AP Physics C Free Response Practice ~ CofM and Momentum boty 1976M3. A bullet of mass m and velocity vis fired toward a block of thickness L,, and mass M. The block is initially at rest on afrietionless surface, The bullet emerges from the block with velocity v4/3, a. Determine the final speed of block M. b. If, instead, the block is held fixed and not allowed to slide, the bullet emerges from the block with a speed v2, Determine the loss of kinetic energy of the bullet ‘c. Assume that the retarding force that the block material exerts on the bullet is constant. In terms of L., what ‘minimum thickness L. should a fixed block of similar material have in order to stop the bullet? 4d. When the block is held fixed, the bullet emerges from the block with a greater speed than when the block is free romove, Explain. 1979M1. A ball of mass m is released from rest at a distance h above @ frictionless plane inclined at an angle of 45° to the horizontal as shown above. The ball bounces elastically off the plane at point P; and strikes the plane again at point P.. In terms of g and h determine each of the following quantities: The velocity (a veetor) ofthe ball just after it first bounces off the plane at P. ‘The time the ball is in flight between points P, and P>. The distance L along the plane from P; to P. The speed of the ball just before it strikes the plane at P eeee 109Shock ‘Absorber 1979M2. A ferryboat of mass M; = 2.0 x 10° kilograms moves toward a docking bumper of mass Mz that is attached to a shock absorber. Shown below is a speed v vs. time t graph of the ferryboat from the time it cuts off fits engines to the time it frst comes to rest after colliding with the bumper At the instant it hits the bumper, t= 0 and v= 3 meters per second, | 3 m/s 2m/s o After colliding inelastically with the bumper, the ferryboat and bumper move together with an intial speed of 2 meters per second, Calculate the mass of the bumper b. After colliding, the ferryboat and bumper move with a speed given by the expression v= 2c“, Although the bboat never comes precisely to rest, it travels only a finite distance. Calculate that distance, ‘¢. While the ferryboat was being slowed by water resistance before hitting the bumper, its speed was given by Liv = 1/3-+ Bt, where B is a constant. Find an expression for the retarding force of the water on the boat as a function of speed. FE nga tat Cmte } | ame as eet ee Figure tl 1980M2. A block of mass m slides at velocity v, across 2 horizontal frictionless surface toward a large curved movable ramp of mass 3m as shown in Figure 1. The ramp, initially at rest, also can move without friction and hhas a smooth circular frictionless face up which the block can easily slide. When the block slides up the ramp, it ‘momentarily reaches « maximum height as shown in Figure II and then slides back down the frictionless face to the horizontal surface as shown in Figure II Find the velocity v, of the moving ramp atthe instant the block reaches its maximum height. ‘To what maximum height h docs the center of mass of the block rise above its original height? Determine the final speed v¢ ofthe ramp and the final speed v' of the block after the block retus to the level surface, State whether the block is moving to the right orto the le ese 1101985M1. A projectile is launched from the top of a cliff above level ground, At launch the projectile is 35 meters above the base of the cliff and has @ velocity of 50 meters per second at an angle 37° with the horizontal, Air resistance is negligible. Consider the following two cases and use g ~ 10 mvs, sin 37° = 0.60, and cos 37° 0.80. Case I: The projectile follows the shown by the eurved line in the following diagram. 4 a Caleulate the total from launch until the projectile hits the ground at point C. b. Calculate the horizontal distance R that the projectile travels before it hits the ground. c. Caleulate the speed of the projectile at points A, B and C. i Pepieel Case I: A small internal charge explodes at point B in the above diagram, causing the projectile to separate into two parts of masses 6 kilograms and 10 kilograms. The explosive force on cach part is horizontal and in the plane of the trajectory. The 6-kilogram mass strikes the ground at point D, located 30 meters beyond point C, where the projectile would have landed had it not exploded The 10-kilogram mass strikes the ground at point F 4. Caleulate the distance x from C to E. ”1991M1. A small block of mass 2m initially rests on a track atthe bottom of the circular, vertical loop-the-loop shown above, which has a radius r. ‘The surface contact between the block and the loop is frictionless. A bullet of mass m strikes the block horizontally with initial speed v, and remains embedded in the block as the block and bullet circle the loop. Determine each of the following in terms of m, vo r, and g The speed of the block and bullet immediately after impact, TThe kinetic energy of the block and bullet when they reach point P on the loop ‘e.The minimum initial speed vmig ofthe bullet if the block and bullet are to successfully execute a complete circuit of the loop ve 0 7 1991M3. The two blocks I and IT shown above have masses m and 2m respectively. Block II has an ideal massless spring attached to one side, When block Tis placed on the spring as shown. the spring is compressed a distance Dat equilibrium. Express your answer to all parts ofthe question in terms of the given quantities and physical cont. te 7 > Later he two blocks ae on a frtonless, horizontal surface, Block Ts stationary and block I approaches with a speed v, as shown above, 1. The spring compression maximum when the blocks have the same velocity. Briefly explain why thi io €. Determine the maximum compression of te epring during the colision, ‘d._ Determine the velocity of block Il after the collision when block I has again separated from the spring, 12H=50m W=50m 7 TITTTTTTITTT 1992M1. A ball of mass 9m is dropped from rest from a height H = 5.0 meters above the ground, as shown above ‘on the eft. It undergoes a perfectly elastic collision with the ground and rebounds. At the instant that the ball rebounds, a small blob of clay of mass m is released from rest from the original height H, directly above the ball, as shown above on the right. The clay blob, which is descending, eventually collides withthe ball, which is ascending. Assume that g = 10 mis, that air resistance is negligible, and that the collision process takes negligible time, ‘a. Determine the speed of the ball immediately before it hits the ground, 'b. Determine the time after the release of the elay blob at which the collision takes place. cc. Determine the height above the ground at which the collision takes place. ri Determine the speeds of the ball and the clay blob immediately before the collision If the ball and the clay blob stick together on impact, what is the magnitude and direction of their velocity immediately after the collision? k= 400 Nin Akg 2ke b-05m—4 Figure 1 Figure kilograms) rest on a horizontal surface with block C in eontaet with the spring (but not compressing it) and with block D in contact with block C. Block C is then moved to the left, compressing the spring a distance of 0.50 ‘meter, and held in place while block D remains at rest as shown in Figure 11. (Use g = 10 mis.) ‘a, Determine the elastic energy stored in the compressed spring. Block Cis then released and accelerates to the right, toward block D. The surface is rough and the coefficient of friction between cach block and the surface is y= 0.4. The two blocks collide instantancously, stick together, and move to the right. Remember that the spring is not attached to block C. Determine each of the following. The speed v, of block C just before it collides with block D ‘The speed vr blocks C and D just after they collide The horizontal distance the blocks move before coming to rest 13Removable 8kg ama 194M. A 2-kilogram block and an 8-kilogram block are both attached to an ideal spring (for which k = 200 N/m) and both are initially a rest ona horizontal frictionless surface, as shown in the diagram above. nan initial experiment, a 100-gram (0.1 kg) ball of cay is thrown atthe 2-kilogram block. The clay is moving horizontally with speed v when it hits and sticks othe block. The 8-kilogram block is held stil by a removable stop. Asa result, the spring compresses a maximum distance of 04 meters. Calculate the energy stored inthe spring at maximum compression. 'b. Calculate the speed of the clay ball and 2-Kilogram block immediately after the clay sticks tothe block but before the spring compresses significanly ©. Calculate the initial speed v of the clay Ina second experiment, an identical ball of clay is thrown at another identical 2-kilogram block, but this time che stop is removed so thatthe 8-kilogram block is free to move. 44. State whether the maximum compression of the spring will be greater than, equal to, or less than 0.4 meter Explain briefly ‘€. State the principle or principles that can be used to calculate the velocity of the 8-kilogram block at the instant that the spring regains its original length, Write the appropriate equations) and show the numerical substitutions, but do not solve for the velocity. 114‘Note; Figure not drawn to scale. 1995M1. A 5-kilogram ball initially rests atthe edge of a -meter-long, 1.2-meter-high frietionless table, as shown. above. A hard plastic cube of mass 0.5 kilogram slides across the table at a speed of 26 meters per second and strikes the ball, causing the ball to leave the table inthe direction in which the cube was moving. The figure below shows a graph of the force exerted on the ball by the cube as a function of time, | astetot ft ft ff 20 ; N ION) 15 10 os ° 20 40 60 80 100 Time (10° 9) ‘8, Determine the total impulse given to the ball Determine the horizontal velocity ofthe ball immediately after the collision. Determine the following for the cube immediately after the collision, is Its speed ii, Is direction of travel (right or lef), if moving 4d. Determine the kinetic energy dissipated in the collision, e. Determine the distance between the two points of impact of the objects with the floor, 115Looo0)* 1997M2. An open-top railroad car (initially empty and of mass M,) rolls with negligible friction along a straight horizontal track and passes under the spout of a sand conveyor. When the car is under the conveyor, sand is dispensed from the conveyor in a narrow stream at a steady rate AM/At = C and falls vertically from an average height h above the floor of the railroad car. The car has initial speed v, and sand is filling it from time t= 0 01 =T. Express your answers tothe following in terms of the given quantities and g. ‘2. Determine the mass M of the car plus the sand that it catches as a function of time t for 0 0 the cube is moving tothe right a Ya (move? + MV —M.Vie) e. Both objects take the same time to reach the floor: t= (2y/g)'"= 0.5 s X= VG xy Vast 12 mand xy = vat 1m ‘The separation is Ax = x, ~ x. = 0.2 m 19972 ‘2. The total mass is the sum of the car's mass plus the mass of sand that has fallen up to that time M= Mo + (AM/ANt= My + Ct b. My’ = (Mo 4 Movol(Mo + Ci Move" ii, Ke = 4 MV(T)’ = %4 (Mo + CT)(Movol(Mo + CT))? = % Mov?(Moi(Mo + CT) iii, KE is not conserved as it is dissipated in the inelastic collisions of the sand and car, Also, since momentum, is constant and mass increases, K = p'/2m will decrease di, Fy= Mog ii. Fy = the weight of the cart plus the weight of the sand accumulated plus the impulsive force required to stop the vertical motion of the sand: Fy = Mog + M.g + F. writ cv, = (gh)! ay" 051998M1 Vag AWAt i. Vagg = (0.3 m—0.1 my(0.3 s—0.1 8) = 1 ms ii, Vig = (0.99 m= 0.87 m)i(1.1 s—0.9 s) = 0.6 m/s ° 08 70 150 a0 e. MaVa= MaVar+ Mavae and V4 = Vae~ Var (elastic head on collision) gives Vg = 1.2 mis a vv) 150 050 o os 41 150 ze ci. Yes, the collision is clastic ‘The spring's force is conservative so the energy stored is the energy released also Ky~ K, fi Att= I's, the spring stores the lost KE. 1999M1 ‘2. conservation of momentum: mv = (m* Mu)v gives v= myoi(m+ My) conservation of energy: ¥¢ Muui¥* = Muah where h = &(1 cos 0) Substituting for Mya and v gives vo = (m + Mo)(2eé(1-cos 0))""/m, >. EF=ma T= Myf = Moons T= (m+ My)g + (m+ Mo)(mvo/(m + Mg))F€= (m ~ Mg)g(3— 2cos 0) c. Points were awarded for the following: A practical procedure that uses some or all of the apparatus listed and would work Recognition of any assumptions that must be made Indication of the proper mathematical computation using the variables measured 128‘d.While traditional drag force methods will work here, here i an alternate solution: [rasp bude = —mve 2001M1 ayy = AVIAt= (0.18 mis - 0.22 nvs)/(0.37 s -0.33 8) =—10 mis b. Ap -area under the curve in the second graph = 0,6 N-s cc. Ap=mav m= Ap/Av = (0.6 N-s)(0.4 m’s) = 1.5 kg 4d |AEI=[E,— EP mve—% mv |= 0.012 = QgL)"* b. SP=ma Tomg=myva"ie T= mg +m(2gL)L=3me & myva= (Mm, +m. \¥aeer Vater Vai(m) + m2) Kee Usetie mig Koger = % (rm * ma Wage” = mygL-m + m2) Ky/K, = (m); + m:)m, e. To allto the water: y~ 4 = Lsot= (2Lig)"” From B to D, xo = Vaneet= (ma(2eL)'*Hm, * m,)) (2L/g)!* = 2m; Liem, +m) From A to D: Xai =Xup +L =m; + m,)Lam) +m) m@gl)!"(m, +m;) 20103 ‘This is also from the work-energy chapter, Only part d is new here =X (-et) T © ne » Jaden [anansin Tae b, W=AK=Ymive-v)) Ve= MT) = 2a TI vi=WO=0 We 2nd i 6. BP= Foye mg sn = me where a =O terminal veosty Fuge = gain 6 a _fenef’ Ht Mal met Pe es ee v7