Vector Integral Calculus(Module-III)

Bijaya Mishra*

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1 Vector Integral Calculus

Introduction

Vector integral calculus is a generalization of regular integral calculus.

Vector integral calculus extends integrals as known from regular calculus to integrals over
curves, called line integrals, surfaces, called surface integrals , and solids, called triple integrals .The
beauty of vector integral calculus is that we can transform these different integrals into one another.

Vector integral calculus is very important to the engineer and physicist and has many appli-
cations in solid mechanics, in fluid flow, in heat problems, and others.

1.1 Line Integrals

Line Integrals: Definite Integrals are generalized as line integrals.Here we Integrate the integrand
f (x) from x = a to x = b along a curve C in a plane or the space. The cuve C is called the path of
integration.So, a line integral is
Z Z b
f (x) = f (x)dx (1.1)
a
C

And if the curve C is closed (initial point and terminal point coincides), then it is of the form
I
f (x)dx (1.2)

And to evaluate the line integral, Z Z B

f (x) = f (x)dx, (1.3)
A
C
*
Department of mathematics, GITA Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar-752054,India.Email:bijayamishra.math@gmail.com

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

let us represent the curve C by it’s parametric representation as follows:

r(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)] = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b. (1.4)

where r(a) = A and r(b) = B and the direction from A to B is the the direction along which t
increases is called the positive direction of C.
Note (Important):
1. As t increses, the curve C moves from A to B i.e. from r(a) to r(b). This direction of increase of
t the positive direction of C.
2. As t decreses, the curve C moves from B to A i.e. from r(b) to r(a). This direction of decrease
of t the negative direction of C.
and Z Z B Z A
f (x) = f (x)dx = − f (x)dx, (1.5)
A B
C

Smooth curve: Let C = r(t) be differentiable , r′ (t) = dr ′

dt is continuous and r (t) ̸= 0 at each point
of C. C is called a smooth path if its tangent (i.e. dr
dt ) at each point is unique and the direction of
the tangent varies continuously.
Definition and Evaluation of Line Integrals:
A line integral of a vector function F(r) over a curve C : r(t) is defined as
Z Z b
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r′ (t)dt (1.6)
a
C

Now, the parametric representation of C is r(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)]. Then r′ (t) = [x′ (t), y ′ (t).z ′ (t)].
and F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ].
So, we have
Z Z b Z Z
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r′ (t)dt = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) = (F1 x′ (t) + F2 y ′ (t) + F3 z ′ (t))dt. (1.7)
a
C C C

Example 1 (Evaluation of line integral in a plane)

Find the value of the line integral F(r).dr when F(r) = [−y, −xy] and C is the part circle x2 +y 2 = 1
R
C
in the first-quadrant from A : (1, 0) to B : (0, 1).
Answer: The parametric representation of the given curve C is

r(t) = [cos t, sin t], 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.

Then
r′ (t) = [−sin t, cos t].

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Now
F(r(t)) = [−y(t), −x(t)y(t)] = [−sin t, −cos t sin t].

And
F(r(t)).r′ (t) = sin2 t − cos2 tsin t.

So,
Z Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
2 2 2
F(r).dr = (sin t − cos tsin t)dt = sin t dt − cos2 tsin t dt. (1.8)
0 0 0
C

π/2 0
1 − cos 2t
Z Z
π 1
= dt − p2 (−dp) = − . (1.9)
0 2 1 4 3

Example 2 (Evaluation of line integral in space)

R
Find the value of the line integral F(r).dr when F(r) = [z, x, y] and C is the helix r(t) =
C
[cos t, sin t, 3t], 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Answer: The parametric representation of the given curve C is

r(t) = [cos t, sin t, 3t].

Then
r′ (t) = [−sin t, cos t, 3].

Now
F(r(t)) = [z(t), x(t), y(t)] = [3t, cos t sin t].

And
F(r(t)).r′ (t) = −3tsin t + cos2 t + 3sin t

So,
Z Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π
2 2
F(r).dr = (−3tsin t+cos t+3sin t) dt = −3 tsin t dt− cos t dt+3 sin t dt = 6π+π+0 = 7π
0 0 0 0
C

Properties of Line Integrals:

1. Z Z
kF(r).dr = k F(r).dr (1.10)
C C

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

where k is a constant.
2. Z Z Z
(F + G).dr = F.dr + G.dr (1.11)
C C C

3. If the path C is partitioned into two arcs C1 and C2 that have the same orientation as C, then
Z Z Z
F(r).dr = F(r).dr + F(r).dr (1.12)
C C1 C2

Special cases:
1. If F = F1 i, then Z Z
F(r).dr = F1 dx (1.13)
C C

2. If F = F2 j, then Z Z
F(r).dr = F2 dy (1.14)
C C

3. If F = F3 k, then Z Z
F(r).dr = F3 dz (1.15)
C C

4. Let F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ], then

Z Z b Z b
F(r)dt = F(r(t))dt = [F1 (r(t)), F2 (r(t)), F3 (r(t))]dt. (1.16)
a a
C

Here the line integral value is a vector.

5. Z Z b
f (r)dt = f (r(t))dt. (1.17)
a
C

6. r
Z Z b Z b Z b
ds dr dr p
f (r)ds = f (r(t)) dt = f (r(t)) . dt = f (r(t)) r′ (t).r′ (t)dt. (1.18)
a dt a dt dt a
C

where the parameter s is the arc length.

Theorem:(Path Dependence)
R
The line integral F(r).dr generally depends not only on F and on the endpoints A and B of the
C
path, but also on the path itself along which the integral is taken.
Exercise 9.1

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

F(r).dr when F(r) = [y 2 , −x2 ] and C is straight line segment from (0, 0) to
R
Q.No. 1.Calculate
C
(1, 4).
Answer: The parametric representation of the given curve C is

r(t) = [(0, 0) + ((1, 4) − (0, 0))t] = [(0, 0) + (1, 4)t] = [t, 4t], 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Then
r′ (t) = [1, 4].

Now
F(r(t)) = [y 2 (t), −x2 (t)] = [16t2 , −t2 ].

And
F(r(t)).r′ (t) = 16t2 − 4t2 = 12t2 .

So,
b 1 1
t3
Z Z Z
′
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r (t) dt = (12t2 )dt = 12 = 4.
a 0 3 0
C

R
Q.No. 8.Calculate F(r).dr when F(r) = [x − y, y − z, z − x] and C : [2cost, t, 2sint] from (2, 0, 0)
C
to (2, 2π, 0).
Answer: The parametric representation of the given curve C is

r(t) = [2cost, t, 2sint], 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Then
r′ (t) = [−2sint, 1, 2cost].

Now
F(r(t)) = [2cost − t, t − 2sint, 2(sint − cost)].

And
F(r(t)).r′ (t) = [2cost − t, t − 2sint, 2(sint − cost)].[−2sint, 1, 2cost].

= −2sint(2cost − t) + t − 2sint + 2cost.2(sint − cost) = 2tsint + t − 2sint − 4cos2 t.

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

So,
Z Z b Z 2π
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r′ (t) dt = (2tsint + t − 2sint − 4cos2 t)dt.
a 0
C

Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π
=2 tsintdt + tdt − 2 sintdt − 4 cos2 tdt.
0 0 0 0

= −4π + 2π 2 − 0 − 4π = 2π 2 − 8π.

f (r) ds, when f = x3 y and C : r = [2cost, 2sint], 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.

R
Q.No. 14.Evaluate
C
Answer: Given
r(t) = [2cost, 2sint], 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.

Then
r′ (t) = [−2sint, 2cost],

r′ (t).r′ (t) = [−2sint, 2cost].[−2sint, 2cost] = 4sin2 t + 4cos2 t = 4,

p
r′ (t).r′ (t) = 2.

And
f (r(t)) = x3 (t)y(t) = 16cos3 tsint.

So,
Z Z b p Z π/2
f (r)ds = f (r(t)) r′ (t).r′ (t)dt = 32cos3 tsint dt = 8. (1.19)
a 0
C

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

1.2 Path Independence of Line Integrals

The line integral

Z Z b Z
′
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r (t)dt = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) (dr = [dx, dy, dz]). (1.20)
a
C C

is said to be path independent in a domain D if it has the same value for all paths in D that has
A : (t = a) and B : (t = b) as endpoints.
Theorem 1.(Path Independence)
A line integral
Z Z b Z
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r′ (t)dt = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) (dr = [dx, dy, dz]). (1.21)
a
C C

with continuous F1 , F2 , F3 in a domain D in space is path independent in D if and only if F =

[F1 , F2 , F3 ] is the gradient of some function f in D.
F = grad f i.e. F1 = ∂f ∂f ∂f
∂x , F2 = ∂y , F3 = ∂z .
Note:

If the line integral (1.49) is independent of path, then

Z Z B
(F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) = f (B) − f (A). (1.22)
A
C

where F = grad f .
R R
i.e. the value of the integral F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) depends on the end points of the
C C
path of integration (not on the path of integration) if there is a function f such that F = grad f (i.e.
if F has a potential f ).
Note:(Potential Theory)

If F = grad f , then f is called the potential of F.

Example 1.
R R
Show that the F(r).dr = (2xdx + 2ydy + 4zdz) is path independent in any domain in space and
C C
find its value in the integration from A : (0, 0, 0) to B : (2, 2, 2).
Answer:
F = [2x, 2y, 4z]

i.e.
grad f = [2x, 2y, 4z]

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

i.e.
 ∂f ∂f ∂f 
, , = [2x, 2y, 4z]
∂x ∂y ∂z

i.e.
∂f
= 2x, (1.23)
∂x

∂f
= 2y (1.24)
∂y

and
∂f
= 4z (1.25)
∂z

Using equation (1.107), we have

∂f = 2x∂x

Integrating both sides, we have Z Z

∂f = 2x∂x

i.e.
f = x2 + ϕ(y, z) (1.26)

Differentiating equation (1.26) partially with respect to y, we have

∂f ∂ϕ(y, z)
= (1.27)
∂y ∂y

From equation (1.108) and equation (1.27)

∂ϕ(y, z)
2y =
∂y

i.e.
∂ϕ(y, z) = 2y∂y

Integrating both sides, we have

ϕ(y, z) = y 2 + ψ(z) (1.28)

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Using equation (1.28) in equation (1.26), we have

f = x2 + y 2 + ψ(z) (1.29)

Differentiating equation (1.29) partially with respect to z, we have

∂f dψ(z)
= (1.30)
∂z dz

From equation (1.25) and equation (1.30)

dψ(z)
4z = (1.31)
dz

i.e.
dψ(z) = 4zdz (1.32)

Integrating both sides, we have

ψ(z) = 2z 2 + c (1.33)

Using equation (1.33) in equation (1.29), we have

f = x2 + y 2 + ψ(z) = x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 + c = x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 (say) (1.34)

 
Hint: By inspection also, we can find f = x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 So
Z Z
F(r).dr = (2xdx+2ydy+4zdz) = f (B)−f (A) = (x2 +y 2 +2z 2 ) −(x2 +y 2 +2z 2 ) = 16.
(2,2,2) (0,0,0)
C C
(1.35)

Example 2.
Evaluate the integral I = (3x2 dx + 2yzdy + y 2 dz) from A : (0, 1, 2) to B : (1, −1, 7) by showing F
R
C
has a potential f .
Answer:
F has a potential f if F = grad f i.e. if
 ∂f ∂f ∂f 
, , = [3x2 , 2yz, y 2 ]
∂x ∂y ∂z

i.e.
∂f
= 3x2 , (1.36)
∂x

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

∂f
= 2yz (1.37)
∂y

and
∂f
= y2 (1.38)
∂z

Using equation (1.36), we have

∂f = 3x2 ∂x

Integrating both sides, we have Z Z

∂f = 3x2 ∂x

i.e.
f = x3 + ϕ(y, z) (1.39)

Differentiating equation (1.39) partially with respect to y, we have

∂f ∂ϕ(y, z)
= (1.40)
∂y ∂y

From equation (1.37) and equation (1.40)

∂ϕ(y, z)
2yz =
∂y

i.e.
∂ϕ(y, z) = 2yz∂y

Integrating both sides, we have

ϕ(y, z) = y 2 z + ψ(z) (1.41)

Using equation (1.41) in equation (1.39), we have

f = x3 + y 2 z + ψ(z) (1.42)

Differentiating equation (1.42) partially with respect to z, we have

∂f dψ(z)
= y2 + (1.43)
∂z dz

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

From equation (1.38) and equation (1.43)

dψ(z)
y2 = y2 + (1.44)
dz

i.e.
dψ(z) = 0 (1.45)

Integrating both sides, we have

ψ(z) = c (1.46)

Using equation (1.46) in equation (1.42), we have

f = x3 + y 2 z + ψ(z) = x3 + y 2 z + c = x3 + y 2 z(say) (1.47)

So, the potential f = x3 + y 2 z

And
Z
I = (3x2 dx + 2yzdy + y 2 dz) = f (B) − f (A) = (x3 + y 2 z) − (x3 + y 2 z) = 6. (1.48)
(1,−1,7) (0,1,2)
C

Theorem 2.(Path Independence)

A line integral
Z Z b Z
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r′ (t)dt = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) (dr = [dx, dy, dz]). (1.49)
a
C C

is path independent in a domain D if and only if its value around every closed path in D is zero .
i.e. if I
F(r).dr = 0 (dr = [dx, dy, dz]). (1.50)
C

Note(Conservative Field):
A field F is said to be conservative in a domain D if and only if F has a potential f in D (i.e.
F = grad f ).
Exactness of the differential form:
The differential form
F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz). (1.51)

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

is exact in a domain D if
∂f ∂f ∂f
F(r).dr = dx + dy + dz = df = (grad f ).dr. (1.52)
∂x ∂y ∂z

So the differential form F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) is exact if F = (grad f ) ( i.e. F1 = ∂f

∂x ,
∂f ∂f
F2 = ∂y ,F3 = ∂z .
Theorem 3.
A line integral
Z Z b Z
′
F(r).dr = F(r(t)).r (t)dt = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) (dr = [dx, dy, dz]). (1.53)
a
C C

is path independent in a domain D if and only if the differential form F(r).dr = (F1 dx+F2 dy +F3 dz)
is exact and has continuous coefficient fuctions F1 , F2 , F3 in D.
Corollary (Criterion for Exactness and path independence): Let F1 , F2 , F3 in the line integral
R R
F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) be continuous and have continuous first partial derivative in D.
C C
Then
i)If the differential form F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) is exact in D
R R
(i.e. F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) is path independent),
C C
then curlF = 0
i.e.
∂F3 ∂F2 ∂F1 ∂F3 ∂F2 ∂F1
= , = , = . (1.54)
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

ii) If curlF = 0, and D is simply connected in D, then F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) is exact in
R R
D and hence F(r).dr = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) is path independent.
C C
Example 3.
Show that the differential form under the integral sign of

I = (2xyz 2 dx + (x2 z 2 + zcos yz)dy + (2x2 yz + ycos yz)dz)

R
C
is exact, so that we have independence of path in any domain, and find the value of I from A : (0, 0, 1)
to B : (1, π/4, 2).
Answer:
The differential form is (2xyz 2 dx + (x2 z 2 + zcos yz)dy + (2x2 yz + ycos yz)dz)
Here F = [2xyz 2 , (x2 z 2 + zcos yz), (2x2 yz + ycos yz)]
And
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
2xyz 2 (x2 z 2 + zcos yz) (2x2 yz + ycos yz)

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

     
= (2x2 z−yzsinyz+cosyz)−(2x2 z−yzsinyz+cosyz)) i+ 4xyz−4xyz) j+ 2xz 2 −2xz 2 ) k = 0.

So, clearly the differential form (2xyz 2 dx + (x2 z 2 + zcos yz)dy + (2x2 yz + ycos yz)dz) is exact.
And the line integral is independent of path.
Now to find the potential f of F: F has a potential f if F = grad f i.e. if
 ∂f ∂f ∂f 
, , = [2xyz 2 , (x2 z 2 + zcos yz), (2x2 yz + ycos yz)dz)]
∂x ∂y ∂z

i.e.
∂f
= 2xyz 2 , (1.55)
∂x

∂f
= (x2 z 2 + zcos yz) (1.56)
∂y

and
∂f
= (2x2 yz + ycos yz) (1.57)
∂z

Using equation (1.56), we have

∂f = (x2 z 2 + zcos yz)∂y

Integrating both sides, we have

Z Z
∂f = (x2 z 2 + zcos yz)∂y

i.e.
f = x2 yz 2 + sin yz + ϕ(x, z) (1.58)

Differentiating equation (1.58) partially with respect to x, we have

∂f ∂(x2 yz 2 + sin yz + ϕ(x, z)) ∂ϕ(x, z)

= = 2xyz 2 + (1.59)
∂x ∂x ∂x

From equation (1.55) and equation (1.59)

∂ϕ(x, z)
2xyz 2 = 2xyz 2 +
∂x

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

i.e.
∂ϕ(x, z)
=0
∂x

Integrating both sides, we have

ϕ(x, z) = ψ(z) (1.60)

Using equation (1.60) in equation (1.58), we have

f = x2 yz 2 + sin yz + ψ(z) (1.61)

Differentiating equation (1.61) partially with respect to z, we have

∂f dψ(z)
= 2x2 yz + ycos yz + (1.62)
∂z dz

From equation (1.57) and equation (1.62)

dψ(z)
2x2 yz + ycos yz = 2x2 yz + ycos yz + (1.63)
dz

i.e.
dψ(z) = 0 (1.64)

Integrating both sides, we have

ψ(z) = c (1.65)

Using equation (1.65) in equation (1.61), we have

f = x2 yz 2 + sin yz + ψ(z) = x2 yz 2 + sin yz + c = x2 yz 2 + sin yz(say) (1.66)

So, the potential f = x2 yz 2 + sin yz

And
Z
I = (2xyz 2 dx + (x2 z 2 + zcos yz)dy + (2x2 yz + ycos yz)dz) = f (B) − f (A) (1.67)
C

= (x2 yz 2 + sin yz) − (x2 yz 2 + sin yz) = π + 1. (1.68)

(1,π/4,2) (0,0,1)

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Exercise 9.2
Q.No:6 Show that the differential form under the integral sign is exact and evaluate the integral.
R (4,1,2)
(0,0,0) (3ydx + 3xdy + 2zdz)
Answer:
The differential form is (3ydx + 3xdy + 2zdz)
Here F = [3y, 3x, 2z]
And
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
3y 3x 2z

= 0i + 0j + 0k = 0.

So, clearly the differential form (3ydx + 3xdy + 2zdz) is exact.

And the line integral is independent of path.
Now to find the potential f of F: F has a potential f if F = grad f i.e. if
 ∂f ∂f ∂f 
, , = [3y, 3x, 2z]
∂x ∂y ∂z

i.e.
∂f
= 3y, (1.69)
∂x

∂f
= 3x (1.70)
∂y

and
∂f
= 2z (1.71)
∂z

Using equation (1.69), we have

∂f = 3y∂x

Integrating both sides, we have Z Z

∂f = 3y∂x

i.e.
f = 3xy + ϕ(y, z) (1.72)

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Differentiating equation (1.72) partially with respect to y, we have

∂f ∂(3xy + ϕ(y, z)) ∂ϕ(y, z)

= = 3x + (1.73)
∂y ∂y ∂y

From equation (1.70) and equation (1.73)

∂ϕ(y, z)
3x = x +
∂y

i.e.
∂ϕ(y, z)
=0
∂y

Integrating both sides, we have

ϕ(y, z) = ψ(z) (1.74)

Using equation (1.74) in equation (1.72), we have

f = 3xy + ψ(z) (1.75)

Differentiating equation (1.75) partially with respect to z, we have

∂f dψ(z)
= (1.76)
∂z dz

From equation (1.71) and equation (1.76)

dψ(z)
2z = (1.77)
dz

Integrating both sides, we have

ψ(z) = z 2 + c (1.78)

Using equation (1.78) in equation (1.75), we have

f = 3xy + z 2 + c = 3xy + z 2 (say) (1.79)

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

So, the potential f = 3xy + z 2

And Z (4,1,2)
(3ydx + 3xdy + 2zdz) = f (4, 1, 2) − f (0, 0, 0) (1.80)
(0,0,0)

= (3xy + z 2 ) − (3xy + z 2 ) = 16. (1.81)

(4,1,2) (0,0,0)

Q.No:12 Check for path independence. Incase of independence integrate from (0, 0, 0) to (a, b, c).

ydx − zxdy + zdz

Answer:
The differential form is ydx − zxdy + zdz
Here F = [y, (−zx), z]
And
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y −zx z

= xi + 0j + (−z − 1)k ̸= 0.

So, clearly the differential form (2xyz 2 dx + (x2 z 2 + zcos yz)dy + (2x2 yz + ycos yz)dz) is not exact.
And the line integral is not independent of path.

1.3 Double Integrals

Double Integrals: In a double integral we integrate a function f (x, y) over a closed bounded region
R in the xy-plane. It is denoted by
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dxdy or f (x, y)dA. (1.82)
R R

Properties of Double Integrals:

1. ZZ ZZ
kf (x, y)dxdy = k f (x, y)dxdy (k = constant). (1.83)
R R

2. ZZ ZZ ZZ
(f + g)dxdy = f dxdy + gdxdy. (1.84)
R R R

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

3. ZZ ZZ ZZ
f dxdy = f dxdy + f dxdy. (1.85)
R R1 R2

where the region R is partitioned into two regions R1 and R2 .

Evaluation of Double Integrals:
1. Double integrals over a region R may be evaluated by two successive integrations. We may inte-
grate first over y and then over x. And the corresponding formula will be
ZZ Z bZ h(x) 
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dy dx. (1.86)
a g(x)
R

Here R : a ≤ x ≤ b and g(x) ≤ y ≤ h(x).

2. Double integrals over a region R may be evaluated by two successive integrations. We may inte-
grate first over x and then over y. And the corresponding formula will be
ZZ Z d  Z t(y) 
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dx dy. (1.87)
c s(y)
R

Here R : c ≤ y ≤ d and s(y) ≤ x ≤ t(y).

Applications of Double Integrals:
1. Area A of region R in the xy−plane is
ZZ
A= dxdy. (1.88)
R

2. Volume beneath the surface z = f (x, y) (> 0) and above a region R in the xy−plane is
ZZ
V = f (x, y)dxdy. (1.89)
R

3. Total mass M in a region R is

ZZ
M= f (x, y)dxdy. (1.90)
R

where f (x, y) is the density of distribution of mass in the xy−plane.

4. The centre of gravity of th mass in R has the coordinates x̄, ȳ. And
ZZ ZZ
1 1
x̄ = xf (x, y)dxdy ȳ = yf (x, y)dxdy. (1.91)
M M
R R

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

5(a). The moment of inertia Ix of the mass in R about x−axis is

ZZ
Ix = y 2 f (x, y)dxdy. (1.92)
R

5(b). The moment of inertia Iy of the mass in R about y−axis is

ZZ
Iy = x2 f (x, y)dxdy. (1.93)
R

5(c). The polar moment of inertia Io of the mass in R about the origin is
ZZ
Io = Ix + Iy = (x2 + y 2 )f (x, y)dxdy. (1.94)
R

Change of Variable in a Double Integral A doublr integral in x, y can be changed to a double

integral in u, v by using the following relation
ZZ ZZ
∂(x, y)
f (x, y)dx dy = f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) du dv. (1.95)
∂(u, v)
R R∗

∂(x,y)
where f (x, y) = f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) and dx dy = ∂(u,v) du dv.
Note 1.
∂x ∂x
∂(x, y) ∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
J= = ∂y ∂y = − . (1.96)
∂(u, v) ∂u ∂v
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u

is called the Jacobian.

Note 2. Let f (x, y) = f (x(r, θ), y(r, θ)) i.e. x = x(r, θ) = r cosθ and y = y(r, θ) = r sinθ.
Then
∂x ∂x ∂ ∂
J=
∂(x, y) ∂r
= ∂y ∂θ = ∂r r cosθ ∂θ r cosθ = r cos2 θ + r sin2 θ = r. (1.97)
∂(r, θ) ∂y ∂ ∂
∂r ∂θ ∂r r sinθ ∂θ r sinθ

So we have
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dx dy = f (r cosθ, r sinθ)r dr dθ. (1.98)
R R∗

Here R∗ is the region in the r, θ−plane corresponding to the region R in the xy−plane.
Exercise 9.3
R2R4
Q.No:1 Describe the region of integration and evaluate 0 0 (x2 + y 2 )dx dy
Answer

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Figure 1:

Z 2Z 4 Z 2Z 4
2 2
(x2 + y 2 )dx dy

(x + y )dx dy =
0 0 0 0
2 x=4 
x3
Z
= ( + xy 2 ) dy
0 3 x=0
Z 2
64
+ 4y 2 ) dy

= (
0 3
y=2
64 y3
=( y+4 )
3 3 y=0
160
= .
3
(1.99)
R2R4
Q.No:2 Describe the region of integration and evaluate 0 0 (x2 + y 2 )dx dy by changing the order

Z 2Z 4 Z 4Z 2
2 2
(x2 + y 2 )dy dx

(x + y )dx dy =
0 0 0 0
4 y=2 
y3
Z
= (x2 y + ) dx
0 3 y=0
Z 4
8 
= (2x2 + ) dx
0 3
x=4
x3 8
= (2 + x)
3 3 x=0
160
= .
3
(1.100)

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

R3Ry 2
Q.No:3 Describe the region of integration and evaluate 0 −y (x + y 2 )dx dy
Answer

Figure 2:

Z 3Z y Z 3Z y
2 2
(x2 + y 2 )dx dy

(x + y )dx dy =
0 −y 0 −y
3 x=y
x3
Z
+ xy 2 )

= ( dy
0 3 x=−y
3
y3 −y 3
Z
+ y3) − ( − y 3 ) dy

= (
0 3 3
Z 3 3
 y
(2 + 2y 3 ) dy

=
0 3
y 4 y 4 y=3
=( + )
6 2 y=0
81 81
= + = 54.
6 2
(1.101)
R3Ry 2
Q.No:4 Describe the region of integration and evaluate 0 −y (x + y 2 )dx dy by changing the order

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Answer

Figure 3:

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Z 3Z y Z 0 Z 3 Z 3Z 3
2 2 2 2
(x2 + y 2 )dy dx
  
(x + y )dx dy = (x + y )dy dx +
0 −y −3 −x 0 x
0  y=3 3 y=3 
y3 y3
Z Z
2
(x2 y +

= (x y + ) dx + ) dx
−3 3 y=−x 0 3 y=x
Z 0 Z 3
2 −x3   2 3 x3 
(3x + 9) − (x3 + )

= (3x + 9) − (−x + ) dx +
−3 3 0 3
Z 0 3 Z 3 3
 2 x  x 
(3x + 9 + x3 + ) dx +
 2
= (3x + 9 − x3 − )
−3 3 0 3
Z 0 3 Z 3 3
 2 x   2 x 
= (3x + 9 + 4 ) dx + (3x + 9 − 4 )
−3 3 0 3
x=0 x=3
x4 x4
= (x3 + 9x + ) + (x3 + 9x − )
3 x=−3 3 x=0

= 27 + 27 − 27 + 27 + 27 − 27 = 54.
(1.102)

Q.No:12 Find the volume of the first octant region bounded by the coordinate planes and the
surfaces y = 1 − x2 , z = 1 − x2 .
Answer Here the plane is y = 1 − x2 and the surface is z = f (x, y) = 1 − x2 .
So, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ (1 − x2 )
Volume is
ZZ
V = f (x, y)dxdy
R
Z 1 Z 1−x2 Z 1  Z 1−x2 
2 2
= (1 − x )dx dy = (1 − x )dy dx
0 0 0 0
Z 1 y=1−x2  Z 1 y=1−x2 
2 2
= (y − yx ) dx = (y(1 − x )) dx
0 y=0 0 y=0
Z 1  Z 1 
2 2 2 4
= (1 − x ) dx = 1 − 2x + x dx
0 0
1
x3 x5 8
=x−2 + =
3 5 0 15
(1.103)

Q.No:14 Find the center of gravity (x̄, ȳ) of a mass of density f (x, y) = 1 in the region R, where R
is a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (b, 0), (b, h).
Answer Here 0 ≤ x ≤ b and 0 ≤ y ≤ hb x.

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Total mass M in the given region R is

ZZ
M= f (x, y)dxdy
R
Z bZ h h
b
x Z bZ
b
x 
= dx dy = dy dx
0 0 0 0
Z b y= hb x  Z b 
h
= y dx = x dx
0 y=0 0 b
b
h b h x2
Z  
= x dx =
b 0 b 2 0
hb
=
2
(1.104)

Then
ZZ
1
x̄ = xf (x, y)dxdy
M
R
Z bZ h Z b  Z hx
x 
2 b 2 b
= xdx dy = xdy dx
hb 0 0 hb 0 0
Z b  y= hb x  Z b 
2 2 h 2
= xy dx = x dx
hb 0 y=0 hb 0 b
2 h b 2 2 x3 b
Z  
= x dx = 2
hb b 0 b 3 0
2b
=
3
(1.105)

and
ZZ
1
ȳ = yf (x, y)dxdy
M
R
Z bZ h Z b  Z hx
x 
2 b 2 b
= ydx dy = ydy dx
hb 0 0 hb 0 0
Z b  2 y= hb x 
h b 2
Z  
2 y
= dx = 3 x dx
hb 0 2 y=0 b 0
h x3 b h
= dx =
b3 3 0 3
(1.106)

The center of gravity (x̄, ȳ) of a mass of density f (x, y) = 1 in the given region is ( 2b h
3 , 3 ).

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

1.4 Green’s Theorem in the Plane

Green’s Theorem in the Plane(Transformation between Double Integrals and the Line Integrals)
Let R be a closed bounded region in the xy−plane whose boundary C consists of finitely many
smooth curves . Let F1 (x, y) and F2 (x, y) be functions that are continuous and have continuous
partial derivatives ∂F ∂F2
∂y and ∂x everywhere in some domain containing R. Then
1

ZZ   I
∂F2 ∂F1
− dxdy = (F1 dx + F2 dy) (1.107)
∂x ∂y
R C

Here we integrate along the entire boundary C of R in such a sense that R is on the left as we
advance in the direction of integration.

Figure 4: Region R whose boundary C consists of two parts:C1 is traversed counterclockwise, while
C2 is traversed clockwise in such a way that R is on the left for both curves

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Let F = [F1 , F2 ] = F1 i + F2 j. Then equation (1.107) can be written as

ZZ  I
curl F).kdxdy = F.dr (1.108)
R C

1.5 Triple Integrals. Divergence Theorem of Gauss

Triple Integral: A triple integral is an integral of a function f (x, y, z) taken over a closed bounded,
three-dimensional region T in space. The triple integral of f (x, y, z) over a region T is denoted by
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dx dy dz or f (x, y, z) dV (1.109)
T T

Theorem 1. Divergence Theorem of Gauss (Transformation Between Triple and Surface Integrals)
Let T be a closed bounded region in space whose boundary is a piecewise smooth orientable surface
S. Let F(x, y, z) be a vector function that is continuous and has continuous first partial derivatives
in some domain containing T . Then
ZZZ ZZ
div F dV = F·n dA (1.110)
T S

where F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] and n is the outer unit normal vector.

Equation (1.110) can also be written in the component form as
ZZZ   ZZ
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
+ + dx dy dz = (F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy) (1.111)
∂x ∂y ∂z
T S

1.6 Stokes’s Theorem

Stokes’s Theorem(Transformation Between Surface and Line Integrals)

Let S be a piecewise smooth oriented surface in space and let the boundary of S be a piecewise
smooth simple closed curve C. Let F(x, y, z) be a continuous vector function that has continuous
first partial derivatives in a domain in space containing S. Then
ZZ I
(curl F)·n dA = F·r′ (s) ds. (1.112)
S C

where n is a unit normal vector of S, r′ (s) = dr

ds is the unit tangent vector and s the arc length of C.

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Prof. Bijaya Mishra Vector Integral Calculus

Equation (1.112) can be written in the component form as

Z Z        I
∂F3 ∂F2 ∂F1 ∂F3 ∂F2 ∂F1
− N1 + − N2 + − N3 du dv = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz).
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
R C̄
(1.113)

where F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ], N = [N1 , N2 , N3 ], n dA = N du dv, r′ ds = [dx, dy, dz] and R is the region
with boundary curve C̄in the uv-plane corresponding to S represented by r(u, v).

27