4th Year In-Course Exam, 2023

Department of Physics
University of Dhaka
Course Name: Quantumn Mechanics - II
Course Code: PH-402, Time: 1 Hour

Answer all the questions.

1. Is it possible to create infinitely degenerate ground states? Justify your answer. (2)
2. Why do we need a complete set of commutating observables todefine a quantum mechan
ical state? (2)
3. Suppose a spin- particle is in the state

What arethe probabilities of getting +h/2 and -h/2, if you measure S, and S,? 3+3]
4. Consider an electron with only spin degrees of freedom. If the electron is subjected to an
external magnetic field (in the z-direction), its Hamiltonian can be written as

H=-i.B
where =-9,eS/2me. Show that the time evolution of aspin state due to this Hamilto
nian is equivalent to a rotation of the state. The mathematical representation of a time
evolution operation is e-iHt/h [5]
5. A particle of charge q and mass m, which is moving in a one-dimensional harmonic po
tential of frequency w, is subjected to a weak electric field E.
(a) Find the exact expression for the energy. Hint: you can use a change of variables]
(b) Calculate the energy to the first non-zero correction and compare it with the exact re
sult obtained in (a). (You can use the following: â= 2rnw (t+a), þ= iy (a
a),at |n) = Vn+i|n + 1) and a ln) = nn- 1). The first and second-order energy
corrections are given by, E (n| Hp n) and E2) = HP|P)T] (3+7]
E E9
m#n
 Department of Physics
University of Dhaka
th
4 Year B.S. (Hons) First Incourse Examination-2020
Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-II
Course Code: PH-402 Total Marks: 30, Time: 50 Minutes
(Answer any two of the following questions)
1. (a) Consider a system with 𝑗 = 1. Find the matrix representing the operators 𝐽𝑦 within the 5
joint eigenstates of 𝐽2 and 𝐽𝑧 .
(b) Show that for 𝑗 = 1 only, it is legitimate to replace 𝑒 −𝑖𝐽𝑦 𝛽/ℏ by 1 − 𝑖 (𝐽𝑦 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 − 5
ℏ
𝐽𝑦 2
( ℏ ) (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽)
(c) Using (b), prove 5
𝛽 1 𝛽
cos2 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 sin2 ( )
2 √2 2
1 1
𝑑(𝑗=1) (𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
√2 √2
𝛽 1 𝛽
sin2 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 cos2 ( )
( 2 √2 2 )

2. (a) Consider a spin-1/2 particle with its space degrees of freedom suppressed and is subjected 5
⃗ = 𝐵𝑥 𝑥̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑦̂ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑧̂ . The Hamiltonian of the system will
to an external magnetic field 𝐵
⃗ , where 𝜇 is the spin magnetic moment of the particle given
then be given by, 𝐻 = −𝜇. 𝐵
𝑔 𝑞
𝑠
by, 𝜇 = 2𝑚𝑐 𝑆. Find the energy eigenvalues of the system. [For the simplicity of
𝑠 𝑔 𝑞 2𝛾
calculation, you can define 2𝑚𝑐 = ℏ
]

(b) Now, we orient the system in such a way that the magnetic field points in the z- 10
⃗ = 𝐵𝑧̂ ). Say, the particle is now an electron (𝑞 = −𝑒, 𝑔𝑠 = 2),
direction (𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐵
𝑒 𝑒𝐵
hence⃗⃗⃗𝜇 = − . If we define = 𝜔, show that the spin of the electron precesses
𝑚𝑒 𝑐 𝑚𝑒 𝑐
around the direction of the magnetic field with an angular frequency of 𝜔. What will be
the energy eigenvalues in this case?

3. (a) 1
Consider two nonidentical particles with angular momentum 𝑗1 = 1 and 𝑗2 = 2. Find 10
the Clebsch-Gordon coefficients associated with the coupling of that two angular
momenta.
(b) The Hamiltonian of the system is given by, 5
ε 2 𝜀
̂ = 0 (𝐽̂1 + 𝐽̂2 ) − 0 (𝐽̂1𝑧 + 𝐽̂2𝑧 )2 ,
𝐻
ℏ 2 ℏ2
where, 𝜀0 is a constant having the dimensions of energy. Find the energy levels and
their degeneracies.
 Department of Physics
University of Dhaka
4 Year B.S. (Hons) 2nd Incourse Examination-2020
th

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-II

Course Code: PH-402 Total Marks: 30, Time: 50 Minutes

(You must have to answer Case-1 of the question no. 1. After that you can either answer Case-2 or the
question no. 2)

(1) 𝛼 2 𝐸𝑛 4𝑛
Fine structure on the coupled basis, 𝐸𝑓𝑠 = ( − 3)
4𝑛2 𝑗+1
2
𝑒2 1
Unperturbed energy level of Hydrogen, 𝐸𝑛 = −
2𝑎0 𝑛2
ℏ2
Bohr radius, 𝑎0 = 𝑚 2
𝑒𝑒
𝑒2
Fine structure constant, 𝛼 =
ℏ𝑐

1. Consider a hydrogen atom placed in a uniform magnetic field⃗⃗⃗𝐵; the modification to the
Hamiltonian of the system is 𝐻𝑧 = −(𝜇 ⃗⃗⃗𝑙 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ , where ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜇𝑠 ). 𝐵 𝜇𝑠 and ⃗⃗⃗𝜇𝑙 are the magnetic dipole
moments associated with the spin and the orbital momentum of the electron, defined as
𝑒 𝑒
𝜇𝑠 = −
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑆, 𝜇𝑙 = −
⃗⃗⃗ 𝐿⃗
𝑚𝑒 𝑐 2𝑚𝑒 𝑐
Depending on the relative strength of the external magnetic field in comparison with the internal
magnetic field of the atom, we can identify two different regimes for the Zeeman Effect.

Case 1: Weak field

Suppose that 𝐵⃗ is much weaker than the internal magnetic field of the atom; in this case fine
structure dominates and 𝐻𝑧 can be treated as a small, time-independent perturbation.

(a) Choose a good basis for this case and explain the reason behind your choice.
(b) Compute the expectation value of 𝑆 on the basis you have chosen. Hint: use the Wigner-Eckart
𝑆.𝐽
theorem, namely, ⟨𝑆⟩ = ⟨ 𝐽2 𝐽⟩ and express the scalar product 𝑆. 𝐽 in terms of the quantum
numbers 𝑗, 𝑠 and 𝑙.
(c) Use the result you just derived to compute the first order correction to the hydrogen energy
levels. Show that it amounts to
(1) 𝑒
𝐸𝑧 = 𝑔𝐵 ⃗ . ⟨𝐽⟩,
2𝑚𝑒 𝑐 𝑗
where the Lande g-factor 𝑔𝑗 is given by
𝑗(𝑗 + 1) − 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) + 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)
𝑔𝑗 = [1 + ]
2𝑗(𝑗 + 1)
⃗ . Show schematically how the first excited state (𝑛 = 2) split
(d) Choose the z-axis to lie along 𝐵
due to the combined effect of fine structure and weak Zeeman Effect.
Case 2: Strong field (Paschen-Back effect)

Now consider the opposite situation and suppose that the external magnetic field is so strong that
the effect of 𝐻𝑍 is far more important than the fine structure, which can be now treated as a
perturbation. Again, take⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝐵𝑧̂ .

(e) Identify a good eigenstate basis for the unperturbed Hamiltonian and give proper reasoning.
(f) Identify the unperturbed Hamiltonian and compute the unperturbed energy levels.
(g) Use first order perturbation theory to compute the fine structure correction to these levels
for 𝑙 ≠ 0. Show that it is given by

(1) 2𝑛𝐸𝑛2 3 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) − 𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑠

𝐸𝑓𝑠 = [ − ]
𝑚𝑒 𝑐 2 4𝑛 𝑙 (𝑙 + 1) (𝑙 + 1)
2
(h) Draw the energy splitting of the first excited state (𝑛 = 2) under strong field Zeeman Effect
and a give qualitative comparison with the one obtained in the weak field limit.

2. Use the variational method to

(a) estimate the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom using 𝜓(𝑟) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑟/𝛼 as the trial wave
function, where 𝐴 is the normalization constant and 𝛼 is the variational parameter.
(b) estimate the ground state energy of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator using 𝜓0 (𝑥) =
𝐴𝑒 −𝛼|𝑥| as trial function with 𝛼 to be varied.

You can use,

2
ℏ2 𝑑2 ℏ2 ∞ 𝑑𝜓(𝑥)
− ⟨𝜓 | | 𝜓⟩ = ∫ | | 𝑑𝑥
2𝑚 𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑚 −∞ 𝑑𝑥

ℏ2 ℏ2
− ⟨𝜓 | ∇| 𝜓⟩ = ⃗ 𝜓 ∗ (𝑟). (∇
∫ (∇ ⃗ 𝜓(𝑟) 𝑑3 𝑟
2𝑚 2𝑚

∞
𝑛!
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 𝑎𝑛+1
 Departnnentof Physies
University of Dlhaka 3
4th Vea B.S. (Hons) First Ineourse Examination-2019
Course Title:Quantum Mechanics-I
Course Code: PU402 Total Marks: 50, Time: 50 Minutes
(Answer any two ofthe tollowing questions)
ive thind wwwnderstand quantum mechanics, vou don 't understand quantum mechanics "- Richard

(a) Consider the case where j = 1. Find the matrix representing the operators 2, I.
15
L.,.and 1.Alsofind the joint eigenstates ofJ and J, and verify that they
orthonormal and complete basis.
form an
(b) Prove the following identities. (where os are Paulimatrices)
() (ß.a)(ß.b) = å.b+ id.(ãx b)
(ii) (o. i)P = lß.n, for even p
for odd p
(a) Consider a system having only spin degrees of
freedom is rotated by an angle about
the z-axis.Show that the expectation values of the 10
spin operators S,, Sy, and $,
transform like a vector under the rotation, Verify that a 27r-rotation
expectation values.
doesn't change the
Jo) For a spin particle, a general spin state in the basis of S, is
expressed as, la) =
|+)+}) + |-X-\a). Show that a ZTr-rotation about the z-axis doesn't bring the state 5

back to itself.
Ifacoordinate frame (x,y, z) is rotated by,the 3 X3rotation matrix, R(a, B, y)=
10
R,(a) Ry (8) R,(y), where R{(0) is the rotation with respect to "i" axis with angle 0.
then how will the quantum state ) of a spin-1/2 System change? Show that the
rotation is in unitary unimodular form.
3. (a) Consider two nonidentical particles each with angular momentum 1. Find the Clebech
15
Gordon coefficients associated wth the coupling of that two angular momenta
(b) The Hamiltonian of the system is given by, 10
J+h.
n-+)
where, E, and g, are constants having the dimensions of energy. Find the eneroy levele
and their degeneracies for those states of the system whose total angular momentum is
equalto 2h.
 .4 Vear B.S, (|lons) 2nd Incourse
Examination-2019
Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-II
Course Code PH402
Total Marks: 50. Time: 50 Minutes
Aneray o of the following questions including 3)
Tomulas you may need

- =-S, (jm|S,ljm) = mSm((n/.lim); &

=A(ã +át)
N J+1) V2mw

Conssder an electron oscillating in a one-dimensional harmonic

clectric field eis applied in the +x-direction, so that the potential V(x) =mw'x. A weak constant
2

(a) Show that there is no potential perturbed by v'(x) = -eax.

is
(b) Calculate the
change in the energy levels to first order in [.
second-order change in the energy levels.
(c) This problem can be solved exactly by changing variables to y = x-: e[
mw2* Show that the exact energy
ayree with your results in parts (a) and (b). levels
(d) Noy consider aweak magnetic field B = Bzis
applied to the electron trapped in simple harmonic potertial
Calculate the first order energy correction tothe energy levels. Schematically show the shifts in the grourd state
cnergy level due to these perturbations.

2. Consider a particle of mass mmoving in the potential V(«) = (+o, xS0

Estimatethe groundstate energy of this particle using mu'x', x>0

y(x)= -ar?,
xe-ar*as as the trial wave
(a) The variational method with function and
(b) The WKB method.
energy. [Hint: Suppose you already know the energy levels for
(c) Find the exact ground state corresponding this symmetric potential is
potential. The wave functions
above,
to
the wave function must
sym1netric
either even (n even) or harmor..e
odd (n odd).
for the asymmetric potential shown vanish at x= 0 and only Now,
results obtained by the the odd
approximation methods agrees with this exact resul:? solutions wil!
vanish at origin.]Does the

placed in a uniforim weak magnetic field, B Bi; then calculate the energy sut due to
3. If, a hydrogen like aton is is callcd the Lande's formula for anonalous Zeeman ettect. Show the
this rnagnetic field. This
splitting of e.egy
levels for a fixed Idue to this correc tion (You will've two different J: j =lt;and hence two ditferent c-f.ot
Why this phenonenon is called anomalous Zeeman effect?