.
Geography, economy, politics, science and other factors of a given society greatly and drastically
change the character and shape of its literature. The geographical environment determines the ideas,
styles andthemes of literature. The literature of the desert dwellers will be radically different from the
literature of the mountain dwellers. Scientific inventions and developments have caused a paradigm
shift in in the structure of societies and subsequently in the structure, content and form of literature.
English twentieth century literature comprises of themes, styles and images which are substantially
different from those of the Renaissance literature. Subsequently if literature is interpreted and
analyzed away from the society in which it has been created, due justice will not be given to such an
analysis which might turn out to be maimed and unreliable. Matthew Arnold‟s Culture and Anarchy
emphasizes the fact that literature cannot be adequately understood without its cultural and social
context.
Hence, literature is the outcome of subjective and objective forces which mutually interact within
society. Classical critics and philosophers think that life is the true impulse or catalysis behind the
creation of a literary work. W. H. Hudson lists the impulses behind the production of a work of
literature as follows: “The great impulses behind literature may be grouped under four heads - 1) our
desire for self-expression; 2) our interest in the people and their doings; 3) our interesting the world
of reality; and 4) our love of form as form” (11).H. A. Taine also argues that “a work of art is
determined by an aggregate which is the general state of mind and surrounding circumstances” (30).
In The Sociology of Literature (1979), John Hall reiterates what Matthew Arnold has stressed. Hall uses
a special term for the first time, the social referent, which means context of. The social referent put a
further emphasis on literature as being a reflector of social reality. Hall believes that a minute and
detailed analysis and investigation of a literary text is necessary for arriving at social facts and
generalizations, however, this analysis should be carried out in the context of the entire social
structure so as to find out the yoked relationship between society and literature. According to him,
the currency and popularity of a literary work largely depends on the close link between text and
context.Hall emphasizes the fact that a work of literature is formed and molded out of the prevailing
and dominant social and cultural values of the age.
It goes without saying that literature is the outcome of specific social actions recorded in a highly
inspiring moment. These social actions and reactions are the main interest and the area of the study
for the sociology of literature. However, the job of the sociology of literature becomes challenging as
the New Criticism ignores all the factors that the sociology of literature depends on in its analysis.
The new critics call for paying attention only to the text and their internal organic structures without
taking into account its context and referent. Yet, the sociology of literature has successfully carved out
its way.

Conclusion
Sociology and literature can arguably be two faces of the same coin. In other words, literary genres
nourish on the social milieu, processes, and events. It is impossible to divorce literature from the
social contexts where literary creation takes place. The sociology of literature becomes an established
and systematic field of study whose main function is to show the symbiosis, interconnectivity,
interaction and delicate intricacies between literature and all the sociological activities occurring in
society. The theory of sociology of literature can be contrasted with the critical theory of the school
of New Criticism where the text long lives and the author and social milieu are dead. Investigating
and analyzing literary genres from a sociological perspective has been gaining recognition and
momentum as sociologists as well as anthropologists try to establish their arguments and theories on
folklore, literature and excavations among other things.
Since the behavioral revolution in the 1960s, political science has more and more described itself as
the empirical, quantifiable find out about of politics. Modeled after the herbal sciences, behavioralism

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is the strive to purge political science of its subjective factors and produce information that can be
derived solely from exterior objects that conform to the scientific method.[3] Knowledge is restrained
to phenomena that are appropriate to the scientific approach due to the fact this method is considered
as objective, valid, and universal, whereas hypothesis backyard this approach is brushed aside as
illegitimate due to the fact it is unscientific. For the behavioralist, the horizon of know-how has been
limited to the approach and now not to the man.
Since the behavioral revolution, a prodigious growth of scientific research in political science has
yielded, in the phrases of Eric Voegelin, “the top notch accumulation of beside the point information
thru large ‘research projects’ whose most fascinating characteristic is the quantifiable fee that has long
past into their production.”[4] Because the behavioralist has subordinate theoretical relevance to the
scientific method, the political scientist accumulates know-how besides any standards of significance,
producing a sequence of soulless research with no fascinating insights (e.g., congressional staffers
exhibit their legislative capabilities in order to reap employment as lobbyists).[5] Instead of adopting
a theoretical role to pursue political inquiry, the behavioralist pursues initiatives in which the
information can conform solely to the methodology.
But the accumulation of records is applicable solely if they make contributions to the learn about of
theoretical and normative meaning. Because of the pluralistic nature of reality, extraordinary objects
require specific strategies of inquiry, as Aristotle had observed.[6] This perception has been identified
in the discipline with waves of backlash in opposition to behavioralism, beginning with the post-
behavioral revolution of the Nineteen Seventies and, most recently, the Perestroika motion of the
2000s.[7] Although behavioralism nevertheless dominates the discipline, there exists these days a
tolerance for a variety of tactics to the find out about of political science, together with the learn about
of literature.[8]
This article examines what the self-discipline of political science can research from the find out about
of literature—that is, how literature contributes to our grasp of politics—and why it stays
fundamental to a self-discipline nonetheless characterized by way of behavioralism. In this article I
first hint genealogically how literature emerged as a supply of reputable knowledge, opposite to
what philosophers have claimed. I then exhibit how literature can in particular make contributions to
understanding in political science today. In my account, I outline literature widely as a structure of
fictional storytelling and the expression of thoughts that face up to rational analysis, a class that
consists of art, film, poetry, aesthetics, cultural studies, criticism, and theory.[9] By seeing what
political science can study from literature, political scientists will, one hopes, be in a position to
restoration theoretical and normative relevance to their empirical projects, restoring the soul to their
research of political phenomena.
The self-discipline of political science has solely currently been self-conscious of searching at
literature as a supply of political knowledge. This “literary turn” in the self-discipline has led to the
introduction of the Politics, Literature, and Film part in the American Political Science Association in
1993, with political scientists, by and large political theorists and philosophers, writing about the use
and cost of literature to recognize politics. However, political scientists have written about the price
of literature to political science earlier than the formalization of the Politics, Literature, and Film
section.
An instance is an change in the 1960 American Political Science Review between the political theorist
Allan Bloom and literary pupil Sigurd Burckhardt about the price of Bloom’s and Harry V. Jaffa’s
interpretations of Shakespeare plays. According to Burckhardt, each Bloom and Jaffa had been no
longer literary students and consequently lacked an express methodology to interpret Shakespeare.
In rebuttal, Bloom cited his assumptions and methodology for Burkhardt: (1) a wide variety of
authors in literature used their artwork to instruct human beings into their political responsibility; (2)
as the “architectonic science,” political philosophy used to be uniquely located to have a look at
literature due to the fact it investigated “the complete man in relation to the order of the whole”; (3)
therefore, political philosophers had been capable to reproduce the authors’ teachings of political
philosophy from their texts. The underlying assumption right here for Bloom was once that sure
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phenomena and values, like human nature and herbal rights, had been trans-historical, thereby
permitting the political truth seeker to decipher and carry frequent teachings from literature
regardless of the duration when it was once written.
Bloom was once a scholar of Leo Strauss, who had written about the distinction between philosophy
and literature. In his evaluation of Strauss’s interpretation of Plato’s Symposium, Matthew Sharpe
outlined the key factors of Strauss’s grasp of this relationship between philosophy and literature.
According to Sharpe, Strauss defended philosophy as meaningfully extraordinary from and most
useful to literature both as a mental exercise and as a potential of education. But at the equal time,
philosophers introduced their arguments in a rhetorical or literary body due to the fact of the want to
guard themselves from public this may want to be considered in Strauss’s very own writing with his
failure to coherently provide an explanation for how the excellent was once choicest to the stunning
in Plato’s Symposium. Instead of claiming Strauss failed at his task, Sharpe argued that Strauss used
to be engaged in a rhetorical or literary illustration of his philosophy to keep away from persecution.
More recently, Catherine Zuckert endured the Straussian strategy to the find out about of literature
for political knowledge. According to Zuckert, fantastic literary works have no longer solely
challenged the assumptions of the regime however additionally confirmed the consequences of the
regime on personality formation, such as the consequences neighborhood requirements of proper
and incorrect have on the individual. Unlike Bloom, Zuckert did now not perceive the author’s views
as proven via any personality or the narrator. The solely element political philosophers can attribute
to the author, she posited, is the ordinary enterprise of the work. To find out what the creator had
thought, political philosophers should deal with literature as an deliberately designed total object.
Furthermore, their venture is to verify how the work of literature as a entire is associated to the
political regime.
Voegelin additionally shared with Strauss and his college students their trust that literature used to
be a kind of political philosophy that may want to disclose political knowledge. In the 1971 problem
of the Southern Review, Voegelin’s article “On Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw” used to be
posted as an instance of literature as political philosophy. As a political philosopher, Voegelin
believed he wished the religious insights of all people engaged in the search for the truth, which
includes poets, dramatists, and novelists. In his method to inspecting literature, Voegelin outlined his
methodology as follows:
(1) The critic have to first supply priority to the textual content itself;
(2) The critic ought to expect that the creator knew what he or she was once doing and that the
components of the textual content work collectively as a singular entity;
(3) The critic need to count number on an interpretative terminology regular with the language
symbols of the source; and
(4) The critic should enhance a device of interpretation that is an analytical, rational continuation of
the author’s work, from compactness to differentiation.
Whereas Bloom, Zuckert, and Voegelin argued that literature should train political scientists about
politics, Martha Nussbaum explicated their assumption that “certain truths about human existence
can solely be fittingly and precisely attribute of the narrative artist.” That is, positive texts, amongst
them literature, are crucial to a philosophical inquiry into ethics, morality, and By attractive in
literature, the reader can purpose for the “perceptive equilibrium,” “in which concrete perceptions
grasp fantastically together” so that the reader can response to new conditions in existence with
openness and generosity. These ethical capacities, such as empathy and sympathy, are developed by
way of analyzing literature and allow human beings to exercise a kind of advantage that ethics and
democratic exercise have required for human flourishing.
Richard Rorty additionally made a comparable to attraction about the price of literature: literature
higher identifies and inspires sympathy of human struggling than summary and dry philosophical
treatises. Rorty especially pointed out two methods literature can help humans in growing their
ethical capacity: through exposing social practices and establishments that create misery, suffering,
and injustice in others (e.g., Les Misérables); and via highlighting the ethical blind spots in positive
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human beings and their ability for cruelty (e.g., Lolita). Rorty additionally stated the novels of
Charles Dickens as an instance of how literature can epitomize the beliefs of humanity, solidarity,
and tolerance: Dickens’s works “were a greater effective impetus to social reform than the
accumulated works of all the British social theorists of his day.” For Rorty and Nussbaum, literature
helps residents enhance the capability for sympathy and empathy for others, main to values of
harmony and tolerance, which are required for democratic self-governance.
Another argument made for the learning about of literature in the social sciences is an ideological
one: namely, that literature is higher in a position to expose in a concrete and significant way the
ideological and strength buildings that pervade society. Edward Said, for example, integrated
Western literature in his evaluation (e.g., The Persians) to assist his idea of Orientalism. Terry
Eagleton adopted a Marxist account in his literary theory, claiming that principle is always political,
which suggests that all literature is additionally political or ideological. Judith Butler and Eileen Hunt
Botting have used literature in guide of their gender and feminist ideological studies. Regardless of
the ideological perspective, this team of thinkers believed that literature portrays ideological biases
and strength in society higher than summary and indifferent social science methodology.
Interestingly, the Cambridge College of political idea has now not seen literature as a useful resource
in its assignment to learn about the records of political thought. According to B. F. Skinner and J. G.
A. Pocock, political philosophers must get better the historical, intellectual, and linguistic context of
political texts in order to reconstruct what person writers have been wondering and doing at the time
they wrote. This in flip requires students to observe lesser-known works so as to contextualize
greater distinguished ones. By putting the textual content in its unique context as tons as possible, the
political logician would be in a position to decipher its authentic reason (i.e., whether or not to
support, discredit, or legitimize positive thoughts of the time). Given this method to text, there is no
cause why the Cambridge faculty have to now not include literature (when appropriate) into its
evaluation of political principle texts. This is an avenue of lookup that stays reachable for future
scholars.
Thus, the literary flip in political science has produced several colleges and procedures to comprise
literature into political analysis. Strauss noticed literature as structure of safety in opposition to
public persecution, whilst Bloom, Zuckert, and Voegelin considered literature as a kind of political
textual content manifested in a unique form. Nussbaum and Rorty pointed out the special aspects of
literature, in its concreteness and detail, which have the capability to create empathy and sympathy
in the reader. Finally, Said, Eagleton, Butler, and Botting argued that literature higher portrays the
ideological biases and energy shape in society than social science methodology.

Lessons from Literature:

Let us turn our face towards pop literature. One of the famous comic characters Tintin by Herge,
published in 1929, is considered most significant and talented caricature. Tintin is popular character
all over the world who is always for hunt for nefarious people, and gets politically involved. Tintin is
a successful comic character which provides intellectual property, entertainment and political insight.
If we look at different comic characters we will see that the stories involve in societal and political
issues. Phantom is such a super hero created by Lee Falk in 1936 whose main motto is to project the
weak, destroy the bad people. Mowgli (1894) and Tarzan and (1912) these two characters with a
difference of 18 years face the same imperialist mindset of America. Their fight is against the politics
and power.
Let us now move on the Gothic novels. The Gothic novels signify the existential struggle of the social,
political and economic unrest. Dracula by Bram Stoker signifies the insatiable appetite for power,
wealth and evil deed. All these stories revolve round the human wantonness.
Broadly put, some political scientists trust there are factors of political actuality that withstand
behavioralist methodology however nonetheless are necessary to study. Literature is one of these
mediums that portray these components of fact that behavioralism and even philosophy Literature
accomplishes this feat no longer solely by way of depicting the particularity, concreteness, and
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element of a world however additionally with the aid of revealing the innermost thoughts, feelings,
and irrationality of characters and the narrator. By contrast, social science methodology and
philosophy are abstract, detached, and oriented solely to externality, whether or not political conduct
or formalized language. Literature affords a way to add the important points and records the social
sciences and philosophy miss. When we replicate on our personal lives, we see that we are motive
extra regularly than no longer with the aid of tangible and concrete realities as a substitute than
summary and theoretical ideas—and literature is capable to seize that actuality of motivation and
that means higher than social science methodology and philosophy.
As mentioned via Nussbaum and Rorty, the learn about of literature additionally creates empathy in
us via increasing our ride of the world vicariously and even lets in us to think about what future
political issues and values may also emerge. By the use of their imagination, political scientists can
make bigger their very own horizon of what they assume is viable and thereby put together and
predict what can also transpire in the future. Alternatively, political scientists can additionally rent
their creativeness through searching at literature to reconstruct previous political troubles and values
to see whether or not preceding methodologies might also have ignored something. In different
words, literature expands each one’s temporal and spatial horizons, enabling political scientist to
suppose about what can also take place or has took place in political life.
If political scientists use literature to revisit the previous and assignment the future, literature can
additionally be handled as a case learn about to take a look at positive theories and hypotheses. This
is specifically famous in the Literature and Law movement, the place literature is handled as a kind
of case law. Because literature is in a position to painting components of political truth to which
neither social science methodology nor philosophy has access, it is a special database political
scientists can use to take a look at their theories and hypotheses. By doing so, political scientists may
additionally be pressured to rethink how they have to find out about political reality, given the
barriers and deficiencies in sure methodologies the literature may also reveal.
This reflection on positive social science and philosophical methodologies can also lead political
scientists lower back to theoretical and normative issues in their empirical research, for literature by
way of its very nature has a normative stance. Unlike behavioralism, this normative position,
whether or not in the author, narrator, or character, is specific in literature and forces the reader to
agree, reject, or react in some way in between. By encountering literature’s specific normative
perspective, behavioralists, as nicely as all political scientists, theorists, and philosophers, will be
requested to reevaluate their very own normative positions in their methodologies and claims.
Finally, literature illuminates how rhetoric, in particular in stories, is employed to persuade us of sure
normative thoughts and politics. The factors of literature—plot, narrator, character, dialogue, and
action—are additionally factors of rhetoric that can be utilized to analyses of political conversation
and socialization. And as a rhetorical device, literature can help political scientists as instructors in
the classroom, supplying research displaying the effectiveness of literature in student.
Literature as a result makes substantial contributions to the self-discipline of political science. A
precise of these contributions is as follows:
1. To find out about components of politics that behavioralist methodology fails to describe and
analyze
2. To expand our perception of politics through increasing our experiences vicariously with every
other political actuality and world.
3. To think about what previous and future political problems, situations, and values may
additionally or have emerged.
4. To serve as a case learn about to take a look at political science theories and hypotheses
5. To have political scientists revisit the normative assumptions of their very own methodologies
and claims.
6. To look at how literature, such as storytelling, is a shape of political rhetoric to persuade people.
7. To serve pedagogical functions to instruct politics greater efficaciously to students
Furthermore, if we include the findings from the “literary turn” in political science, we can add
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Chromatic Dispersion of Literature in Philosophy,
Sociology and Political Science: The Dynamic...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya, Alka Rani, Arti Bhatt & Amit Kumar

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 79-89

the following price that literature brings to political science:

8. To grant a kind of safety from public persecution (Strauss)
9. To supply perception into political actuality (Voegelin)
10. To train human beings in questioning the nature and impact of one’s political regime (Zuckert)
11. To train human beings in political accountability (Bloom)
12. To create sure ethical capacities in residents to exercise democratic governance (Nussbaum,
Rorty)
13. To higher discover ideological bias and electricity constructions in society (Said, Eagleton, Butler,
Botting)
14. To decipher the authentic reason of a textual content at some point of the time it was once written
(Skinner, Pocock)

Clearly there are greater approaches that literature can make contributions to political scientists in
their studies, however the aforementioned motives are ones that have been persistently made.

Bibliography :
1. A History of Knowledge: Past, Present and Future, Doren, Van. Charles, Balantine Books
2. Debt: The First 5000 Years. Graeber, David. Penguin.
3. On Liberty, Mill,Stuart.John, Dover Publications Inc.
4. Arthya Shashtra by Kautilya, Finger Print
5. The Discovery of India, Nehru, Jawaharlal. Penguin.
6. The Glimpses of World History, Nehru Jawaharlal. Penguin.
7. The Prince, Machiavelli Nicolo, Fingerprint pub.
8. The Laws of Manu, Smith Brian, Doniger Wendy, Penguin Classics.
9. The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck, John, Penguin Classics
10. Metamorphosis, Kafka Franz, Rupa Publications India.
11. Jurassic World—The movie
12. Tintin---Herge.
13. Tarzan the Ape Man—Edgar Rice Burroughs
14. Dracula—Bram Stoker
15. The Phantom—Lee Falk
16. The Jungle Book—Rudyard Kipling.

Websites visited:
1. https://www.ekhartyoga.com/articles/philosophy/the-bhagavad-gita-and-the-battle-of-
everyday-life
2. https://www.quora.com/What-does-Bhagavad-Gita-tell-us-about-politics
3. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/key-components-civilization/

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Family Financial Socialization and Financial
Management Skills on Youth Saving Behavior
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Josh C. K.

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 90-94

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ARTICLE

The Role of Family Financial Socialization and

Financial Management Skills on Youth Saving Behavior
Josh C. K.
Associate Professor Department of Commerce
BVM Holy Cross College, Cherpunkal, Kottayam-Dist.
E-mail: ckjosh73@ gmail.com, Phone: 6282359603
1. Professor of

Abstract:
The study examines how familial influences and financial education impact the saving habits of young
individuals. This research highlights the crucial role that parents and guardians play in imparting financial
knowledge and attitudes, shaping the financial behaviors of their children. It also explores the effectiveness of
financial management skills acquired through formal education and personal experiences. The findings indicate
that youth who receive comprehensive financial socialization from their families and possess strong financial
management skills are more likely to develop positive saving behaviors. The study underscores the importance of
integrating financial education within the family setting and educational institutions to foster responsible
financial habits among youth, ultimately contributing to their long-term financial stability and independence.
Keywords: Family, Financial Socialization, Family Socialization Process, Financial Socialization.

Financial literacy is fostered through a lifelong process of acquiring financial values, attitudes, and
behaviors that promote financial stability and well-being. This process is shaped by an individual's
environment, with families playing a crucial role in influencing young people's financial habits.
Families transmit financial messages both consciously and unconsciously. Unconscious transmission
occurs through everyday interactions, where children observe and absorb norms, expectations, and
financial behaviors. Conscious transmission involves direct conversations about money management
and creating opportunities for young people to participate in financial activities. Individual factors,
such as a child's age and cognitive development, also influence financial socialization. By around
eleven years old, youth develop more advanced cognitive abilities, making them receptive to financial
concepts. Parents often view this age as appropriate to involve their children in financial decision-
making. Early financial socialization is linked to positive financial practices throughout life.

Literature Review:
Financial Socialization and Well-being
Financial literacy research has traditionally focused on outcomes without fully exploring the root
causes of financial disparities (Gudmunson, 2011). Recent studies highlight the significance of
financial socialization, the process by which individuals acquire financial knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviours (Lebaron, 2021). This socialization process extends beyond financial well-being, impacting
overall well-being in areas like relationships, mental health, and physical health (Lebaron, 2021).

The Role of Families

Parents play a critical role in shaping young people's financial habits through financial socialization
(Van Campenhout, 2015). While research confirms this parental influence (Van Campenhout, 2015;
Vijayakumar, 2022), there's a gap in effectively involving parents in financial education programs

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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Family Financial Socialization and Financial
Management Skills on Youth Saving Behavior
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Josh C. K.

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 90-94

(Van Campenhout, 2015). Family communication about money is crucial, as children learn financial
beliefs and behaviours from observing family members (Vijayakumar, 2022).
Financial Socialization and Well-being Outcomes
Studies explore the link between financial socialization and financial well-being in adulthood
(Saurrabh, 2019; Shim et al., 2009). Research by Kumar (2019) examines the influence of financial
knowledge, socialization, and risk tolerance on financial satisfaction. Dr. Utकष (2020) developed a
framework examining how financial literacy, socialization, and attitudes towards money affect young
adults' financial well-being. Shim et al. (2009) proposed a model for understanding how young
adults acquire financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors through socialization.
Parental Influence and Educational Programs
Research by Gina et al. (2013) investigates the impact of parental financial socialization on youth's
financial behavior in Ghana. Their study emphasizes empowering youth through financial education
and inclusion programs while involving parents (Gina et al., 2013). This highlights the importance of
capitalizing on opportunities for youth to gain financial experience while learning money
management skills.
University Students' Financial Needs
Sabri and Leila (2011) assessed university students' financial management skills to identify their
financial education needs. This research underlines the importance of addressing financial literacy
gaps among young adults entering the workforce (Sabri & Leila, 2011).
Theoretical Framework - Shortened and Focused
Family is a cornerstone in shaping individuals. Parents play a significant role in a child's
development, including financial socialization (Danes, 2011). Family dynamics can influence how
children are exposed to financial concepts (Danes, 2011). Understanding family financial socialization
can advance our comprehension of individual financial literacy variations (Danes, 2011).
Socialization:
This section can be trimmed. You can simply state that "Socialization is the lifelong process by which
individuals learn the values, norms, and behaviours of their society." Family is then mentioned as a
key agent of socialization.
Family Financial Socialization:
Financial socialization theory developed gradually, taking on new iterations and being refined over
time. Financial socialization continues to occur after the age of 18 and family financial socialization
that takes place during childhood and adolescence (birth to age 17) is particularly important in laying
a foundation for, and being directly associated with financial outcomes. Studies have shown that
children who are taught about money management from a young age are more likely to make sound
financial decisions in adulthood. They are also more likely to save money, avoid debt and invest in
their futures.
There are several ways in which parents can involve their children in financial decision making. One
of the most effective ways is to give children an allowance and encourage them to budget their
money. This will help them learn about the value of money and how to make responsible spending
decisions. Parents can also involve their children in larger financial decisions, such as purchasing a
car or home. This will give children a better understanding of the financial implications of these
decisions and help them develop critical thinking skills. Parents can encourage their children to save
money by setting up a savings account for them and matching a portion of their savings.
Policymakers and educators can promote financial literacy and education in schools and
communities. Financial education programs can provide children with the knowledge and skills they
need to make informed financial decisions and navigate complex financial systems.
Family financial socialization is a crucial aspect of children’s development that can have long lasting
implications for their financial wellbeing. While parents play a primary role in this process,
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Family Financial Socialization and Financial
Management Skills on Youth Saving Behavior
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Josh C. K.

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 90-94

policymakers and educators also have a responsibility to promote financial education and empower
families to build a secure financial future.
Family Financial Socialization
The theory of financial socialization has evolved, highlighting the critical role of family influence
during childhood and adolescence (birth to 17) in shaping lifelong financial behaviours. Studies show
that children receiving early financial education are more likely to develop budgeting skills and plan
for the future, leading to positive financial outcomes like saving money, avoiding debt, and investing.
Strategies for Parental Involvement, Parents can actively involve their children in financial decision-
making by providing an allowance and encouraging budgeting practices. This helps children
understand the value of money and make responsible spending choices. Parents can also discuss
larger financial decisions and encourage saving habits by setting up a savings account and matching
contributions.
Financial Socialization Outcomes
Family financial socialization processes significantly influence financial attitudes, knowledge, and
capabilities. These include factors like self-confidence, financial values, and future goals. By involving
children in budgeting, allowances, and discussions about saving and investing, parents can positively
shape their children's financial behaviors and attitudes. Research has shown that family financial
socialization can significantly reduce the negative effects of financial stress and promote financial
success later in life. A key outcome of family financial socialization is financial literacy, which can be
developed through education and practice. Policymakers and educators can also play a crucial role
by promoting financial literacy programs in schools and communities, ensuring all children have
access to the tools and resources they need to achieve financial well-being.
Reasons Why Youth Should Learn to Save Money:
• IT PROVIDES PEACE OF MIND: Having a set amount saved for emergencies provides a
sense of security. One can live a stress-free existence knowing that he or she will not have to
suffer if circumstances change unexpectedly.
• IT GIVES YOU A BETTER FUTURE: Savings can help achieve various goals and provide a
brighter future. One can buy a house, a vehicle, and save for retirement. One can safeguard
his or her future while also enjoying the finest of life's offerings.
• IT PROVIDES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION: With a considerable amount of savings, one can
fuel his/her educational dreams and get educated from the best colleges across the world.
• HELPS TO PLAN SHORT TERM GOALS: Savings can also be used for short term. One can
save for a few years and travel to their favourite destinations.
• GIVES YOUR FAMILY SECURITY: By saving in a disciplined manner, one can make sure
that his/her family is well provided for. Savings can act as a cushion in unfortunate times.
• EMPOWERS YOUTH: A good knowledge on financial issues empowers youth.
• FINANCIAL ILLITERACY BREEDS ILL-EQUIPPED ADULTS: Statistics indicate that young
people who never received proper education on finances end up as irresponsible adults,
particularly on financial issues. They don’t know how to invest and usually have a poor
credit score.
Youth Saving Behaviour:
Youth saving behaviour is an essential aspect of financial literacy and responsible money
management. It involves regularly and consistently setting aside money to achieve specific financial
goals. In today's dynamic world, equipping young people with the value of saving and the ability to
develop good saving habits is more important than ever.
Family financial socialization plays a critical role in shaping young people's saving habits. Children
raised in households that prioritize saving are more likely to adopt these positive behaviours
themselves. Parents can model positive saving behaviours and encourage their children to save
money, fostering a strong foundation for financial well-being.
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Family Financial Socialization and Financial
Management Skills on Youth Saving Behavior
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Josh C. K.

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 90-94

Several strategies can effectively promote youth saving behaviour:

Allowances: Providing children with an allowance gives them the opportunity to practice managing
their money and make spending decisions. This teaches them the value of money and the importance
of saving for future needs.
Financial Education: Children who receive financial education are more likely to develop positive
attitudes towards saving. This education can come from formal school courses or informal
discussions with parents and adults.
Open Communication: Openly discussing the importance of saving and the benefits of good saving
habits with children is crucial. Parents can also explore different saving methods, like piggy banks or
savings accounts.
Earning Opportunities: Giving children opportunities to earn money, like through chores or part-time
jobs, teaches valuable lessons about hard work, saving for future expenses, and wise financial
decision-making.

Early Intervention and Lasting Impact

Promoting youth saving behaviour is essential for developing responsible money management skills
and achieving financial stability in the future. Early intervention, combined with consistent
encouragement, is key to fostering positive saving habits that can last a lifetime.

The Effect of Family Financial Socilization on Youth Saving Behaviour:

• Family financial socialisation shapes a person's attitude towards money. Parents that instill
positive financial ideals in their children tend to have a favourable influence on their attitudes
towards money.
• Family socialisation has a significant impact on youth's financial literacy. Parents who teach their
children about saving from a young age create qualities like delayed gratification and financial
responsibility.
• Role modelling: Parents' savings habits have a big impact on youth. Observing parents' saving
behaviour and learning how they make financial decisions influences a child's perception of
money and saving, which in turn influences their saving behaviour.
Conclusion:
Family financial socialization plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' financial behaviours and
attitudes. Parents are the primary source of financial knowledge and habits for their children,
influencing them from a young age. Through direct and indirect means like modelling, discussions,
and incentivization, parents can teach valuable lessons about budgeting, saving, investing, and other
financial concepts. By observing parental behaviour, children learn valuable financial lessons that
have lasting effects on their own financial well-being.
Effective financial socialization involves open communication, setting financial goals, budgeting,
saving, and investing. It's crucial to begin teaching financial literacy early and for parents to serve as
positive role models. By instilling good financial habits and values early on, families can empower
their children to make sound financial decisions and achieve financial stability throughout their lives.
References:
1. Grinstein-Weiss, M., Williams Shanks, T., Manturuk, K. R., & Key, C. (2018). Family financial
socialization and financial wellbeing across the life course. Journal of Family and Economic
Issues, 39(1), 37-52.
2. Fry, R. (2020). Most children under age 18 in 2009. The impact of financial education and
counselling on financial practices and wellbeing. Journal of Financial Counselling and Planning,
20(1), 70-83.
3. Johnson, E. J., & Shu, S. B. (2012). The psychology of financial decision making. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 21 (2), 74-79.

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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Role of Family Financial Socialization and Financial
Management Skills on Youth Saving Behavior
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Josh C. K.

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 90-94

4. Kim, J., & Chatterjee, S. (2013). The role of parents in shaping their children’s financial behaviour.
Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34 (3), 400-410.
5. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O.S. (2013). The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and
evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52 (1), 5-44.
6. Mandell, L. (2004). Financial literacy and planning: Implications for retirement wellbeing. In J.M.
Cornman & M.A. Schaner (Eds.), Financing Long-Term Care: What Should Be the Government’s
Role? (pp. 273-298). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
7. Murdock, S. H., Anderman, E.M., & Gonzalez, M. J. (2012). Family socialization and children’s
financial literacy. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 33 (2), 267-278.
8. Dr. UTKARSH (2020). Impact of financial socialization, financial literacy and Attitude Towards
Money on Financial wellbeing of young adults. International IJC 44 (3).
9. Geert Van Campenhout (2015). Revaluing the Role of Parents as Financial Socialization Agents in
Youth Financial Literacy Programs. Journal of Consumer Issues, Volume 49, Issue 1, 186-222.
10. Ashley B. LeBaron (2020). Parental Financial Education During Childhood and Financial
Behaviours of Emerging Adults. Journal of Financial Counselling and Planning. Vol 31, Issue 1,
42-46.
11. Tanuj Nandan (2018). Role of Financial Risk Attitude and Financial Behaviour as Mediators in
Financial Satisfaction. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, Vol. 7, pp.207-224.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Hindi Literature: Mural of a Body of Literature Studded
with Different Dialects which has Ultimately ...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya & Monika Kalra

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 95-98

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ARTICLE

The Hindi Literature: Mural of a Body of

Literature Studded with Different Dialects
which has Ultimately Embraced Oneness
Kamal Bhattacharyya1 & Monika Kalra2
1. Professor of English, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Motherhood University,
Roorkee, Haridwar, UK, India
2. Asst. Professor of Hindi, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Motherhood University,
Roorkee, Haridwar, UK, India

Abstract:
Indian literature is indigenous and free from any influence and unique in content, nature and storytelling since
olden times until 19th and 20th century when English as a language came and pawed. The Ramayana, the
Mahabharata, the literature of Kalidas are all highly rhetorical. Gradually when Indian literature became diverse
in regional languages, the schematic and the thematic genre took its turn toward different direction for good.
The trajectory of Indian literature is Sanskrit, and Indian literature through different regional languages
appeared in strong position. Hindi as the most spoken language in India started its journey in 769 in and
around Delhi as ‘Khari boli’ (boli=language) which is a descendant of Devnagari script and Sanskrit language.
Braj Bhasa which was spoken by Lord Krishna especially in Matura and Vrindavan has been changed into later
Hindi language during 15th to 19 th century and is treated as Dialect of Hindi as Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bagheli,
Bundeli, Chattisgarhi, Garhwali, Harywanvi, Kanauji, Kumayuni, Maghdi and Marwari. In spite of that,
Hindi the term was often used loosely and ambiguously as because Hindi is considered the Vernacular spoken in
North India, but philological researchers like Sir George Garierson, has shown that there are four chief
languages in this area, like Rajasthani, Western Hindi, Eastern Hindi and Bihari they all have different
parentage. This is the short glimpse of the Hindi language, but as a literature, Hindi has been considered a
common medium of expression of literary creations.
Keywords: Ramayana, Mahabharata, Kalidasa, Khari Boli, Braj Bhasa, Philological.

Introduction:
King Harsha died in 647 AD, the king of North India, there was a lull and lack of rules of law. The
Indian history had gone under confusion and disintegration until the Muslims came and settled and
restored the rule of the king again. During this period, the Rajputas play a pivotal role in shaping the
history. The small kings used to fight with each other. The Muslim invaders mustered the local kings
and fought with their common foe. It was during the period that the modern vernaculars of India
were taking shape, and the earliest modern regional languages produced literature called
Hindusthani which became from the barbaric chronicles of Rajputana. The royal bards started getting
patronage from the monarchs. The panegyric and embellished with many legends, the chronicles
were not considered sober history, as the chronicles were often the tales of the battles between the
Hindu kings and the Muslim invaders. The prominent name of this period is Chand Bardai, the bard
of Prithiraj Chauhan. Another contemporary of Bardai was Jagnayak and Sarang Dhar, who sang the
prowess of the valorous Hammir, the Prince of Ranthambhor.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Hindi Literature: Mural of a Body of Literature Studded
with Different Dialects which has Ultimately ...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya & Monika Kalra

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 95-98

The rise of the worship of Rama took place in the beginning of the 15th century which leapt a quantum
jump in Hindi literature lead by Tulsidas. This beginning of the Rama as a incarnation of Lord Vishnu
and Giod, started to thwart the pugnacious Mughals. One branch of Vasihnavas worshipped Vishu
un the form of Krishna and this form of worship had long been popular. Now, larely owing to the
great influence of Ramananda, others made made Rama their principal object of worship. A later
development, due in some measure to Muslim influence, the in which Kabir was the first great
teacher, was in the direction of a non-idolatrous theism. All these various movements were part of the
great religious revila which was sidespred amongst the people, and all began to use the vernacular
for their literature. Vernacular literature, mostly dominated by religious themes, spread during this
period. Namdev, Vidyapat, Mira Bai and Malik Muhammad were some the great poets of this time.
The earlier bards of the Rajputana wrote in a time of transition, using a language whas still full of
prakrit forms, and this was the period of the infance of Hindi Literature. But when the poets of this
next period composed their works, the language siopeken was practically same as the vernacular
speech of to-day. And as the earliest authors in this language, they had to feel their way, for in using
the vernacular for their poems they were making a great venture. This was the period of the youth of
Hindi Literature.

The age wise classification of Hindi Literature:

1. Hindi literature in its cradle connected with the barbaric chronicles, is described and after
that a new period is dated from each point where an important new indulgence begins to
modify the literature. These periods begin in 1. 1400 AD, when the religious influence of the
Vaishnava movements began to effect Hindi literature. 2. The 1500 AD when a new artistic
influence made itself prominent. 3. In 1800 AD, the Hindi Literature began to be effect by
modern influence from the west. Each period was marked by its own sublimity. The story of
Prithviraj Chauhan and Padmavati written by Chand Bardi is one of the great literary
creation of the then Hindi Literature:
दोहा
2. समदरसी ते िनकट है, भुगित-भुगित भरपूर।
3. िवषम दरस वा नरन त, सदा सरबदा दूर॥
4. जो लोग समदश ह, ाणीमा के िलए समान भाव रखते ह, उनको भोग और मो दोन अनायास
ही ा हो जाते ह। इसके िवपरीत जो िवषमदश ह, जो भेदभावना से काम लेते ह, उ ह वह मुि कदािप नह ा
हो सकती। ऐसे लोग से भोग और मो दोन दूर भागते ह।
5. सरस का रचना रच , खलजन सुिनन हसंत।
6. जैसे सधुर देिख मग, वान सुभाव भुसंत॥
7. म महाका क रचना कर रहा ँ। इस रचना को सुनकर दु लोग तो वैसे ही हँसगे जैसे हाथी को देखकर कु े (माग
म) वभाव से ही भ कने लगते ह।
8. तौ पुिन सुजन िनिम गुन, रिचए तन मन फू ल।
9. जूँ का भय िजय जािनकै , य डा रए दुकूल॥
10. स न पु ष तो इसके गुण के कारण इस रचना से स ही ह गे जैसे कोई इस भय से क इसम जूँएँ न पड़ जाएँ , दुप
े को फक थोड़े ही देता है। जैसे जूँ के भय से कोई दुप ा नह फक देता वैसे ही दु लोग के प रहास के भय से क
िव का -रचना से िवमुख नह हो सकता।

Another Rendition in English by F.E.Keay, M.A (1920)

“Watching the road in the direction of Delh,

Happy was she when the parrot returned,
Hearing the news, glad were her eyes;
The maiden was elated with the token of love,
She tore off the dirty clothes from her body,
Purified, and anointed, and adorned herself with robes,
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL The Hindi Literature: Mural of a Body of Literature Studded
with Different Dialects which has Ultimately ...
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya & Monika Kalra

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 95-98

Called for priceless jewels (for her person) from head to foot,
Arrayed with the tokes of the king of love.

The Place of Kabir:

Kabir composed numerous poems and especially so called Sufi clan, his poems are marked with
theological aspects. Though he never write himself a single poem, but were remembered and
written by his disciples. Adi Granth of the Shikh (compiled in 1604) and Bijak contain his poems.
Kabir’s poems are all philosophical and meritorious examples of his poetical capabilities. He
might be rightly called the Khalal Gabrin Kahlil Gibran of the old period even he can also be
compared with Rumi of Afghanistan.

The Golden Age:

The golden age of Hindustani literature began in the 16th century, precisely in and around 1550 AD.
The Mughal dynasty established a permanent governance which continued from Akbar (1556-1605),
Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1627-1658). It is often been considered that the Elizabethan was
synchronized at this time and England and India came in real contact with each other. The artistic
approach in Hindi (Hindustani) literature came with construction of versification. Leading poets of
this time were Kesav Das Surdas, Biharli Lal and Tripathis brothers, Dev Kavi, and Senapati. The Sikh
Granth Sahib was composed in this period. Several sects were formed like Dadupanthis which
produced great ligious verses. The emaciation of the Hindi Literature was experienced in the 18th
century with the downfall of the Mughal Empire.

European influence in Hindi Literature:

At the beginning of the 19th century, a new influence was seen over Hindi Literature. The English had
been struggling in India with the French, mastery, but now the decisive conflict against the French,
the declination of the Marathas, English influence over all over Hindustani language was prominent.
The influence did not come as gesture of goodness, but the produce Indians who can understand,
speak and read English for the company. In later stage, from among the Indians, who were learned
and western educated, like Raja Rammohan Roy, became instrumental in bringing Western
Education. The literary renascence in Indian began in this period. In Hindi, Lallu Ji Lal laid the
foundation of the Hindia propse and also created the literary dialect which was to be its principal
medium. The printing press became an important part of spreading literature across the geography.
The revival of the Hindi poetry was led by Harischandra and this period also saw the rise of the
Hindi drama.

The Present Scenario:

With the wining of Booker Prize in 2022, Ret Samadhi (रे त समािध) and its translation the Tomb of
Sand, by Daisy Rockwell, Hindi Literature has again proved it to be one of the fertile literatures
among Indian languages.
I am not going to write about the Hindi Literature of the twentieth century, but the latest ones of the
21st century. The Political and Economical changes, actually many unturned stones rolled. Hindi
being the third most spoken language in the world requires to achieve the height of international
level of literature. Yet, only a Ret Ka Samadhi will not do. Modern generation should come in fiction
writing. Though the situation is changing. Publishers are stepping ahead to publish book, like
Rajkamal Publication, Rajpal Publication, Vaani Publication. Writers like Kuleep Raghav (Ishq
Mubark), Abharwant Anmol (Zindagi 50-50) are getting attention. Many other novels have come up
in Hindi, the pity is that they do not get enough attention and commercialization. Novels like Gunaho
Ka Devta by Dharamvir Bharati, a love story of a student Chander,and the girl Sudha of a professor
Dr. Shukla of his college. The story tells the story of race discrimination. Another good book Kitne
Pakistan by Kamleshwar which describes the agony of partition, allegory and realism. Kashi ka Assi

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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Kamal Bhattacharyya & Monika Kalra

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of Kashinath Singh is the story of the then political and social system of the 90s. Hindi literature has
substantial penitential yet to invoke.

Bibliography:
1. Mathura, F.S.Growse,
2. History of Hindi Literature by F.E.Keay, Associate Press Calcutta.
3. History of Hindi Language and Its Script Hardcover – 1 January 2020
4. History of Hindi Literature (Hindi Edition) by Vipul Kumar (Author)
5. A History of Hindi Literature: K.B.Jinda, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers

Internet browsed
1. https://renaissance-translations.com/hindi-language-history/
2. https://www.scribd.com/upload-
document?archive_doc=79357287&escape=false&metadata=%7B%22context%22%3A%22arch
ive_view_restricted%22%2C%22page%22%3A%22read%22%2C%22action%22%3A%22downl
oad%22%2C%22logged_in%22%3Atrue%2C%22platform%22%3A%22web%22%7D

*** ***

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Plagiarism/Similarity: 06 %
st
Rec.: 12-02-24 1 PR: 19-02-24 2nd PR: 28-02-24 DOA: 09-03-24

ARTICLE

Refugees in the Views of the World

J. S. P. Srivastava1 & Arun Kumar2
1. Professor & Dean at faculty of Legal Studies, Motherhood University Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India
Email -jaishankerprasadsrivastava@gmail.com
2. Assistant Professor, Maharishi University of Information Technology,
Email- arunlaw73@gmail.com

Abstract:
The world is currently facing a refugee crisis, with millions of people being forced to flee their homes due to
conflict, persecution, and other forms of violence. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently over 26 million refugees worldwide, with half of them being children.
This crisis has been ongoing for decades, with no end in sight. The condition of refugees is a topic that has
gained increasing attention in recent years due to the surge in global conflicts and displacement of populations.
Refugees are individuals who have been forced to flee their homes due to persecution, war, or violence and seek
safety in another country. The conditions they face during their journey and upon arrival in a host country are
often dire and challenging, leaving them vulnerable and in need of assistance. This article will explore the
condition of refugees, the causes of forced migration, and the current state of the refugee crisis.
Keywords: Keywords: Human Rights, Refugee, International Law, Constitution, Migrant.

Introduction:
The condition of refugees is a topic that has gained increasing attention in recent years due to the
surge in global conflicts and displacement of populations. Refugees are individuals who have been
forced to flee their homes due to persecution, war, or violence and seek safety in another country. The
conditions they face during their journey and upon arrival in a host country are often dire and
challenging, leaving them vulnerable and in need of assistance. One of the primary challenges
refugees face is the lack of access to basic necessities such as food, shelter, and medical care. Many
refugees are forced to live in overcrowded and unsanitary camps or makeshift settlements with
limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities. This can lead to the spread of diseases and
health issues among already vulnerable individuals.
Additionally, refugees often face discrimination and hostility from the local population in host
countries. They may be subjected to xenophobia, racism, and violence, making it difficult for them to
integrate into their new communities and rebuild their lives. This can lead to feelings of isolation,
insecurity, and fear among refugees, further exacerbating their already precarious situation. Another
major challenge faced by refugees is the lack of legal protection and access to justice. Many refugees
are at risk of exploitation, abuse, and human rights violations, with little recourse to seek justice or
hold perpetrators accountable. This can leave them feeling powerless and marginalized, with no
means to seek redress for the injustices they have endured.
Evolution and History of Refugee:
The history of refugees dates back to ancient times, with people being displaced due to wars, natural
disasters, and persecution. The concept of seeking refuge in another land can be traced back to the
biblical story of Joseph and Mary fleeing to Egypt to escape King Herod's wrath. Throughout history,
refugees have faced numerous challenges and obstacles as they search for safety and security in a new

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|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 99-106

land. The modern concept of refugees emerged in the aftermath of World War II, with the creation of
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950. This organization was
established to provide assistance and protection to refugees around the world. The UNHCR works to
ensure that refugees are able to access basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare, as well as
legal protections and opportunities for resettlement.
The number of refugees worldwide has steadily increased over the years, with conflicts in Syria,
Afghanistan, and other regions leading to mass displacement of people. Additionally, climate change
and environmental factors are also contributing to the growing refugee crisis, as people are forced to
flee their homes due to natural disasters and resource scarcity. The global refugee crisis has put a
strain on countries and organizations that provide humanitarian assistance, leading to calls for
greater international cooperation and support. Refugees face a multitude of challenges as they
navigate the complex process of seeking asylum and resettlement in a new country. Many refugees
face discrimination, language barriers, and lack of access to education and employment opportunities,
making it difficult for them to integrate into society. Additionally, refugees often experience trauma
and mental health issues as a result of the violence and persecution they have endured, further
complicating their journey to a new life.
Despite the challenges and obstacles that refugees face, they demonstrate remarkable resilience and
determination in rebuilding their lives and contributing to their new communities. Many refugees go
on to become successful entrepreneurs, artists, and community leaders, enriching the cultural fabric
of their host countries. As the global refugee crisis continues to grow, it is essential for countries and
organizations to work together to find sustainable solutions and support refugees in their quest for
safety and security.

Meaning of Refugee:
A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee their country due to a well-founded fear of
persecution, war, or violence. They are unable or unwilling to return to their home country due to
fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a
particular social group. A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee their own country due to
conflict, violence, or persecution. They seek safety in another country because returning home is
impossible or unsafe. Refugees may face persecution based on factors such as race, religion,
nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. Often, they leave behind
their homes, possessions, and loved ones, and their journey is marked by hardship and uncertainty.1
The 1951 Refugee Convention defines a refugee , “as a person who, due to a well-founded fear of
persecution, is outside their country of nationality and is unable or unwilling to avail themselves of that
country’s protection”. This definition has been supplemented by regional legal instruments in Africa
and the Americas, which include people compelled to leave their country due to external aggression,
occupation, foreign domination, internal conflicts, massive human rights violations, or events
seriously disturbing public order.
Difference between Refugee and Migrant:
It is important to note the difference between a refugee and a migrant. While both terms refer to
people who have left their home country, refugees are forced to flee due to fear of persecution, while
migrants choose to leave their home country for various reasons, such as seeking better economic
opportunities.2
a) Refugee:
• A refugee is strictly defined in international law as a person who is fleeing persecution or
conflict in their country of origin.
• They leave their home countries because it is dangerous for them to stay.
• Refugees are protected from being deported or returned to situations that might threaten
their lives.
• They are entitled to certain rights outlined by an international convention established
in 1951.
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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 99-106

• These rights include access to social services and integration into their new country’s society.
b) Migrant:
• The term migrant is not defined under international law.
• Migrants move for reasons not included in the legal definition of a refugee.
• They may move for various reasons, such as family reunification, economic opportunities, or
education.
• Unlike refugees, migrants do not have the same legal protections.
• They are subjected to a country’s immigration laws and procedures and can be turned away
or deported

Causes of Forced Migration:

a) Conflict and War- One of the main causes of forced migration is conflict and war. In many
countries, civilians are caught in the crossfire of armed conflicts between government forces
and rebel groups. This leads to displacement and the loss of homes, livelihoods, and loved
ones.
b) Persecution and Discrimination-Minority groups, such as ethnic or religious minorities, are
often targeted for persecution and discrimination in their home countries. This can lead to
forced migration as these individuals are unable to live safely in their own communities.
c) Environmental Disasters-Natural disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, and droughts, can
also force people to flee their homes. These disasters can destroy homes and livelihoods,
making it impossible for people to stay in their communities.

Difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker:

a) Asylum Seeker:
• An asylum seeker is an individual who seeks international protection.
• They have left their country of origin due to reasons such as persecution, war, or violence.
• In countries with individualized procedures, an asylum seeker is someone whose claim has
not yet been finally decided on by the country where they submitted it.
• Not every asylum seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every refugee is
initially an asylum seeker.
b) Refugee:
• A refugee is a person who has fled their country of origin and is unable or unwilling to
return due to a well-founded fear of persecution.
• The persecution may be based on factors such as race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion.
• Refugees are individuals who have already been granted refugee status and are legally
recognized as such.
• They seek safety and protection in another country.3

International Laws Relating to the Rufugee:

o 1951 Refugee Convention: This landmark treaty defines who qualifies as a refugee and outlines
their rights and protections. It was adopted by the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) after World War II.
o 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees: An extension of the 1951 Convention, it
removes geographical and time limitations, making its provisions applicable worldwide.
o Customary Law: These are unwritten legal norms that have evolved over time and are widely
accepted as binding. They also play a role in refugee protection.
o 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A foundational text that outlines fundamental
human rights.
o Geneva Conventions of 1949: These conventions address humanitarian treatment during armed
conflicts and protect civilians, including refugees.
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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 99-106

India’s Approach to Refugees:

India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol. However, it continues to
host a significant number of refugees from neighbouring countries. Despite lacking a specific national
refugee protection law, India provides refuge to those seeking safety. Recent events, such as
the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, have impacted refugee policies in India.

Nandita Haksar v. State of Manipur,4

• In this significant ruling by the High Court of Manipur, seven Myanmarese citizens who
had illegally entered India without documentation were granted permission to approach
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Office in Delhi.
• Despite India not being a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, the Court recognized India’s
duties and obligations towards “refugees” and “asylum seekers.”
• The Court emphasized that the principle of non-refoulement—the fundamental right to life—is
encompassed in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
• It clarified that these Myanmarese citizens, who belonged to a banned media and news service,
faced a threat of persecution in their home country and could be categorized as “asylum
seekers”.

International Bodies:
1) The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was an
international relief agency established in November 1943. Although largely dominated by the
United States, it represented 44 nations. Let’s delve into its purpose, operations, and impact:
Purpose and Founding:
• UNRRA’s primary objective was to provide relief to victims of war in areas under the
control of any of the United Nations.
• Its services included the provision of food, fuel, clothing, shelter, medical care, and
other essential necessities.
• The agency’s staff consisted of 12,000 civil servants, with headquarters in New York.
• Funding came from various nations, totaling $3.7 billion. The United States
contributed $2.7 billion, Britain $625 million, and Canada $139 million.
Operations and Impact:
• UNRRA operated for only four years, yet it distributed approximately $4 billion worth
of goods during a time of severe global shortages and transportation difficulties.
• The recipient nations, which had been devastated by starvation, dislocation, and
political chaos, greatly benefited from UNRRA’s assistance.
• A significant role played by UNRRA was helping Displaced Persons return to their
home countries in Europe during 1945–46.
• Many of UNRRA’s functions were later transferred to several UN agencies, including
the International Refugee Organization and the World Health Organization.
• As an American relief project, UNRRA was eventually replaced by the Marshall Plan,
which began operations in 1948.
Historical Significance:
• UNRRA’s uniqueness lies in its ability to bring together diverse partners and models of
international relief.
• Despite its dissolution, UNRRA’s legacy extends beyond U.S. history, reflecting a
collaborative effort on a global scale.
• In summary, UNRRA played a crucial role in post-World War II relief efforts, bridging
gaps and providing essential aid to those affected by the war’s aftermath.

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2) The International Refugee Organization (IRO) was an intergovernmental organization

founded on April 20, 1946, specifically to address the massive refugee crisis created by World
War II. Here are some key points about the IRO:
Formation and Purpose:
• The IRO was established to assist refugees and displaced persons in various countries
of Europe and Asia.
• These individuals either could not return to their countries of origin due to war-
related reasons or were unwilling to return for political considerations.
Predecessor and Successor:
• The IRO succeeded the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
(UNRRA), which had been providing relief and rehabilitation services during the
immediate post-war period.
• In 1948, the treaty establishing the IRO formally entered into force, and the IRO became
a United Nations specialized agency.
Functions and Achievements:
• The IRO assumed most of the functions previously carried out by the UNRRA.
• It provided essential aid, including food, shelter, medical care, and other necessities,
to millions of displaced individuals.
• By the time of its closure in 1952, the IRO had rehabilitated approximately 10 million
people out of the 15 million who were stranded in Europe.
• Notably, the IRO assisted in the return of Displaced Persons to their home countries in
Europe during 1945–46.
Controversies and Limitations:
• The IRO’s founding document was the Constitution of the International Refugee
Organization, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1946.
• Controversially, the constitution excluded “persons of German ethnic origin” who
had been expelled or were to be expelled from their birth countries into postwar
Germany. This group exceeded in number all other European displaced persons
combined.
• Additionally, due to disagreements between Western allies and the Soviet Union, the
IRO operated only in areas controlled by Western armies of occupation.
Membership and Funding:
• Twenty-six states became members of the IRO, including countries like the United
States, United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Australia.
• The U.S. contributed about 40% of the IRO’s annual budget, which totaled around $155
million.
• Despite its eventual closure, the IRO’s responsibilities were gradually assumed by
other agencies, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR).

3) The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established in
December 1950 to provide assistance and protection to refugees around the world. The
agency's primary goal is to ensure that refugees can find safe haven and assistance when they
are forced to flee their homes due to persecution, conflict, or other threats to their safety. The
UNHCR works tirelessly to provide refugees with shelter, healthcare, education, and other
essential services to help them rebuild their lives in a new country.One of the key functions of
the UNHCR is to advocate for the rights of refugees and ensure that they are treated fairly
and with dignity. The agency works with governments, humanitarian organizations, and
other partners to promote the rights of refugees and ensure that they are not subjected to
discrimination or abuse. The UNHCR also works to raise awareness about the plight of
refugees and advocate for policies that support their protection and well-being.
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Functions:
• Providing assistance and protection to refugees, the UNHCR also works to find durable
solutions to their displacement.
• Facilitating voluntary repatriation for refugees who are able to return to their home
countries safely, as well as helping refugees resettle in a third country when they are
unable to return home.
• The UNHCR also advocates for integration and inclusion of refugees in their host
communities, so that they can rebuild their lives and contribute to the societies where
they now live.
• The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is a vital agency that plays a
crucial role in protecting and assisting refugees around the world. By providing
essential services, advocating for the rights of refugees, and working to find durable
solutions to displacement, the UNHCR helps to ensure that refugees can find safety
and support when they are forced to flee their homes. Despite the challenges it faces,
the UNHCR remains committed to its mission of supporting refugees and addressing
the root causes of displacement. With the support of governments, partners, and the
international community, the UNHCR will continue to work towards a world where all
refugees can find safety, dignity, and hope for the future.

The Current State of the Refugee Crisis:

Refugee Crisis in Syria
The Syrian refugee crisis is a humanitarian tragedy that has persisted for over a decade. Some critical
facts about the situation:
a) Scale of Displacement:
o The crisis remains the largest displacement crisis in the world.
o Over 12 million Syrians have been forcibly displaced within the region.
o This includes both refugees who have fled across borders and internally displaced
persons within Syria itself.
b) Humanitarian Needs:
o Approximately 15.3 million people inside Syria are in dire need of humanitarian assistance.
o This accounts for 70 percent of the population living within Syria.
o Over 90 percent of Syrians live below the poverty line.
o More than 2 million Syrian refugee children are out of school, and an additional 1.6
million are at risk of dropping out.
c) Resilience and Challenges:
o Syrians have demonstrated remarkable resilience over the years.
o However, as the war continues, hope is fading fast.
o Women and children comprise more than two-thirds of those displaced.
o Food insecurity remains a critical issue, with an estimated 12 million people affected, and 2.5
million facing severe food insecurity as of January 2023.
o In Lebanon, economic challenges have pushed Syrian refugees further into poverty, with over
90 percent living in extreme poverty.
UNHCR’s Response:
• The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has been on the ground since the start of the crisis.
• They provide shelter, lifesaving supplies, clean water, hot meals, and medical care to families
forced to flee their homes.
• During winter, UNHCR supports vulnerable families with winter relief items such as warm
clothes, sleeping bags, thermal blankets, stoves, and fuel for heating.
• Cash assistance helps Syrian refugees pay rent and purchase food and medicine.

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• UNHCR also plays a crucial role in the COVID-19 response, providing protective equipment,
distributing medicines, and supporting quarantine areas and hygiene facilities.
• They work closely with host countries to ensure refugees are included in national pandemic
responses and vaccination program.5
Rohingya Refugee Crisis:
The Rohingya refugee crisis is another ongoing crisis that has received international attention. The
Rohingya are a Muslim minority group in Myanmar who have faced decades of persecution and
discrimination. In 2017, a military crackdown in Myanmar forced over 700,000 Rohingya to flee to
neighboring Bangladesh, where they now live in overcrowded refugee camps.
What is the Rohingya Crisis?
• In August 2017, terrified Rohingya refugees began fleeing from violence in Myanmar, seeking
safety in neighboring Bangladesh. Nearly 60% of these refugees were children. Their accounts
revealed the unspeakable brutality that had forced them to leave their homes.
• The influx of refugees, combined with those who had previously fled, effectively formed
the world’s largest refugee camp in Bangladesh. Approximately half a million Rohingya
refugee children now live in exile, many of whom were born into this limbo.
• These refugees rely entirely on humanitarian assistance for essentials like protection, food, water,
shelter, and health. They inhabit temporary shelters in densely populated camp settings.
• The crisis has had a significant impact on children, who face disease outbreaks, malnutrition,
limited educational opportunities, and risks related to neglect, exploitation, and violence. Annual
monsoons and cyclones pose additional threats.
• In Myanmar, most Rohingya lack legal identity or citizenship, and statelessness remains a
significant concern. Those in Rakhine State have faced violence, displacement, and restrictions on
freedom of movement.
• Until conditions in Myanmar allow for their safe return—basic rights, citizenship, freedom of
movement, health, and education—the Rohingya remain stuck as refugees or internally displaced
persons.
• Older children and adolescents, deprived of learning opportunities and livelihoods, are at risk of
becoming a “lost generation.” Girls and women face particular dangers, including sexual and
gender-based violence.
• UNICEF has been on the ground in the refugee camps in Bangladesh since the crisis began,
providing clean water, healthcare, protection, nutritious food, and education for every Rohingya
refugee child in need.6

What is UNICEF doing to help Rohingya children?

• UNICEF collaborates with the Government of Bangladesh and partners to support Rohingya
refugee children in the world’s largest refugee camp. Their efforts focus on children’s rights,
health, education, and protection.
• Despite the challenges, UNICEF remains committed to ensuring a better future for these
vulnerable children, advocating for their well-being and safety.7

Impact of COVID-19-The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the refugee crisis. Refugees
are often living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, making them more vulnerable to the
virus. Many refugee camps lack access to proper healthcare and sanitation, putting refugees at a
higher risk of contracting and spreading the virus.

Conclusion:
The condition of refugees is dire, with millions of people being forced to flee their homes due to
conflict, persecution, and other forms of violence. The refugee crisis is ongoing, and it is important for
us to educate ourselves and take action to help those in need. By supporting organizations, educating
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Refugees in the
Views of the World
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION J. S. P. Srivastava & Arun Kumar

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 99-106

ourselves and others, and advocating for policy change, we can make a difference in the lives of
refugees and help them rebuild their lives.
The world refugee crisis is a pressing humanitarian issue that demands urgent attention and
collective action. Here are some solutions proposed by various organizations and experts:
a) Opening Safe Routes to Sanctuary: Governments should allow refugees to reunite with their
relatives and provide them with visas. This would prevent them from risking their lives and life
savings while attempting dangerous journeys to safety.Resettlement is crucial for the most
vulnerable refugees, including torture survivors and those with serious medical
conditions. Approximately 1.2 million people urgently need this lifeline.
b) Resettling Refugees: Wealthy countries must actively participate in resettling refugees who
require it. By sharing this responsibility, we can alleviate the burden on countries hosting the
majority of refugees. Resettlement provides a chance for refugees to rebuild their lives in a safe
environment.
c) Improving Refugee Systems: Establish robust refugee systems that allow people to apply for
asylum and ensure fair treatment of their claims. Basic necessities such as education and
healthcare should be provided to refugees.
d) Global Cooperation and Visionary Leadership: The crisis requires visionary leadership and
global cooperation on an unprecedented scale. Governments, international organizations, and
civil society must work together to address the root causes and provide sustainable solutions.
Wealthy nations should increase support and funding for refugees, ensuring their protection and
well-being.
e) Addressing Freedom of Movement: Denial of “freedom of movement” is a fundamental issue for
refugees. Solutions should focus on enabling safe and legal pathways for refugees to move freely
and seek protection.
f) Advocacy and Awareness: Raising awareness about the plight of refugees is essential. Advocacy
efforts can mobilize public support and encourage governments to take meaningful action.
g) Long-Term Solutions: Beyond immediate humanitarian aid, addressing the root causes of
displacement is crucial. This involves promoting peace, stability, and development in conflict-
affected regions.
h) Protecting Asylum Seekers:Asylum seekers should be treated with dignity and respect. Their
rights to seek refuge and protection must be upheld.

References:

1 “Refugees | UNHCR,” UNHCR, 2022available at: (last visited February 22, 2024).
2 https://unsplash.com/@joyousdevil.
3 Amnesty International, “What’s the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker?”
Amnesty International Australia, 2019 available at: (last visited February 22, 2024).
4 W.P.(Crl.) No. 6 of 2021.
5 “Syrian Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR,” Unrefugees.org,
2023available at: (last visited February 22, 2024).
6 “The Rohingya: Tracking the history of today’s refugee crisis,” The New Humanitarian,
2021available at: (last visited February 22, 2024).
7 “Rohingya crisis,” Unicef.org, 2022available at: (last visited February 22, 2024).

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AI as Decision Making Facilitator
in Indian Organisations
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION P. K. Agarwal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 107-113

Plagiarism/Similarity: 08 %
st
Rec.: 10-04-24 1 PR: 17-04-24 2nd PR: 26-04-24 DOA: 10-05-24

ARTICLE

AI as Decision Making Facilitator

in Indian Organisations
P. K. Agarwal
Professor & Dean, Faculty of Commerce & Business Studies,
Motherhood University, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
E-mail: deanfocbs@motherhooduniversity.edu.in

Abstract:
AI technologies are becoming increasingly integral to the Indian business landscape, driven by supportive
government policies, evolving digital infrastructure, and the need for competitive differentiation. As AI
continues to advance, its impact on organizational decision-making and business operations in India will likely
grow, presenting both opportunities and challenges for businesses navigating this transformative era. While AI
has the potential to enhance decision-making in Indian organizations, several challenges need to be addressed.
These include varying levels of technological readiness, data quality issues, and integration with existing
decision-making processes. Understanding these challenges and their implications is crucial for effectively
leveraging AI as a decision-making facilitator in the diverse and dynamic Indian business environment. The
case studies discussed in this paper provide a comprehensive view of how AI is facilitating decision-making in
diverse Indian organizations. They offer practical lessons and implications for leaders, policymakers, and
practitioners, highlighting the transformative potential of AI while addressing associated challenges. The
significance of this study extends to organizational leaders, policymakers, and AI practitioners, providing them
with a comprehensive understanding of AI’s role in decision-making. By addressing the practical, policy, and
technical aspects of AI adoption, the study contributes to a more informed approach to leveraging AI
technologies, ultimately supporting the advancement and competitiveness of Indian organizations.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Decision Making, Indian Organisations, Operational Efficiency,
Business Intelligence

Background of Research
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various
sectors, fundamentally reshaping business environments globally, including in India. AI technologies,
encompassing machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics, have
demonstrated a profound impact on operational efficiencies, strategic decision-making, and overall
organizational effectiveness (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). The rapid advancements in AI are driving
a significant paradigm shift, enabling businesses to leverage data-driven insights and automate
complex processes that were previously managed manually (Brynjolfsson & McElheran, 2016).
India, as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, has seen a marked increase in the
adoption of AI technologies within its business landscape. The Indian government has actively
promoted AI development through initiatives such as the National AI Strategy, which aims to
position India as a global leader in AI research and application (NITI Aayog, 2018). This strategic
focus reflects the country's recognition of AI as a critical enabler of economic growth and innovation.
Indian businesses, from startups to established enterprises, are increasingly integrating AI into their
operations to enhance decision-making capabilities, improve customer experiences, and optimize
resource management (Chakraborty & Singh, 2021).

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AI as Decision Making Facilitator
in Indian Organisations
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION P. K. Agarwal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 107-113

The relevance of AI in Indian business environments can be attributed to several factors. First, the
burgeoning digital infrastructure and increasing availability of big data have provided a fertile
ground for AI technologies to thrive. According to a report by McKinsey & Company (2020), India's
data-driven economy is expected to generate substantial opportunities for AI deployment,
particularly in sectors such as healthcare, finance, and retail. Second, the competitive pressures within
the Indian market necessitate the adoption of AI-driven strategies to achieve operational excellence
and maintain a competitive edge. Organizations are leveraging AI to analyze large datasets, predict
market trends, and make informed strategic decisions that drive business growth (KPMG, 2019).
Furthermore, the rise of AI in India is also influenced by the country's vibrant tech ecosystem and the
presence of a skilled talent pool in AI and data science. Indian technology firms and research
institutions are at the forefront of AI research and development, contributing to innovations that cater
to both domestic and international markets (Sethi, 2021). This dynamic environment underscores the
increasing relevance of AI in reshaping business practices and driving economic advancement in
India.

Problem Statement
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into organizational decision-making processes represents
a significant advancement in management practices, particularly in the context of Indian
organizations. Despite the potential benefits of AI in enhancing decision-making efficiency and
accuracy, there are several challenges and gaps that need to be addressed. The problem lies in
understanding how AI technologies, while promising transformative improvements, are effectively
facilitating decision-making in the complex and diverse landscape of Indian organizations.
AI technologies offer the potential to revolutionize decision-making by providing data-driven
insights, predictive analytics, and automation of routine tasks. These capabilities can lead to more
informed and timely decisions, potentially improving organizational performance and competitive
advantage (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). However, Indian organizations face a unique set of
challenges that may impact the effectiveness of AI as a decision-making facilitator. These challenges
include varying levels of technological maturity, data quality issues, and the need for alignment
between AI tools and organizational objectives (Chakraborty & Singh, 2021).
A critical issue is the varying readiness of Indian organizations to adopt AI technologies. While some
sectors, such as finance and technology, are rapidly integrating AI into their decision-making
processes, others, particularly in traditional industries, lag in adoption due to factors such as limited
infrastructure, lack of technical expertise, and resistance to change (KPMG, 2019). This disparity
highlights a problem in achieving uniformity in AI implementation across different sectors and
organizational sizes, which can influence the overall effectiveness of AI in decision-making.
Moreover, the quality of data used by AI systems is another significant concern. AI models are
heavily dependent on the quality and quantity of data they process, and poor data quality can lead to
inaccurate predictions and biased decisions (Sethi, 2021). In the Indian context, data availability and
management practices can vary widely, impacting the reliability of AI-driven insights. Ensuring that
AI systems are trained on high-quality, relevant data is essential for effective decision-making but
remains a challenge for many organizations.
Another dimension of the problem is the integration of AI with existing decision-making frameworks
and organizational culture. AI systems must be seamlessly integrated with traditional decision-
making processes and organizational workflows to realize their full potential. This integration
requires not only technical adjustments but also cultural and procedural changes within
organizations, which can be a significant barrier to successful AI adoption (Brynjolfsson & McElheran,
2016). Organizations may struggle with aligning AI tools with their decision-making practices,
leading to suboptimal use of these technologies.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AI as Decision Making Facilitator
in Indian Organisations
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION P. K. Agarwal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 107-113

Research Objectives:
The objective of the research is to assess how AI influences decision-making processes in Indian
Organisations and how implementation of AI benefits to organisational leaders and policy makers .
Research Methodology
The objective of the research will be achieved through studing the various case studies of Indian
organisations whose has adopted Ai in their functioning. The study is Qualitative in nature and uses
secondary data to achieve its objectives.
Significance of Study
The study on AI as a decision-making facilitator in Indian organizations holds significant implications
for various stakeholders, including organizational leaders, policymakers, and AI practitioners.
Understanding the impact and effectiveness of AI in decision-making processes is crucial for driving
informed decisions, shaping policies, and optimizing AI applications in the business environment.
For organizational leaders, this study provides valuable insights into how AI technologies can
enhance decision-making capabilities and improve organizational performance. By exploring the
practical applications of AI in decision-making, leaders can better understand how to leverage these
technologies to gain a competitive edge, optimize operations, and drive innovation. The study’s
findings will help leaders identify best practices for AI implementation, address challenges related to
data quality and system integration, and develop strategies to effectively integrate AI tools with
existing decision-making frameworks (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). Moreover, understanding the
varying levels of technological readiness and the potential impact on different sectors will allow
leaders to tailor their AI adoption strategies to their specific organizational needs and industry
context (Chakraborty & Singh, 2021).
For policymakers, the study offers insights into the broader implications of AI adoption on the Indian
economy and business environment. By highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated
with AI in decision-making, policymakers can design and implement policies that promote the
responsible and effective use of AI technologies. This includes developing frameworks to address
data quality issues, supporting initiatives to enhance technological infrastructure, and fostering an
environment conducive to innovation and digital transformation (KPMG, 2019). Policymakers can
also use the study’s findings to guide investment in AI research and development, create incentives
for AI adoption, and establish regulations that ensure ethical and equitable use of AI in business
practices (NITI Aayog, 2018).
For AI practitioners, including data scientists, AI developers, and technology consultants, the study
provides practical insights into the challenges and best practices associated with AI implementation
in decision-making processes. Understanding the specific needs and obstacles faced by Indian
organizations allows practitioners to develop more effective AI solutions tailored to the local context.
The study’s findings can guide practitioners in designing AI tools that address data quality concerns,
facilitate integration with existing systems, and align with organizational goals (Sethi, 2021).
Additionally, the research highlights the importance of training and upskilling for effective AI
deployment, emphasizing the need for practitioners to stay informed about the latest advancements
and industry trends.
Case Study: HDFC Bank - AI-Driven Customer Insights and Risk Management
HDFC Bank, a prominent player in the Indian banking sector, has effectively utilized AI to enhance
its decision-making processes, particularly in customer insights and risk management. The bank
employs machine learning algorithms and predictive analytics to process vast amounts of customer
data, enabling more personalized banking services and better risk assessment. For customer insights,
AI analyzes transaction patterns, demographic information, and behavioral data to tailor product
recommendations and marketing strategies. In risk management, AI models evaluate
creditworthiness by examining historical data and transaction behavior, which aids in making more
accurate lending decisions and mitigating default risks.
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AI as Decision Making Facilitator
in Indian Organisations
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION P. K. Agarwal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 107-113

Implications for Organizational Leaders: The implementation of AI at HDFC Bank demonstrates

how AI can be harnessed to gain deeper customer insights and manage financial risks more
effectively. Organizational leaders can learn from this example the potential benefits of integrating AI
into their decision-making processes, including enhanced customer satisfaction, improved
operational efficiency, and reduced financial risk. Leaders can explore how AI-driven data analytics
can be applied to their own organizations to make informed decisions and achieve strategic goals
(Davenport & Ronanki, 2018).
Implications for Policymakers: For policymakers, the case of HDFC Bank highlights the importance
of establishing robust data protection and privacy regulations. Given the sensitive nature of financial
data used in AI applications, policymakers must ensure that regulations are in place to safeguard
consumer information and maintain trust in digital banking systems. The case also underscores the
need for support mechanisms that encourage financial institutions to adopt AI technologies
responsibly (KPMG, 2019).
Implications for AI Practitioners: AI practitioners can draw insights from HDFC Bank’s approach to
integrating AI in customer insights and risk management. The practical challenges encountered, such
as ensuring data quality and model accuracy, provide valuable lessons for developing effective AI
solutions in the financial sector. Practitioners can apply these insights to optimize their AI models and
address similar issues in their own projects (Sethi, 2021).

Case Study : Flipkart - AI in Supply Chain Optimization

Flipkart, one of India’s largest e-commerce platforms, utilizes AI to optimize its supply chain
operations, including inventory management and logistics. AI algorithms predict demand based on
historical sales data, seasonal trends, and market conditions, which helps Flipkart maintain optimal
inventory levels and reduce both stockouts and overstock situations. Additionally, AI enhances
logistics by optimizing delivery routes and warehouse operations, leading to improved delivery
efficiency and cost reductions.
Implications for Organizational Leaders: The use of AI in Flipkart’s supply chain management
illustrates how AI can drive operational efficiencies and cost savings. Organizational leaders can
leverage this case to understand how AI can be applied to streamline supply chain processes,
improve resource management, and enhance customer satisfaction. Leaders can consider adopting
similar AI technologies to optimize their own supply chains and gain a competitive advantage
(Brynjolfsson & McElheran, 2016).
Implications for Policymakers: For policymakers, Flipkart’s case highlights the need for
infrastructure and technological support to facilitate AI adoption in e-commerce and logistics.
Policymakers can use this example to advocate for investments in digital infrastructure and to create
policies that support the growth of AI in these sectors. Such initiatives can help businesses overcome
barriers to AI adoption and drive digital transformation (NITI Aayog, 2018).
Implications for AI Practitioners: AI practitioners can benefit from understanding Flipkart’s
strategies for implementing AI in a complex and large-scale supply chain environment. The case
provides insights into effective data integration, model training, and system scalability. Practitioners
can apply these lessons to develop and deploy AI solutions that address similar challenges in other e-
commerce or logistics settings (Chakraborty & Singh, 2021).

Case Study: Reliance Industries - AI in Energy Sector Decision-Making

Reliance Industries, a major conglomerate with interests in petrochemicals and energy, has integrated
AI into its decision-making processes to enhance operational efficiency and safety. AI is used for
predictive maintenance, where machine learning models predict equipment failures and schedule
maintenance activities, reducing downtime and operational costs. Additionally, AI systems analyze

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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AI as Decision Making Facilitator
in Indian Organisations
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION P. K. Agarwal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 107-113

energy consumption patterns to optimize energy usage across various facilities, contributing to cost
savings and sustainability efforts.
Implications for Organizational Leaders: Reliance Industries’ use of AI in predictive maintenance
and energy management demonstrates how AI can improve operational reliability and contribute to
sustainability goals. Organizational leaders can learn from this case how AI technologies can be
applied to industrial settings to enhance maintenance practices, optimize energy consumption, and
support long-term sustainability initiatives. These insights can help leaders make strategic decisions
regarding AI investments and applications (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018).
Implications for Policymakers: The case highlights the role of AI in advancing industrial safety and
environmental sustainability. Policymakers can use this example to promote the adoption of AI in
energy and industrial sectors, encouraging policies that support technological advancements and
sustainability practices. This case underscores the potential for AI to address critical issues in
industrial operations and contribute to broader environmental goals (KPMG, 2019).
Implications for AI Practitioners: AI practitioners can gain valuable insights from Reliance
Industries’ implementation of AI in an industrial context. The case offers lessons on managing data
integration, ensuring model accuracy, and scaling AI solutions to meet the demands of large-scale
operations. Practitioners can apply these lessons to develop and refine AI technologies for industrial
applications, addressing challenges specific to this sector (Sethi, 2021).

Case Study : Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) - AI in IT Services and Consulting

Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), a leading IT services company in India, has integrated AI into its
service delivery and consulting processes to enhance efficiency and innovation. TCS employs AI for
automating IT operations, optimizing client solutions, and providing strategic insights. For instance,
TCS uses its AI platform, Ignio, to automate IT infrastructure management, perform root-cause
analysis, and predict system failures before they impact business operations.
Implications for Organizational Leaders: The use of AI at TCS demonstrates how AI can be
leveraged to drive operational excellence and client satisfaction in the IT services sector.
Organizational leaders can learn from TCS’s approach to integrating AI in managing IT infrastructure
and delivering client solutions. This case highlights the potential for AI to streamline operations,
reduce costs, and provide a competitive edge in the IT consulting industry (Davenport & Ronanki,
2018).
Implications for Policymakers: For policymakers, TCS’s case underscores the importance of fostering
an environment conducive to AI innovation in the IT sector. This includes supporting research and
development initiatives, creating favorable regulatory frameworks, and promoting collaboration
between industry and academia. Policymakers can use this example to advocate for policies that
encourage the growth of AI technologies and their applications in various sectors (NITI Aayog, 2018).
Implications for AI Practitioners: AI practitioners can draw valuable insights from TCS’s
implementation of AI in IT services. The case provides practical examples of automating complex IT
processes, managing large-scale data, and developing AI platforms for operational efficiency.
Practitioners can apply these lessons to their own projects, focusing on similar challenges in IT service
management (Chakraborty & Singh, 2021).

Case Study : Mahindra Group - AI in Agriculture and Rural Development

The Mahindra Group, a diversified Indian multinational, has employed AI to address challenges in
agriculture and rural development through its subsidiary, Mahindra Agribusiness. AI technologies
are used to enhance crop yield predictions, optimize agricultural practices, and support rural farmers.
For example, Mahindra has implemented AI-driven platforms that analyze weather patterns, soil
conditions, and crop health to provide actionable insights to farmers.

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Language: English & Hindi Journal Website: mhujournal.in
MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AI as Decision Making Facilitator
in Indian Organisations
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION P. K. Agarwal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 107-113

Implications for Organizational Leaders: Mahindra Group’s use of AI in agriculture illustrates how
technology can transform traditional sectors and drive rural development. Organizational leaders in
agriculture and related fields can learn from this case how AI can be used to enhance productivity,
support sustainable practices, and improve the livelihoods of farmers. This case demonstrates the
potential for AI to create significant social and economic impact in rural areas (Brynjolfsson &
McElheran, 2016).
Implications for Policymakers: For policymakers, Mahindra’s case highlights the role of AI in
advancing agricultural practices and rural development. Policymakers can use this example to
advocate for initiatives that support the adoption of AI in agriculture, including subsidies for
technology adoption, infrastructure development, and training programs for farmers. The case
underscores the potential for AI to contribute to agricultural productivity and rural economic growth
(KPMG, 2019).
Implications for AI Practitioners: AI practitioners can gain insights from Mahindra Group’s
approach to applying AI in agriculture. The case offers lessons on developing AI solutions for rural
and agricultural contexts, including challenges related to data collection, model accuracy, and
integration with traditional farming practices. Practitioners can apply these insights to design and
implement AI technologies tailored to similar environments (Sethi, 2021).

Case Study : Zomato - AI in Food Delivery and Restaurant Management

Zomato, a leading food delivery and restaurant discovery platform in India, utilizes AI to enhance its
services, optimize delivery operations, and improve user experience. AI algorithms are employed to
personalize restaurant recommendations, predict delivery times, and optimize routing for delivery
drivers. Additionally, Zomato uses AI to analyze customer feedback and reviews to provide insights
to restaurants for improving their offerings.
Implications for Organizational Leaders: The application of AI by Zomato illustrates how technology
can improve customer engagement, streamline operations, and enhance service delivery in the food
and beverage industry. Organizational leaders in similar sectors can learn how AI can be leveraged to
personalize customer experiences, optimize logistical operations, and support business growth. This
case highlights the strategic advantages of incorporating AI into customer-facing and operational
processes (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018).
Implications for Policymakers: For policymakers, Zomato’s use of AI in food delivery underscores
the importance of supporting digital infrastructure and technology adoption in consumer services.
Policymakers can use this case to advocate for policies that promote the growth of digital platforms,
support innovation in the food service industry, and ensure fair practices in AI-driven service
delivery (NITI Aayog, 2018).
Implications for AI Practitioners: AI practitioners can benefit from understanding Zomato’s
strategies for implementing AI in a competitive and fast-paced industry. The case provides practical
insights into optimizing delivery logistics, personalizing customer interactions, and managing large-
scale data. Practitioners can apply these lessons to enhance AI solutions in similar consumer-focused
environments (Chakraborty & Singh, 2021).

Conclusion
The research paper on AI as a Decision-Making Facilitator in Indian Organizations underscores the
transformative potential of artificial intelligence in enhancing organizational decision-making
processes across various sectors. The integration of AI technologies has proven to be a pivotal factor
in improving decision accuracy, operational efficiency, and strategic foresight. Through detailed case
studies and analysis, it is evident that AI can significantly influence decision-making, from
optimizing supply chains and financial risk management to personalizing customer experiences and
advancing agricultural practices.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AI as Decision Making Facilitator
in Indian Organisations
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION P. K. Agarwal

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 107-113

The case studies presented - ranging from HDFC Bank’s use of AI for customer insights and risk
management to Flipkart’s AI-driven supply chain optimization, and Reliance Industries’ predictive
maintenance and energy management - demonstrate the diverse applications and benefits of AI in
Indian organizations. Each case highlights how AI technologies can address specific operational
challenges, drive innovation, and support strategic decision-making. The findings indicate that AI,
when implemented effectively, can lead to substantial improvements in operational efficiency, cost
reduction, and enhanced customer satisfaction.
AI stands as a powerful enabler of decision-making in Indian organizations, with the potential to
drive significant improvements across various sectors. As organizations continue to embrace AI
technologies, understanding their implications and addressing associated challenges will be crucial
for maximizing the benefits of AI. By leveraging the insights gained from this research, stakeholders
can better navigate the complexities of AI integration, harness its full potential, and contribute to the
ongoing evolution of decision-making practices in the Indian business landscape.

Future Research Directions

While this study provides a comprehensive overview of AI as a decision-making facilitator, future
research could explore emerging trends and technologies in AI, such as advancements in generative
AI, ethical considerations in AI decision-making, and the impact of AI on job roles and organizational
structures. Additionally, longitudinal studies assessing the long-term effects of AI implementation on
organizational performance and competitive advantage would offer deeper insights into the evolving
role of AI in business.

References
• Brynjolfsson, E., & McElheran, K. (2016). The digitization of business: What are the implications?
Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 34(2), 154-164.
• Chakraborty, A., & Singh, A. (2021). Artificial intelligence and its implications for Indian
businesses. Indian Journal of Economics and Business, 20(1), 45-62.
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Plagiarism/Similarity: 10 %
st
Rec.: 10-04-24 1 PR: 17-04-24 2nd PR: 26-04-24 DOA: 08-05-24

ARTICLE

Legal Aspects of Third Gender

(Ancient to Modern Era)
Snehashish Bhardwaj
Assistant Professor, Motherhood University, Roorkee

Abstract:
This paper investigates the legal and social recognition of the third gender in India, commonly known as hijras,
eunuchs, or intersex individuals. It traces the evolution from ancient recognition of non-binary gender
identities to contemporary legal frameworks that have only recently begun to acknowledge and protect these
communities. The study examines the development of societal and legal perceptions, focusing on significant
judicial decisions and legislative milestones, including the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India
case and the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. It also explores the socio-legal challenges
faced by transgender individuals, such as prejudice, healthcare disparities, and limited legal recognition.
Furthermore, this research highlights the critical need for robust legal protections, equitable healthcare access,
and social acceptance to address discrimination and improve the socio-economic status of transgender people. It
emphasizes the importance of legal reforms and evolving societal norms in fostering a more inclusive and
accepting society. The study underscores that achieving justice and equality for transgender individuals
requires a rights-based approach and calls for social reform and the integration of the transgender community
into mainstream society. By promoting diversity, inclusivity, and equal opportunities, this paper aims to
contribute to the creation of an environment where transgender individuals can live with dignity and respect,
free from bias and discrimination.
Keywords: Transgender, Third Gender, Indian Laws, Socio-Economic Challenges, Legal Milestones,
Inclusivity, Equity, Discrimination.

Introduction:
The term "Third Gender" describes individuals who do not conform to the conventional male or
female classifications. Instead, they may identify as neither, both, or a completely different gender.
This broad category includes those whose gender identity, expression, or behavior does not align
with the sex they were assigned at birth or their biological sex. Biologically, sex is usually categorized
as male, female, or one of several intersex variations that may present chromosomal and anatomical
differences. Nonetheless, gender identity and societal roles often extend beyond these biological
definitions, reflecting complex personal and cultural perceptions.
In numerous societies, including India, gender roles and identities are not always clearly delineated.
Although ancient Indian texts and traditions have long acknowledged non-binary genders, modern
legal systems have only recently started to recognize and protect these individuals. In India, the third
gender—commonly known as hijras, eunuchs, or intersex individuals—has a deep and complex
historical and cultural significance.
Gender influences many aspects of everyday life, including personal identity and public interactions.
It dictates elements such as names, clothing, behaviors, and occupations. Gender is also a prominent
feature in official documents like birth certificates and ID cards, with many societal structures, such
as public restrooms and transportation, being strictly gender-segregated.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Legal Aspects of Third Gender
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

Transgender individuals, whose gender identity or expression differs from their assigned sex at birth,
often face considerable challenges. They may encounter discrimination in workplaces, public
services, and healthcare, where legal protections are frequently insufficient. This paper examines the
development of legal recognition and rights for the third gender in India, focusing on historical,
social, and legal aspects that have influenced their status.
By reviewing historical developments, key judicial rulings, and recent legislation, the study sheds
light on the ongoing difficulties and future opportunities for the third gender in India. It discusses
critical legal milestones, including the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India case and
the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. The research underscores the urgent need
for strong legal safeguards, fair healthcare access, and social acceptance to combat discrimination and
enhance the socio-economic conditions of transgender individuals. It advocates for legal reforms and
societal adjustments to create a more inclusive environment where transgender people can enjoy
dignity, respect, and equal opportunities, free from prejudice and discrimination.

Background of the Research

Ancient Recognition and Cultural Context
The notion of non-binary genders is deeply embedded in Indian history, as seen in ancient texts like
the Vedas, Manusmriti, and Kama Sutra, which acknowledge gender identities beyond the traditional
male and female categories. Historical evidence shows that individuals classified as hijras, eunuchs,
or intersex held important cultural and societal roles across different dynasties and civilizations. They
were often honored and actively engaged in religious ceremonies and royal courts, illustrating a
complex integration of non-binary identities into cultural practices.
Colonial Era and Legal Suppression
During the British colonial period, legislation such as the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 marginalized
and criminalized hijras, leading to considerable legal and social suppression. This period marked a
significant departure from their previously recognized roles, solidifying prejudices that persisted into
the post-colonial era. The legal framework established during colonial rule continued to overlook and
inadequately protect third-gender rights even after independence.
Third Gender in India
In modern India, individuals referred to as "Hijras" or "Kinnar," including eunuchs, intersex, and
transgender people, are officially recognized as a third gender. The 2011 Census estimated the
transgender population in India to be around 4.9 lakh. A landmark judgment in April 2014 saw the
Supreme Court recognize transgender individuals as a third gender in the case of National Legal
Services Authority v. Union of India. This ruling marked a significant milestone, though challenges
persist.
Hijra communities, often organized under the leadership of a guru, are typically structured and have
formed over generations. These communities often consist of individuals who have been
marginalized or rejected by their families, leading to severe poverty. Many transgender individuals
lack support from their biological families, which exacerbates their socio-economic difficulties.
Legal Recognition and Legislative Framework
This research investigates the development of legal recognition for the third gender in India, focusing
on key events such as the Supreme Court's 2014 NALSA decision, which validated the rights of
transgender individuals to self-identify. It also reviews subsequent legislative advancements,
including the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, which covers aspects such as
identity documentation, anti-discrimination measures, and access to healthcare, education, and
employment. Additionally, the research compares different state-level policies and their effects on the
third-gender community.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Legal Aspects of Third Gender
(Ancient to Modern Era)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

Challenges in Implementation
Despite legal progress, the practical application of third-gender rights in India faces significant
barriers. These include bureaucratic delays in obtaining legal recognition, inadequate awareness
among government officials, societal stigma resulting in discrimination in healthcare and
employment, and obstacles to accessing justice. The paper uses case studies and qualitative data to
illustrate these issues and the experiences of third-gender individuals dealing with the legal system.
Social and Economic Issues
Beyond legal recognition, third-gender individuals in India face multiple layers of discrimination
related to caste, class, and regional disparities. This section examines how these intersecting factors
worsen social exclusion, restrict access to education and economic opportunities, and lead to higher
levels of poverty and marginalization. It also reviews efforts to address these challenges, promote
social inclusion, and support economic empowerment within the third-gender community
Employment of Third Gender
Transgender individuals often struggle to secure formal employment and, when they do, they
frequently face significant challenges in the workplace. These individuals are particularly vulnerable
to ostracization and harassment, which can lead to job loss. For example, a transgender principal in
West Bengal had to resign due to lack of support from her employer and colleagues, while a job
applicant was denied employment by Air India because of her gender, leading her to seek mercy-
killing from the President. Such instances highlight the severe discrimination and exclusion faced by
the transgender community. In 2017, Kochi Metro Rail Limited hired twenty-three transgender
employees, but eight left their jobs within a month due to difficulty finding accommodation, as their
employer did not have a legal obligation to assist them in fighting discrimination.
Transgender individuals face significant discrimination in the workplace, including breaches of
privacy, failure to be hired, and harassment, all of which can lead to unemployment, poverty, and
economic hardship.
For instance, in the case of Nangai v. Superintendent of Police, the petitioner, who had applied for a
position as a Woman Police Constable, successfully passed the recruitment tests. However, during
training, a medical exam identified her as "transgender" based on her genitalia and chromosomal
pattern, conflicting with her birth certificate and medical history. Despite this, the High Court upheld
her right to choose her gender, and the termination order was overturned. There is a strong business
case for including LGBTQ individuals in Indian workplaces, particularly focusing on transgender
inclusion. Corporate should be encouraged to initiate discussions on this topic. Statistics underscore
the need for such dialogue:
• Transgender people in India are among the most discriminated and vulnerable groups.
• Nationwide efforts to support the transgender community are lacking. While there are 249
government schemes accessible to transgender individuals, only the "Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU GKY)" specifically includes them as beneficiaries.
• 92% of India's transgender population is unable to engage in any economic activity

Objectives of the Research

• To understand the present situation and rights of transgender individuals in India, including
their socio-economic conditions and legal standing.
• To trace the historical legal treatment and evolution of third-gender rights in India from ancient
times to the present.
• To analyze the progression of legal recognition and rights for third-gender individuals, including
the impact of contemporary legal frameworks on their lives.
• To examine the challenges faced by transgender communities and identify gaps in current legal
protections, suggesting areas for future improvement.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Legal Aspects of Third Gender
(Ancient to Modern Era)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

Methodology
By analyzing secondary data from various legal databases and scholarly literature, this research aims
to provide insights into the challenges and progress related to third-gender legal rights and
recognition.
National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India [WP (Civil) No 400 of 2012]
This landmark Supreme Court decision declared that transgender individuals, recognized as the
'Third Gender,' are entitled to constitutional rights and the freedom to self-identify their gender. It
marked a significant step towards gender equality in India. The Court also ruled that transgender
individuals should receive reservations in educational institutions and employment due to their
classification as a socially and economically disadvantaged group.
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
The essence of the Indian Constitution's equality framework is the guarantee of "life enjoyment and
equal opportunity for all citizens, regardless of race, caste, religion, community, social status, or
gender." Fundamental to this is the recognition of the "right to choice and self-determination,"
including the right to identify one's gender, which is central to individual dignity.
Indian laws have traditionally been binary, recognizing only male and female genders. However, in
the case of National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, the Supreme Court, on April 15, 2014,
recognized transgender individuals as the 'Third Gender' under the Constitution, extending legal
rights to them. This non-recognition within the legal framework has led to widespread socio-
economic discrimination and prejudice. In response, the Indian Parliament enacted the Transgender
Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, which was introduced on December 12, 2014, and passed on
April 24, 2015. The Act mandates that no government or private entity can discriminate against
transgender people in employment, and requires entities to appoint complaint officers for handling
grievances.
The Act imposes positive obligations on stakeholders to ensure:
1. Prevention of discrimination against transgender individuals.
2. Recognition of self-identity and the right to obtain an identity certificate from state authorities.
3. Implementation of welfare measures, including education, social security, and healthcare.
4. Rescue, rehabilitation, and right of residence by state governments.
5. Compliance by establishments with the Act's provisions, including non-discrimination in
employment and grievance redressal mechanisms.
6. Formation of the National Council for Transgender Persons to advise on policies, monitor impact,
and address grievances.
7. Penalties for crimes against transgender persons, including forced labor, denial of public access,
and other forms of abuse.
While the Act represents a step toward inclusion, it is not comprehensive and only a preliminary
measure. The effectiveness of this legislation in achieving full inclusion and addressing the challenges
faced by transgender individuals will require continued effort and adherence to its provisions. The
Act does not fully address the consequences of new gender status on various rights and lacks
detailed guidelines on compliance and accountability.

Recent Developments
Recent legal and societal advancements for the Hijra community in India reflect significant progress.
The law has criminalized various forms of discrimination and prejudice against Hijras, prohibiting
their forced begging or eviction from their homes. It has also established a committee to support
Hijras in pursuing education by providing scholarships and textbooks, and recognized them as
socially and economically disadvantaged, qualifying them for benefits under India's Affirmative

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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

Action program. Meanwhile under the positive initiative of the Bihar government Madhu Kashyap &
two other transgender have achieved success in the recruitment(2024) of inspector after gave
reservation. Beyond legal strides, societal acceptance and integration of Hijras have seen notable
improvements. Key achievements include:
• Joyita Mondal becoming India’s first third-gender judge.
• Tamil Nadu Police Services appointing India’s first Hijra police officer.
• Natasha Biswas winning India’s first third-gender beauty pageant.
• Kochi Metro Rail Ltd. becoming the first public company to employ Hijras on a large scale.
• Kerala formulating India’s first transgender policy in 2015 to protect the community from
discrimination.
• In 2018, VLCC trained nearly two dozen trans individuals as beauty therapists, and held a gender
sensitization workshop for its staff.
These success stories signify a shift in societal attitudes towards the Hijra community. However,
deep-rooted stigmas and discrimination continue to challenge their full integration. Addressing these
issues requires sustained efforts in both legal reforms and societal change to eliminate historical
oppression and create an inclusive society for all gender identities and sexual orientations.
Key Developments Leading to the Act
The legislative journey for transgender rights in India includes several key milestones:
• Rights of Transgender Bill, 2014: Introduced in response to the NALSA judgment, this bill faced
criticism for its provisions and was opposed by transgender activists.
• Rights for Transgender Persons Bill, 2015: Revised from the 2014 Bill, it addressed some
objections but still faced challenges.
• Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016: Presented in the Lok Sabha, this version
also received criticism.
• Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019: After extensive revisions, this Act was
enacted in 2019, defining transgender individuals and including protections across nine clauses
and 23 sub-clauses.
• Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020: Issued in August 2020, these rules
established the National Council for Transgender Persons to oversee implementation and ensure
protection against discrimination in various sectors.
Reservations Policy for Transgender Persons in India
The legislative efforts to ensure socio-economic inclusion for transgender persons have included a 2%
reservation in employment opportunities across all sectors. This policy aims to address historical
marginalization and discrimination by providing equal opportunities and fostering diversity in the
workforce.
Problems Faced by Transgender Communities in India
Transgender individuals in India encounter numerous challenges:
• Marginalization and Social Exclusion: Stigma and discrimination lead to exclusion from family
and public spaces, affecting mental well-being.
• Harassment in Educational Institutions: Bullying and lack of support result in high dropout
rates and lower literacy rates.
• Workplace Discrimination and Economic Challenges: Employment discrimination leads to
limited job opportunities, low wages, and economic instability.
• Homelessness: Rejection and discrimination often lead to homelessness, with inadequate access
to safe shelters.
• Healthcare Barriers: Limited availability and coverage for gender-affirming treatments create
healthcare disparities.
• Psychological Distress: Stigma, discrimination, and societal rejection contribute to mental health
issues such as anxiety and depression
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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

Hindu Personal Laws in Marriage

• In Hinduism, marriage is a crucial samskara (ritual); it is considered essential for every Hindu. A
man is deemed incomplete without a wife, who is seen as completing him. The Brahmanas have
stated, “The wife is verily the half of the husband.” According to Hindu Vedic Scriptures, there
are eight recognized forms of marriage: brahma, asura, daiva, arsha, prajapatya, paisaca,
rakshasa, and gandharva. Gandharva marriage, which is based on mutual love and affection, is
commonly accepted and can include third gender individuals, provided the relevant ceremonies
and customs are observed.
• In ancient Vedic society, third gender individuals were granted all fundamental rights, including
the right to marry. The "Kamasutra" also acknowledges the existence and marriage of third
gender citizens. However, there is no single, universally accepted definition of marriage.
Different authors offer various definitions: Edward Westermarck in his History of Human Marriage
describes marriage as “the more or less durable connection between male and female lasting
beyond the mere act of propagation till after the birth of offspring.” Malinowski considers it a
“contract for the production and maintenance of children,” while Robert H. Lowie defines it as “a
relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.”
• The Hindu Marriage Act, Section 5, sets conditions for a valid marriage, including the
requirement that the bridegroom be at least twenty-one years old and the bride at least eighteen.
This raises questions about the recognition of third gender individuals in marriage roles—
whether as bride or bridegroom. The Supreme Court's judgment in the National Legal Service
Authority case recognized third gender people as a distinct category, apart from the traditional
male and female classifications. This recognition includes civil rights such as voting, education,
contesting elections, marriage, inheritance, and adoption.
• Despite these advancements, the third gender community faces numerous challenges regarding
marriage and other rights, requiring comprehensive solutions reflected in policies, laws, and
societal attitudes. A significant issue is the difficulty third gender individuals face in updating
their gender on official records post-surgery, which complicates the exercise of their rights.
Although the Supreme Court's judgment acknowledges their rights, it has not fully resolved
these issues.
• There is currently no specific law governing third gender marriages. The General Clauses Act,
1897, states that masculine terms include females unless specified otherwise, and Section 377 of
the Indian Penal Code (till 2018)criminalizes same-sex relationships, defining them as "unnatural
offences" punishable by up to ten years in prison. Sexual intercourse, being a part of marriage,
poses legal challenges for third gender individuals, as existing legislation does not align with the
Supreme Court's judgment. For effective implementation, amendments in related laws are
necessary. Even the Marriage Registration Act does not recognize a separate category for the
third gender.
• While India has no explicit law on same-sex or transgender marriage, Nepal, with a population of
just 30 million, has made significant strides by registering its first-ever transgender marriage.
This highlights a disparity between discussions on equal rights and the actual legal framework in
India
Analysis and Discussion
The legal approach to third gender rights differs greatly across various nations and regions,
influenced by diverse legal frameworks and societal acceptance. Key aspects of legal considerations
and progress in third gender rights include:
Legal Recognition:
• Identification Documents: Numerous countries are starting to recognize third gender or non-
binary options on official documents such as passports, driver's licenses, and birth certificates.

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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

• Civil Rights: Ensuring that individuals can access services, healthcare, education, and
employment without experiencing discrimination based on their gender identity.
Anti-Discrimination Laws:
• Inclusion: Integrating gender identity and expression into anti-discrimination and hate crime
laws to protect third gender individuals from bias and violence.
Marriage and Family Rights:
• Legal Clarifications: Establishing the rights related to marriage, adoption, and parental roles for
third gender individuals and their families.
Healthcare:
• Inclusive Services: Ensuring healthcare services are inclusive and cater to the needs of third
gender individuals, including gender-affirming treatments.
Legal Gender Recognition:
• Recognition Procedures: Creating procedures for legal gender recognition that are accessible,
transparent, and based on self-determination rather than requiring medical or psychological
diagnoses.
Prison and Justice Systems:
• Safety and Fair Treatment: Implementing policies to ensure the safety and fair treatment of third
gender individuals within prisons and the justice system.
Education and Employment:
• Non-Discrimination Policies: Enforcing policies that prevent discrimination and guarantee
equal opportunities in education and employment for third gender individuals.
International Law:
• Global Advocacy: Advancing the recognition of third gender rights internationally through
organizations such as the United Nations and regional human rights entities.
Countries like India, Nepal, Germany, and Canada have made significant progress in legally
acknowledging third gender identities and providing appropriate rights and protections. However,
many regions continue to face challenges related to legal recognition, societal acceptance, and the
safeguarding of third gender rights.
Ancient and Medieval Legal Recognition
• Ancient Texts and Laws: Historical scriptures and laws offered varied perspectives on third
gender individuals.
• Cultural and Religious Influence: Religion and culture significantly influenced societal attitudes
toward third gender individuals.

Colonial Impact and Legal Marginalization

• British Legal Framework: British colonial laws affected the status of third gender individuals.
• Post-Colonial Continuation: Examining the persistence of colonial-era laws and attitudes in
post-independence India.

Modern Legal Milestones

Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi (2009): The decriminalization of homosexuality and its
impact on third gender rights.
In this landmark case, the Delhi High Court decriminalized homosexual acts by declaring Section 377
of the Indian Penal Code unconstitutional as it applied to consensual same-sex relations. This ruling
was a significant shift in India's legal framework, emphasizing the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals.

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

Impact on Third Gender Rights:

• Legal Precedent: The ruling established a precedent for challenging discriminatory laws affecting
LGBTQ+ individuals, including the third gender. It highlighted the need for wider legal reforms
to safeguard sexual minorities.
• Social and Legal Visibility: By decriminalizing homosexuality, the case enhanced visibility and
paved the way for greater legal and social recognition of the third gender and other LGBTQ+
communities.
• Influence on Subsequent Legislation: The decision shaped future legislation and judicial
interpretations related to LGBTQ+ rights, contributing to the legal recognition of the third
gender, as seen in the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India case.

Overall, the Naz Foundation case was a pivotal moment for advancing human rights protections and
legal recognition for third-gender and LGBTQ+ individuals in India.

National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014): The legal recognition of the
third gender.
In this landmark Supreme Court decision, the court officially recognized a third gender under the
Indian Constitution, marking a major advancement in legal and social acceptance.
Key Points:
• Legal Recognition: The Supreme Court ruled that transgender people have the right to be
acknowledged as a third gender, separate from male and female classifications. This recognition
extends to their civil rights, including access to education, employment, and legal identity.
• Constitutional Rights: The judgment affirmed that transgender individuals are entitled to
fundamental rights, including the ability to self-identify their gender. It underscored their
entitlement to equal protection under the law and freedom from discrimination.
• Impact on Legislation: This case set the stage for further legal reforms, such as the Transgender
Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. It emphasized the need for comprehensive policies to
protect and support the rights and welfare of transgender individuals.
Overall, the NALSA ruling was crucial in legally recognizing the third gender and establishing a
foundation for future legal and social advancements in India.

Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019:

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was introduced to protect the rights of
transgender individuals in India. Here’s a summary of its key provisions, strengths, and limitations:
Key Provisions:
• Identity Recognition: The Act enables transgender individuals to self-identify their gender and
mandates the issuance of a certificate by the government to officially recognize this identity.
• Anti-Discrimination: It forbids discrimination against transgender persons in areas like
education, employment, healthcare, and public services.
• Violence Protection: The Act includes safeguards against harassment and violence, ensuring the
security and safety of transgender individuals.
• Welfare Support: It provides for the creation of welfare schemes to offer financial aid and
support for the socio-economic advancement of transgender persons.
• Grievance Redressal: A National Council for Transgender Persons is established to handle
complaints and suggest policy improvements.
Strengths:
• Legal Acknowledgment: The Act formally recognizes the right of transgender individuals to self-
identify, aiding their integration into legal and social systems.
• Discrimination Prevention: It lays a legal foundation for fighting discrimination and abuse,
promoting equal opportunities for transgender individuals.

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OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

• Socio-Economic Support: By setting up welfare provisions, the Act seeks to enhance the socio-
economic status of transgender persons.

Limitations:
• Implementation Challenges: Effectively putting the Act’s provisions into practice has proven
difficult, particularly in ensuring compliance and access to benefits.
• Narrow Focus: The Act has been criticized for not fully addressing all facets of transgender
rights, such as the need for gender-affirming healthcare.
• Certification Issues: The process of obtaining a certificate for self-identification can be
burdensome and stigmatizing, potentially creating obstacles rather than facilitating recognition.
In summary, while the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, is a major advancement
in recognizing and safeguarding transgender rights, it faces obstacles related to implementation
and scope.

Contemporary Challenges and Future Directions

• Implementation Gaps: Issues in the enforcement of laws designed to protect third gender rights.
• Social and Economic Challenges: Ongoing discrimination and socio-economic issues faced by
third gender individuals.
• Future Legal Reforms: Suggestions for enhancing legal protections and promoting inclusivity.

Recommendations
• Public Awareness and Sensitization: Initiate broad awareness campaigns to educate the public
about transgender rights, correct misconceptions, and foster empathy and understanding
towards the transgender community.
• Education and Literacy Promotion: Increase educational opportunities and literacy programs
tailored to the needs of transgender individuals, equipping them with the necessary knowledge,
skills, and resources for their personal and professional development.
• Healthcare Access and Affordability : Enhance access to inclusive and culturally sensitive
healthcare services, including hormone therapy, gender-affirming procedures, and mental health
support, by addressing barriers such as cost, prejudice, and lack of awareness among healthcare
providers.
Conclusion
This research offers a detailed examination of the status and development of third-gender rights in
India, drawing from secondary data and specified objectives.
Current Status: The study reveals that, although there has been notable progress in the legal
recognition of transgender individuals, their socio-economic conditions remain unstable. Legislative
measures, such as the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, have advanced their
rights, but many transgender individuals still face ongoing discrimination, inadequate healthcare,
and limited economic opportunities.
Historical Context: Analyzing the historical treatment of third-gender individuals uncovers a
complex evolution. Ancient Indian texts recognized the existence and roles of non-binary genders,
yet colonial policies marginalized these groups. Since independence, legal frameworks have only
recently begun to address these issues, reflecting a growing understanding of gender diversity.
Legal Evolution: The advancement of legal recognition for transgender individuals in India has been
marked by key court rulings and legislative changes. Significant cases, such as the National Legal
Services Authority v. Union of India (2014), and the enactment of the Transgender Persons
(Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, have formalized third-gender rights. However, these advancements
highlight the ongoing need for effective implementation to drive meaningful change.

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Legal Aspects of Third Gender
(Ancient to Modern Era)
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Snehashish Bhardwaj

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|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 114-123

Challenges and Gaps: Despite these legal developments, significant challenges remain. Issues such
as bureaucratic delays, social stigma, and inadequate healthcare services continue to negatively
impact transgender individuals. There are clear gaps in legal protections, particularly in gender-
affirming healthcare and employment, which require further legislative attention.
Future Directions: Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy. Enhancing legal
protections, increasing public awareness, improving healthcare access, and promoting economic
empowerment are essential steps towards creating a more equitable society for transgender
individuals. Ongoing advocacy and reform are crucial for closing the identified gaps and ensuring
that all individuals, regardless of gender identity, can fully realize their rights and potential.
In summary, while there has been progress in recognizing and safeguarding the rights of third-
gender individuals in India, substantial work is still needed to address existing challenges and gaps.
By leveraging historical insights and legal advancements and tackling systemic issues, India can
progress towards a more inclusive and just society.

References
Pandey, R. (1969). Hindu Samskaras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments (2nd ed.). Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
Bhaurao Shankar Lokhande & Anr v. State of Maharashtra & Anr., AIR 1965 SC 1564.
Wilhelm, A. D. (2004). Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex: Understanding Homosexuality, Transgender
Identity, and Intersex Conditions Through Hinduism. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation
Bhardwaj, S. (2020). Legal and social perspectives on transgender rights in India. Journal of Gender
Studies, 29(3), 303-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1790705
Choudhury, M. (2018). Transgender rights in India: Progress and challenges. Indian Journal of Law and
Social Sciences, 15(1), 45-60.
Government of India. (2019). The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment. Retrieved from https://www.socialjustice.gov.in/acts-and-
rules/transgender-persons-act-2019
Gupta, A. (2021). Intersectionality and the third gender: A critical analysis of social exclusion in India. South
Asian Review, 42(2), 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2021.1933548
Kumar, R. (2017). NALSA v. Union of India: The path to gender recognition. Supreme Court Review,
19(4), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2997889
N. Pautunthang. (2024). International Journal of Multidisciplinary : April 2024 DOI:
10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n04.005.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380124361
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. (Dec.2019). Government of India. Retrieved
from http://www.lawmin.gov.in
Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of Delhi. (2009). Delhi High Court. Retrieved from
http://delhihighcourt.nic.in
Mr. X vs. Hospital Z, AIR 1999 SC 495.
Manusmriti IX, 64-68.
National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, WP (Civil) No. 400 of 2012. (2014). Supreme
Court of India. Retrieved from http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in

*** ***

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Student’s Preference
towards Online Learning
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Elsa Mary Scaria

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 124-127

Plagiarism/Similarity: 10 %
st
Rec.: 10-04-24 1 PR: 17-04-24 2nd PR: 26-04-24 DOA: 08-05-24

ARTICLE

Student’s Preference towards Online Learning

Elsa Mary Scaria
Asstant Professor, BVM Holy Cross College Cherpunkal
Email: elizamary500@gmail.com & Mobile: Mob: 9447683977

Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the preference of agricultural students in India towards online learning after the
Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic forced educational institutions to adopt online platforms, raising questions
about their effectiveness, particularly in developing countries facing limited access to technology. This research
explores the perceptions and preferences of agricultural students in India towards online learning, addressing
the impact of technical limitations in this context. An online survey of 250 students will be conducted to
understand their experiences and preferences for various attributes of online classes. The results will inform the
design of effective online learning environments tailored to the needs of agricultural students in India.
Keywords: Online Learning, Student and Student Preferences.

Introduction
The sudden eruption of the COVID-19 pandemic across the globe triggered an unprecedented
disruption in educational systems worldwide. To safeguard students from viral transmission risks
inherent in densely populated learning environments, numerous countries mandated the closure of
all educational institutions. This abrupt shift from traditional classroom settings to online learning
platforms presented a unique set of challenges for educators and students alike
In the initial stages of the pandemic (around February 2020), school closures were primarily
concentrated in China and a few other heavily affected countries. However, by March 10th, 2020, the
situation had escalated dramatically, with school and university closures impacting an estimated one
in five students globally. According to UNESCO's data published in April 2020, nationwide closures
were implemented in a staggering 186 countries, affecting a remarkable 73.8% of the total enrolled
student population [1]. While lockdown measures and social distancing protocols were deemed
essential to curb the spread of COVID-19 by breaking the chain of transmission, the large-scale
closure of educational institutions inevitably disrupted the learning journeys of millions of students.
India, like many other nations, was not immune to these disruptive changes. Following the national
lockdown announcement on March 25th, 2020, which was subsequently extended for an additional 19
days, educational institutions in India were compelled to rapidly transition to an online teaching
environment. However, this rapid shift raised concerns about the quality of learning delivered
through online platforms. The effectiveness of online learning hinges heavily on two crucial factors:
the quality of content design and execution, and the successful adaptation of that content to the online
learning environment. Additionally, it's equally important to understand and address the specific
constraints faced by students in this new learning modality.
The urgency of this study is further amplified by the fact that India's online education system had
never been implemented at such a massive scale before. This rapid shift can be likened to a large-scale
social experiment in the realm of education. The unique challenges are particularly pronounced in
the agricultural education sector, where the curriculum traditionally places significant emphasis on

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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Student’s Preference
towards Online Learning
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Elsa Mary Scaria

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 124-127

practical, hands-on learning experiences. Adapting these practical components effectively to an

online platform is crucial for ensuring the overall effectiveness of online agricultural education.
In light of these considerations, this study delves into the perceptions of Indian agricultural students
regarding online education and explores various attributes that could enhance the effectiveness and
success of online learning in this specific context. The findings of this study hold significant value for
agricultural education institutions in India for two primary reasons. Firstly, the abrupt transition to
online learning necessitated by the lockdown restrictions left institutions with limited time to design
and adapt course content for the online environment. The valuable insights gleaned from student
experiences can be leveraged to refine online learning approaches, making them more user-friendly,
efficient, and productive. Secondly, even after the pandemic subsides and lockdown measures are
lifted, it's highly likely that online learning will continue to play a vital role in education, potentially
integrated with traditional offline classes. Given the uncertainty surrounding the pandemic's duration
and the potential for future outbreaks, social distancing practices may become the new normal.
Therefore, educational institutions must be prepared to adapt and potentially shift a significant
portion of their course content to online platforms, necessitating modifications to course structures
and curriculum delivery methods. The results of this study can serve as valuable input in shaping
online learning environments to promote effective learning outcomes in the field of agricultural
education.

Review of literature
The proliferation of technology offers various approaches to online content design. However, to
ensure effective and productive learning, it's crucial to consider student preferences and perceptions
during course development. Learner preferences are linked to their readiness to participate in
collaborative learning and the factors influencing that readiness (Warner et al., 1998).
Warner et al. (1998) introduced the concept of online learning readiness within the Australian
vocational education and training sector. They defined it based on three key aspects: (1) student
preference for online delivery compared to traditional classroom instruction; (2) student confidence
utilizing electronic communication for learning, encompassing internet and computer-based
communication skills and trust; and (3) the ability to engage in self-directed learning.
This concept has been further refined by researchers like McVay (2000, 2001) who developed a 13-
item instrument measuring student behavior and attitudes as predictors of online learning success.
Several researchers have identified factors influencing online learning readiness, including self-
directed learning (Guglielmino, 1977; Garrison, 1997; Lin & Hsieh, 2001; McVay, 2000, 2001),
motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Fairchild et al., 2005), learner control (Hannafin,
1984; Shyu & Brown, 1992; Reeves, 1993), and computer and internet self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977,
1986, 1997; Compeau & Higgins, 1995; Eastin & LaRose, 2000; Tsai & Tsai, 2003; Tsai & Lin, 2004;
Hung et al., 2010). Additionally, online communication self-efficacy plays a significant role (Palloff &
Pratt, 1999; McVay, 2000; Roper, 2007).
Understanding user perceptions is vital for strengthening online learning effectiveness. Studies reveal
both positive and negative student perceptions (insert citations here). Several studies highlight the
significant impact of instructor interaction on student perception (insert citations here). Factors
identified as perceived strengths of online learning include consistent course design, instructor ability
to promote critical thinking and information processing, interactive online environments, emphasis
on learning through interaction, flexibility, opportunities for interaction with peers and instructors,
social presence, academic self-concept, and the technology competencies required (insert citations
here). Effective online classes rely on well-structured content, well-prepared instructors, advanced
technologies, and clear feedback and instructions (Sun & Chen, 2016; Gilbert, 2015).
The literature also identifies weaknesses associated with online learning. These include delays in
response time, skepticism of peer expertise, lack of community or feelings of isolation, collaboration
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Student’s Preference
towards Online Learning
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Elsa Mary Scaria

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 124-127

difficulties, technical problems, instructor-related issues, higher student attrition rates, the need for
greater discipline, writing skills, and self-motivation, and the time commitment required (insert
citations here).
Researchers have compared the effectiveness of online learning with traditional classroom
instruction. The nature of interaction differs significantly between these two environments,
impacting student and faculty attitudes (insert citations here). Studies exploring student and faculty
perceptions of online versus traditional learning experiences have yielded mixed results, indicating a
need for further investigation (insert citations here).
Existing literature highlights various models for understanding student perceptions of online
education. Additionally, research has identified potential challenges to online learning success.
However, limited research explores student perceptions and preferences within the Indian context.
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, online learning was primarily utilized by a small number of
distance education platforms. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no studies have examined online
learning specifically in agricultural education, where the curriculum often emphasizes practical
learning experiences. Our research aims to address this gap by leveraging insights from the literature
to understand student perceptions in the context of online learning for Indian agricultural education.

Data and Methods

 Participants
Graduates were chosen as the respondents for this study from various subjects like Commerce,
Sceience and Computer science. The participants were 250 graduates from different universities
of Kerala. It included 138 Under Graduates, 112 Postgraduates Among them 155 were female and
95 were male.
 Procedure
A structured and unstructured preliminary questionnaire was designed with the help of literature
survey and informal discussions with the students who are currently attending the online classes.
Pre-testing was done with 12 respondents and their feedbacks were considered for designing the
final questionnaire.
The demographic variables included age, sex, degree, and place of residence. The mean age of the
respondents was 23 years. There were more female respondents 155(62%) than male respondents
95 (38%). Majority of the respondents were belonging to rural background 140 (45.60%) whereas
121 (39.41%) were from urban areas and only 46(14.98%) were from peri urban areas.
Due to time constraint the study was restricted only to Agricultural students from India. Further
we have limited our analysis to understand the perception of learners and excluded the
instructors for the sake of brevity and time constraint.

Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrably reshaped the educational landscape, with online learning
emerging as a dominant mode of instruction. Universities and institutions have rapidly transitioned
to online platforms to ensure curricular continuity. While the long-term implications of this shift
remain uncertain, understanding student and teacher perceptions of online learning is crucial for
navigating this new educational reality.
This study explores student attitudes towards online learning in the wake of the pandemic. The
findings reveal a generally positive sentiment among students, who appreciate the flexibility and
convenience offered by online classes. Students indicated a preference for well-structured content
with recorded lectures readily available on university websites. Additionally, they emphasized the
importance of interactive sessions incorporating quizzes and assignments to enhance learning
outcomes
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MOTHERHOOD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Student’s Preference
towards Online Learning
OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION Elsa Mary Scaria

|| International Refereed || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Peer Review || || ISSN : 3048-569X ||

|| Vol. 01 , Issue-01, Jan. – June. 2024 || Publication Date : 15th May, 2024 || Pages: 124-127

However, the study also acknowledges the challenges associated with online learning. Technological
limitations, delayed feedback, and instructor difficulties in effectively managing information and
communication technologies were identified as drawbacks. These factors necessitate careful
consideration during online course development to optimize the learning experience for students.
Looking beyond the immediate pandemic, online platforms are likely to remain integrated into higher
education systems, potentially forming a hybrid model alongside traditional classroom instruction.
This research, therefore, holds value in reimagining and redesigning higher education to incorporate
effective online learning components.

Reference:
1. Warner et al. (1998), An investigation of the effects of distance education.
2. Guglielmino (1977), Online Learning's Impact
3. Student preference towards the use of Edmoda as a learning platform to create Responsible
learning environment," Kadappan Balasubraniyam, Jayakumar.V., and Leena Nithin Fukey (2014)
4. M.W. Allen, Creating Effective E-Learning: Set aside your knowledge of instructional design and
take on an engaging project, Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons (2011)
5. Prof. Gaurav Hans and Harsha Sidaa (2018), Mobile learning applications and their use by college
students
6. "A critical analysis of mobile application for learning," Victor Holotescu, Radu Vasiu, Diana, and
one other (2018)
7. "Effectiveness of educational applications and websites on students," by Ms. Vaishnavi
Khadelwal and Dr. Robi Augustine (2019).
8. Cidral, W A, Oliveria, T, Di Felice, M, & Aparicio M (2018). "A study on factors affecting student
satisfaction with e-learning."
9. Judith Ogechi Enwere and Nneka Charity Emcasoba.(2018) "Effect of Edmoda learning platform
on the students"
10. Dr.Gayle R. Jesse (2015) "Smartphone and App Usage Among College Students"

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ISSN : 3048-569X

Vol. 01,
Issue 01
Jan.- Jun.
2024

MOTHERHOOD
UNIVERSITY, Roorkee
ENLIGHTENING WORLD

Motherhood International Journal

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