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16 views3 pages

DSys CA1

Uploaded by

xoxo52225
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Explain the characteristics of distributed system ?

3M

Resource Sharing: Ability to use hardware, software, or data from anywhere in


the system.

Openness: Concerns extensions and improvements in the system, emphasizing


how openly software is developed and shared.

Concurrency: Multiple activities or functionalities can be performed


simultaneously by separate users in different locations.

Scalability: System can expand its capacity and adapt to handle increased
workload or users without sacrificing performance.

Fault Tolerance: System remains operational and maintains performance in the


event of hardware or software failures.

Transparency: Hides the complexity of distributed systems from users and


applications, ensuring privacy and ease of use.

Heterogeneity: Components of the system can vary and differ across the
distributed environment.

Explain the Issues in Distributed system? 4M

Network Reliability: Ensuring consistent communication despite network failures, delays, or congestion.

Security: Protecting data and resources from unauthorized access and ensuring secure communication
across the network.

Data Consistency: Maintaining a consistent state of data across multiple locations despite concurrent
updates or failures.

Scalability: Managing growth without degrading performance, including handling an increasing number
of users or data.

Fault Tolerance: Ensuring the system remains operational and maintains performance when parts of the
system fail.

Coordination and Synchronization: Managing coordination between distributed components to ensure


correct and efficient operation, including handling timing issues and dependencies.
Transparency: Providing a seamless experience for users by hiding the complexity of the underlying
distributed components, such as location, replication, and failure management.

Tightly Coupled Multiprocessors

Processors share a common memory and are connected via a high-speed bus.

Low communication latency and high synchronization between processors.

Suitable for parallel processing tasks requiring fast data sharing.

Easier to program but may face bottlenecks due to shared resources.

Less scalable and may have limited fault tolerance.

Loosely Coupled Multiprocessors

Processors have independent local memory and communicate via a slower network.

Higher communication overhead but greater flexibility and scalability.

Suitable for distributed computing with independent tasks.

More complex software required for synchronization and communication.

Better fault tolerance and can handle heterogeneous workloads.

Message Passing in Distributed Systems

Message passing is a fundamental method of communication in distributed systems, where multiple


independent nodes or processes work together to perform a task. Since these nodes do not share a
common memory, they rely on message passing to exchange data and coordinate actions.

Key Points of Message Passing:

Communication Mechanism: Nodes exchange messages through a network to send and receive data,
commands, or synchronization signals.

Asynchronous and Synchronous Modes: Messages can be sent synchronously (blocking until
acknowledged) or asynchronously (non-blocking, where the sender continues without waiting for an
acknowledgment).

Reliability and Ordering: Ensures the reliability of communication (through error detection,
retransmission, etc.) and the correct order of messages.

Scalability: Supports scalability by enabling communication between a large number of distributed


nodes.

Flexibility and Modularity: Facilitates building modular and flexible systems where components can be
developed and maintained independently.

Evolution of Distributed Systems

1960s-1970s: Early networks like ARPANET enabled basic communication between mainframes.

1980s: Introduction of the client-server model, with servers providing resources to client machines.

1990s: Emergence of distributed computing with cluster computing and peer-to-peer networks.

2000s: Growth of web-based services and cloud computing for scalable and reliable resource
management.

2010s-Present: Development of decentralized systems, microservices, and edge computing for


improved performance and flexibility.

Distributed System Definition

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers or nodes that work together as a single,
cohesive unit to achieve a common goal. These computers communicate over a network, coordinate
their actions, and share resources like data, processing power, and storage.

Key Characteristics:

Decentralization: No single point of control; components are spread across multiple locations.

Resource Sharing: Nodes share resources and data to perform tasks more efficiently.

Scalability: Can grow by adding more nodes to handle increased load or tasks.

Fault Tolerance: Designed to continue functioning even if some components fail.

Transparency: The system hides the complexities of distributed operations, providing a seamless
experience to users.

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