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Module 4 - S3 B Com

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19 views4 pages

Module 4 - S3 B Com

Uploaded by

freefirekoruthodu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THIRD SEMESTER BCOM

MODULE IV
UNIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS II

1. Define dispersion. ( 2 marks)


Dispersion or variation is the degree to which the numerical data tend to spread
about an average value
Purpose of measuring variation
 To test the reliability of an average.
 To compare the variability of two or more series.
 To exercise control over variability.

2. What are essential properties of a good


measure of dispersion?(2 marks)
 It should be clearly defined .
 It should be based on all the observations of the data .
 It should be easy to calculate and simple to understand
 It should not be influenced by sampling fluctuations .
 It should be able to further algebraic treatment.
 It should not be affected by Extreme items.

3. What are the measures of dispersion? ( 2 marks )


 Range
 quartile deviation
 mean deviation
 standard deviation

4. Define Range. What are the merits and demerits of range?(5 marks)
Range is the simplest possible measure of dispersion. Range is defined as the
difference between the highest and the lowest values in a series.
Merits of range
 Range is the simplest measure of dispersion.
 It can be easily calculated.
 It can be understood even by a layman.
Demerits of range
 Range is not based on all items of the series.
 It is highly affected by sampling fluctuations.
 It cannot be computed in the case of open end distribution

5. Define Quartile deviation (semi interquartile range)(2 marks)


Quartile deviation is defined as half the difference between third and the first
quartile.

Merits of Quartile deviation


 It is easy to understand and easy to calculate.
 it is not affected by Extreme values .
Demerits of Quartile deviation
 It ignores extreme items.
 It is not capable of more algebraic treatment.

6. Define Mean deviation.(2 marks)


Mean deviation is defined as the are the arithmetic mean of deviations of all the
values in a series from their average counting all such deviation as positive the average selected
may be mean, median and mode.

7. Discuss the merits and demerits of mean deviation. (2 marks)

Merits of Mean deviation


 Mean deviation is a very simple measure and easy measure of dispersion .
 It is based on all the items of the series .
 mean deviation is less affected by Extreme values .
Demerits of Mean deviation
 mean deviation suffers from in accuracy because ‘+’ or ‘-‘ signs are ignored .

 Mean deviation is not capable of any further algebraic treatments.

 Mean deviation is not reliable measure when calculated from mode as the mode is uncertain in
some cases.
8. Define Standard deviation, coefficient of variation and variance.
Standard deviation is defined as the square root of mean of the squares of the
deviations of all values of a series from their Arithmetic mean.
Coefficient of variation
Coefficient of variation is expressed as a percentage ratio to the Mean.
Variance
Variance is the square of standard deviation.
9. Why Standard deviation is considered to be the best measure of dispersion
Standard deviation possesses most of the important characteristics which an ideal measure
of dispersion should have. Standard deviation is rigidly defined. It is based on all the observations of
the data . It is able to more algebraic treatment . It possesses many mathematical properties. It is not
much affected by sampling fluctuation. It does not know the sign of the deviations .It is possible to
find out standard deviation of two or more groups . Coefficient of variation is based on standard
deviation and it can be used to compare variability of two series. standard deviation is used to find
out statistical measures like coefficient of skewness , coefficient of correlation, regression equations
etc. So standard deviation is the best measure of dispersion.
10. Give any two differences between standard deviation and Mean deviation. (2marks)
 In standard deviation, deviations are taken only from the Mean of the values of the series.
But in Mean deviation, deviations may be taken from Mean, median or mode.
 In standard deviation, signs of deviations are not ignored. But in Mean deviation, signs of
deviations are ignored.

Skewness and kurtosis

11. Define Symmetrical distribution. (2marks)

A frequency distribution is said to be symmetric if the frequencies are distributed


symmetrically or evenly on either side of an average. In a symmetrical distribution, the number of
items above the mean and below the mean would be same and the items are symmetrically arranged
about the mean.

12. Define Skewness. (2marks)

Skewness mean lack of symmetry. If a frequency distribution is cubed there will


be more items on one side of the mode than other side. In the case of a skewed distribution the mean
and the median are pulled away from the mode. That is , for a skewed distribution mean median and
mode are not equal.
Eg: Income, Savings etc. are skewed distributions

. Positive skewness and negative skewness


Skewness may be positive or negative. Skewness is said to be positive, when the mean is greater
than the median and median is greater than mode. In this case the curve is skewed to the right .
Skewness is said to be negative, when the mean is less than the median and the median is less than
mode. In this case the curve is skewed to the left.
13. Define Kurtosis. (2 marks)

Kurtosis indicates whether a distribution is a flat-topped or peaked. A measure of


kurtosis is a measure of peakedness. when a frequency curve is more peaked than the normal curve,
it is leptokurtic and when it is more flat-topped than normal curve, it is platykurtic . When a curve
is neither peaked nor flat- topped , it is called mesokurtic or normal.
14.What do you mean by Moments

r th moment of a set of values is defined as the mean of the r th power of the deviations of
those values from their mean. These moments are called moments about mean or central moments.We
can find moments by taking deviations from any arbitrary number also. They are known as raw
moments.

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