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W1 - Phonology Vs Phonetics

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19 views24 pages

W1 - Phonology Vs Phonetics

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xiluhan2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Language

Human and non-instinctive method of


communicating ideas, feelings, and
desires by means of a system of sounds
and sound symbols.
(Oxford Dictionary)

The possession of language, perhaps more


than any other attribute, distinguishes
humans from other animals.
Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is an


empirical science that can be studied and examined. In
contrast to the previous social studies that was conducted
in a subjective way, linguistics takes an objective way to
analyze language. So, it has the following features:
• observable
• analyzable and be generalized
• can be verified and falsified
Grammar
The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and
the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a
language.

The grammar is an internalized, unconscious set of rules.

A finite set of rules that generate an infinite number linguistics units in a


language
And the grammar here means the competence
instead of performance.

• competence: the speaker-hearer’sknowledge


competence of his language. It is what you know about
vs. the language.
performance
• performance: the actual use of language in
concrete situations. It is how you use the
knowledge in actual speech production and
comprehension.
Linguistic
ability
phonological ability: the knowledge of
sound system
1. inventory of sounds

2. phonotactic rules

3. syllable structuree.g. English: “spray” is a possible word“ksmatrn”


is not a possible word
When you know a language
you know words in that
language, that is, the sound
semantic ability: units that are related to
the knowledge of specific meanings. You also
words and their know the semantic features
references contained in the words and
the relations between the
graph, the sound, and the
meaning.
Syntactic ability

the knowledge of relations between words and phrases in a sentence,


the internal structure of a sentence, and the correct judgment of
grammaticality of sentences.
e.g. English:
1.Jack likes extremely beautiful girls.
(extremely modifies beautiful;
extremely beautiful modifies girls.)
Subfields of Linguistics
Phonetics
The science of speech sounds is called phonetics.It aims to
provide the set of features or properties that can be used to
describe and distinguish all the sounds used in human
language.
Phonology
The study of the sound system of a language is called
phonology. It includes the inventory of phones, the phonetic
segments that occur in the language, and the ways in which
they pattern.It is this patterning that determines the inventory
of phonemes, the segments that differentiate words.
Subfields of Linguistics
Morphology
The study of word formation and the internal
structure of words is called morphology.Terms:
morpheme; affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes,
and circumfixes); bound vs. free; root vs. stem vs
derivational.
Syntax
The study of how the words in a grammatical
sentence must be ordered and grouped is called
syntax.Terms: phrase structure, deep structure,
transformational rules, etc.
English is not a phonographic language
Many sounds have several different spellings,
e.g. go, though, foe, slow, boat;
or George, Joe, badge, village

Many “same spellings” have different sounds,


e.g. <ough>: though, cough, bough, through, thought, and enough.
Learners cannot rely on the spelling of a word

The problem
of The problem is the opposite for native speakers
– English schoolchildren spend incredible
pronunciation amounts of time learning to read and esp. to
write. Many adults have very poor spelling.
for learners of
ESL To learn to pronounce English correctly it is of
great help to learn to read phonemic
transcription and/or have a CD dictionary with
sound
PHONETICS &
PHONOLOGY
• Phonetics phone – Greek for ‘sound’
Definitions:
"[t]he study of the full range of vocal sounds that
human beings are capable of making"
(Kenstowicz & Kisseberth 1979, 1).
• The part of linguistics concerned with the
What is sounds of language.
phonetics? • Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that
comprises the study of the sounds of human
speecch. It is concerned with the physical
properties of speech sounds: their physiologicacl
production, acoustic properties, auditory
perception, and neurophysiological statue.
Branches
Phonology is the study of how sounds are
organized and used in natural languages.

The phonological systam of a language includes:


• an inventory of sounds and their features, and
What is • rules which specify how sounds interact with
phonology? each other.
Phonology is just one of several aspects of
language. It is related to other aspects such as
phonetics, morphology, syntax and pragmatics
1. Differences between Phonetics &
Phonology

Phonetics and phonology are the two fields dedicated to the study of human
speech sounds and sound structures.

The difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics deals with the
physical production of these sounds while phonology is the study of the sound
patterns and their meanings both within and across languages

Phonetics = sound production


Phonology = sound behaviour in realization
Differences between Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics Phonology
Study of the sounds of Speech The study of the sound patterns in
Articulatory languages
Acoustic Phonemes (vowels and consonants)
Experimental Prosody (stress, rhythm and intonation)

Phonetics: The study of speech sounds and Phonology: The study of the abstract side
their production in general, focusing on the of speech sounds of a language, focusing
physical features: how to pronoun a speech on the rules for sound distribution
sound of the language concerned. characterising the language .
2. Two Segmental phonology: The study of
dimensions speech units/phonemes and their
behaviours in connected speech.
of the task
of Phonetics Suprasegmental phonology: The
study of stress & intonation.
&
Phonology
II. Phonemes, phonemic system,
allophones, and symbols
1. Phonemes
The smallest speech sound that has linguistic value
When a series of phones are similar in terms of articulation and can be distinguished
from another group in terms of meaning and collocation, the group is given a name
e.g. /t/. This is a phoneme.
The phoneme is an abstract term, specific to a particular language.
II. Phonemes, phonemic system,
allophones, and symbols

1. Phonemes
An abstract set of speech units (segments) used in linguistics to describe the speech
sound system. Each of the unit is capable of changing one word into another if one
unit is replaced for another. So, /t/ and /p/ are two phonemes in English because they
are interchangeable in case of the pair words ‘cat’ & ‘cap’.
II. Phonemes, phonemic system,
allophones, and symbols
2. Phonemic system
All the phonemes form the phonemic system. The English phonemic system
described for RP contains 44 phonemes.

3. Symbols
The forms of phonemes used in writing phonemic transcription: /ð/, /s/, / t /,
/ə/, /¶:/, /æ/, etc.
II. Phonemes, phonemic system,
allophones, and symbols

4. Allophones
The particular different realizations of the same phoneme in complementary
distribution/due to the place where it occurs: /æ/ in ‘mad’ is longer than /æ/ in ‘hat’
because /d/ is voicing. They are two allophones of the same morpheme /æ/. (They are
not free variations)

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