166 Pressure Vessel Design Manual

PROCEDURE 3-10
DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL VESSEL ON SADDLES (1, 3, 5, 14, 15)

S = allowable stress, tension, psi

Notation Sc = allowable stress, compression, psi
S1-14 = shell, head, and ring stresses, psi
A, = cross-sectional area of composite ring stiffen- K1-9 = coefficients
er, in?
Ar = projected area of vessel, ft? 1. = longitudinal force due to wind, seismic, expan.
sion, contraction, etc., Ib
E = joint efficiency Fy = transverse force, wind or seismic, Ib
E, = modulus of elasticity, psi
Ch = seismic factor (see Procedure 3-3) ox = longitudinal stress, internal pressure, posi
Cf = shapefactor = 0.8 = circumferential stress, internal pressure, ps
92 = wind pressure, psf de = longitudinal stress, external pressure, psi
De = effective vessel diameter, ft
11 = moment of inertia of ring stiffener, in.* sure, psi
tw = thickness of wear plate, in. Fy = minimum yield stress, shell, psi
ts = thickness of shell, in. P = internal pressure, psi
th = thickness of head, in. Pe = external pressure, psi
Q = total load per saddle (including piping loads, G = gust factor, wind
wind or seismic reactions, platforms, operating K, = velocity pressure coefficient
liquid, etc.) Ib I = importance factor, 1.0-1.25 for vessels
W. = operating weight of vessel, Ib V = basic wind speed, mph
M, = longitudinal bending moment at saddles, in. -1b K, = pier spring rate, 46 In
M2 = longitudinal bending moment at midspan, M = friction coefficient
y = pier deflection, in.

H Rm = mean radius, in.

= radius, ft
r = radius, in.
Wear R

E
Ls

1 = 1.56 Vrts

Stiffening
ring

Figure 3-42. Typical dimensions for a horizontal vessel supported on two saddles.
 Design of Vessel Supports 167
S, = longitudinal bending a saddles (tension at top, compression al bottom)

S14 = circumferential stress

in stiffener

Sa = longitudinal bending at - S12 = circumferential compression

midspan at bottom of shell

LSs+ = tangential shear - results

in diagonal lines in shell S13 = circumferential compression
in plane of saddle
So = tangential shear in head (A ? R/2)
59-10 = circumferential bending al
Ls, aditional tension in head (A ? R/2) horn of saddle
Figure 3-43. Stress diagram.

L/2 4/2

M,

Mis negative for My is positive for

? Hemi-heads. ? Flat heads where A/R < 0.707.
*lay of the below conditions are exceeded. ? 21 Ste here hers her 010 044.

Figure 3-44. Moment diagram.

168 Pressure Vessel Design Manual

Longitudinal Forces, Fi
Case 1: Pier Deflection

Fu = Key

Sa=S

Case 2: Expansion/Contraction

FL2 = 1Qo

Sa =S

Case 3: Wind
FwL EC
FL3 =FwL= A,C,Ggz

Sa = 1.335
Case 4: Seismic Fe

FL =Fo=GnWo

Sa = 1.335
Case 5: Shipping/Transportation Fz

FLs (See Chapter 7.)

Sa = 0.9Fy
Case 6: Bundle Pulling

FL6 = Fp-

Sa = 0.9Fy

X = Fixed Saddle

X= Fixed Saddle
Full load applies to fixed saddle only!
Note: For Cases 5 and 6, assume the vessel is cold and not pressurized.
 Design of Vessel Supports 169

Transverse Load: Basis for Equations

? Wa 2/3E
Method 1

E/

Wz

F1
E

E?

Therefore the total load, Qr, due to force F is

Wu
EZE
QF = W3E = 3FB - 30B
E
? Unit load at edge of base plate, w.. Method 2

Wu = W1 + w2

F
F
? Derivation of equation for w2.

M E?
0=7 M = FB 7=6 B

Therefore -
E
M 6FB
TER

This method is based on the rationale that the load is

? Equivalent total load Q2.
no longer spread over the entire saddle but is shifted to one
side.
22 = w,E
? Combined force, la.
This assumes that the maximum load at the edge of the Q2 = 1F2 + Q2
baseplate is uniform across the entire baseplate. This is
very conservative, so the equation is modified as follows: ? Angle, On.

? Using a triangular loading and 2/3 rule to develop a Or = (arctan) "

more realistic "uniform load"
? Modified saddle angle, 01.
P = FB 3FB
(2/3)E
2E 0, =29
2 - ??
170 Pressure Vessel Design Manual

Types of Stresses and Allowables

? S, to Sa: longitudinal bending. ? So and
horn So 1,55 and OF circumferental bende
of saddle.
Tension: S,, S3, or S4 + 0, < SE

Compression: S2, Sa, or S4 - 0e < Sc

where S, = factor "B" or S or tsE,/16r the saddle. Stresses must also be checked at the
whichever is less. the wear plate.
2. If stresses at the horn of the sadle are excesie.
a. Add a wear plate.
1. Compressive stress is not significant where Rm't < 200
b. Increase contact angle 0.
and the vessel is designed for internal pressure only.
c. Move saddles toward heads, A < R.
2. When longitudinal bending at midspan is excessive, d. Add stiffening rings.
move saddles away from heads; however, do not
exceed A ? 0.2 L.
3. When longitudinal bending at saddles is excessive, ? 512 < 0.5., or 1.5 S: circumferential compressie stres
move saddles toward heads.
4. If longitudinal bending is excessive at both saddles and 1. If a wear plate is used, t, may be taken a t, m po
viding the width of the wear plate is at least
midspan, add stiffening rings. If stresses are still exces-
sive, increase shell thickness. b + 1.56 /its.
2. If the shell is unstiffened the maximum stress occura
? S5 to S8 < 0.8S: tangential shear. the horn of the saddle.
3. If the shell is stiffened the maximum hoop compresia
1. Tangential shear is not combined with other stresses. occurs at the bottom of the shell.
2. If a wear plate is used, ts may be taken as ts + tw, pro- 4. If stresses are excessive add stiffening rings.
viding the wear plate extends R/10 above the horn of
the saddle. ? (+ )513 +06<1.5 S: circumferential tension stress-hel
3. If the shell is unstiffened, the maximum tangential stiffened.
shear stress occurs at the horn of the saddle. ? (- )513 - 0<0.5Fy circumferential compression stress-
4. If the shell is stiffened, the maximum tangential shear shell stiffened.
occurs at the equator. ? (- )S14-0, <0.9F yi circumferential compression stressin
5. When tangential shear stress is excessive, move saddles stiffening ring.
toward heads, A <0.5 R, add rings, or increase shell
thickness.
6. When stiffening rings are used, the shell-to-ring weld Procedure for Locating Saddles
must be designed to be adequate to resist the tangential
shear as follows: Trial 1: Set A =0.2 L and 0 = 120° and check stress at the
horn of the saddle, So or S1o. This stress will govern for
most vessels except for those with large L/R ratios.
Ib Trial 2: Increase saddle angle 0 to 150° and recheck stresser
S, = - allowable shear
nr in. circumference in. of weld at horn or saddle, So or S10.
Trial 3: Move saddles near heads (A = R/2) and retum 6 o
? Su + On < 1.25 SE: additional stress in head. 120°. This will take advantage of stiffiness provided by te
heads and will also induce additional stresses in the heads
Compute stresses S4, Sg, and So or S1o. A wear plate my
1. Sin is a shear stress that is additive to the hoop stress in be used to reduce the stresses at the horn or saddle when
the head and occurs whenever the saddles are the saddles are near the heads (A < R/2) and the wes
plate extends R/10 above the horn of the saddle.
located close to the heads, A ?0.5 R. Due to their
close proximity the shear of the saddle extends into Trial 4: Increase the saddle angle to 150° and rechest
the head. stresses S4, Ss, and So or S1o. Increase the saddle ange
progressively to a maximum of 168° to reduce stresses.
2. If stress in the head is excessive, move saddles away Trial 5: Move saddles to A =0.2L and 0 = 120° and desi
from heads, increase head thickness, or add stiffening
ring stiffeners in the plane of the saddles using the equ
rings.
tions for S13 and S14 (see Note 7).
 Design of Vessel Supports 171

0 = 120°

0 = 120"
€ = 120°
009 - t
oaf a02 022 $ 50.123

0 = 150° Add ring

at supports
f = 0.11
- t -2193.
= 150%
OSRE120JUL Add rings al
supporta

0.173 f582
Coat? ?rosi
120°
Cannot be
upported en
Chack head-plate
Ne saddles
thickness.
Chech tor meat plate
Ase nogs al sunports $ = 0,25
1% 1% 1 % 1% 1 * * 20
Shell thickness, t, inches
30
40

1-
H

Basis of design
A-285 Grade C carbon steel
liquid wt = 42 lb per cu it
Example shown by arrows
R = 5' Use 120° saddles 110
? A = R/2
4 = X-J Chech or less thickness
head-plate 120
130
140

Figure 3-45. Chart for selection of saddles for horizontal vessels. Reprinted by permission of the American Welding Society.

Table 3-21
Wind and Seismic Forces Seismic Factors, C, (For 1 = 1.0)

Zone c.
? Longitudinal forces, Fr
Seismic: UBC (see Procedure 3-3) 0.069
2A
FL=GAW. 0.138
2B 0.184
Wind: ASCE 7-95 (Exposure C, Type III) 0.275
0.367
FL= A,C,Go92

where A, = TD?
Table 3-22
C/ = 0.8 Effective Diameter, Do

G = 0.85 Diameter (In.) D.

92 = 0.00256K, v21 < 36 1.5D
K, = from Table 3-23 36-54 1.37D
54-78 1.28D
1 = 1.15 78-102 1.2D
> 102 1.18D
V = basic wind speed, 70- 100 mph
(see Procedure 3-2)
172 Pressure Vessel Design Manual

Table 3-23 S, = longitudinal bending at midspan, tension at

Coefficient, Kz bottom, compression at top
S= = tangential shear-shell stiffened in plane of
Height (ft) saddle
0-15 0.85 S6 = tangential shear shell not stiffened, 1> R2
20 0.9 S1 = tangential shear shell not stiffened except y
25 0.94 heads, A ? R/2
30 0.98
1.04 Ss = tangential hear in head-shell not stifened,
40
50
A ?R/2
60 So = circumferential bending at horn of saddla
shell not stiffened, L ? 8R
? Transverse forces, F, per saddle. S10 = circumferential bending at horn of saddle
shell not stiffened, L. < 8R
Seismic: S, = additional tension stress in head, shell not stif.
F, =(C,W.)0.5 fened, A ? R/2
S12 = circumferential compressive stress-stiffened
Wind: or not stiffened, saddles attached or not
F, = (ArC, Gagz)0.5 S13 = circumferential stress in shell with stiffener in
plane of saddle
Ar= De(L + 2H) S14 = circumferential stress in ring stiffener
? Total saddle reaction forces, @.
Longitudinal Bending
Q= greater of Qi or Q2
Longitudinal, Qi ? S1, longitudinal bending at saddles-without stiffeners,
tension.
0, = Wo + PLB [8AH + 6A2 - 3R + 3H27
M1 = 6Q 3L + 4H

Transverse, Q2
M1

22=2
Wo - 3F,B ? Sa, longitudinal bending at saddles-without stiffeners,
compression.

MI
Shell Stresses S2 = (-)
Kyr?ts

There are 14 main stresses to be considered in the design

? Sa, longitudinal bending at saddles- with stiffeners.
of a horizontal vessel on saddle supports:
S, = longitudinal bending at saddles without stif- M y
S3 = ($)-
feners, tension Tr-ts
S2 = longitudinal bending at saddles without stif-
feners, compression ? S4, longitudinal bending at midspan.
S3 = longitudinal bending at saddles with stiffeners
M2 = 30 3L2 + 6R - 6H2 - 12AL - 16AH]
3L + 4H
M2
SA = (#) =

4
0, a, Tangential Shear
Q21

Figure 3-46. Saddle reaction forces.

? Ss, tangential shear-shell stiffened in the plane of the
saddle.
 Design of Vessel Supports 173
L-2A
Note: If shell is stiffened or A > 0.5R, S, =0.
S5 = Arts L+?H

So tangential shear shell not stiffened, A > 0.5R. Circumferential Tension/Compression

? S12, circumferential compression.

K20 L - 2A
56 = its L+3H
S12 = (-)- K5Q
+(6 + 1.56/11)
, 51, tangential shear-shell not stiffened, A ?0.5R.
Note: ts = ts + tw only if wear plate is attached to shell and
K32
width of wear plate is a minimum of b + 1.56 /its.
51=-its
? S13, circumferential stress in shell with stiffener (see
? Ss, tangential shear in head-shell not stiffened, A ?0.5R. Note 8).
K32
S8 =
ith
Note: If shell is stiffened or A > 0.5R, S8=0.
Note: Add second expression if vessel has an internal
Circumferential Bending stiffener, subtract if vessel has an external stiffener.

? So, circumferential bending at horn of saddle-shell not ? So circumferential compressive stress in stiffner see
stiffened (L ? 8R).

3K6 Q 514 = (-, Kal_ KoQrd

So = (-)4t, (b + 1.56 /rts) A,

Note: ts =ts+ tw and t, = t} + t only if A ?0.5R and

wear plate extends R/10 above horn of saddle. Pressure Stresses
? Sio, circumferential bending at horn of saddle-shell not
stiffened (L < 8R).
0x =PRm
12K6QR 2ts
510 = (-)
4ts (b + 1.56,/rts)

Note: Requirements for ts are same as for Sg.

Additional Tension Stress in Head

PIR
0s =-
? Su, additional tension stress in head-shell not stiffened,
A ? 0.5R.
Oh = 0p, maximum circumferential stress in head is equal to
SI = K4Q hoop stress in shell
rth
 174 Pressure Vessel Design Manual

COMBINED STRESSES
COMPRESSION
TENSION
Stress
Allowable Allowable
Stress
So=
- S2-00
S,+0x SE =
Sc =
- S3-de
S3+0x SE =
Sc=
- S4 - 0e
S4+0x SE =
0.5F y =
- S13 - 08
S11 ton 1.25SE =
- S14-08 0.9F, =
S13 tOp 1.5SE =

0 - 120* 0.053

0.05
0 - 130° 0.045

0.04 0 - 140° 0.037

8 - 150° 0.032.

0.03
8 = 160° 0.026

8 - 170° 0.022

0.02 8 - 180° 0.0175

0.013
0,011
0.01 ? 0.009
0.008
0.0065
=0.0055
0.0044

0.5 1.0

Contact
Contact Angle 0 K,* K2 K Ks Kg Kg
Angle o K,* Kz Ks Kg
152 0.518 0.781 0.466 0.289 0.669 0.894 0.298 0.031
120 0.335 1.171 0.880 0.401 0.760 0.603 0.340 0.053
0.345 1.139 0.846 0.393 0.753 0.618 0.338 0.051 154 0.531 0.763 0.448 0.283 0.665 0.913 0.2960.030
122
124 0.355 1.108 0.813 0.385 0.746 0.634 0.336 0.050 156 0.544 0.746 0.430 0.278 0.661 0.933 0.294 0.028
126 0.366 1.078 0.7811 0.377 0.739 0.651 0.334 0.048 158 0.557 0.729 0.413 0.272 0.657 0.954 0.292 0.027
128 0.376 1.050 0.751 0.369 0.732 0.669 0.332 0.047 160 0.571 0.713 0.396 0.266 0.654 0.976 0.2900.026
162 0.585 0.698 0.380 0.261 0.650 0.994 0.286 0.025
130 0.387 1.022 0.722 0.362 0.726 0.689 0.330 0.045
132 0.398 0.996 0.694 0.355 0.720 0.705 0.328 0.043 164 0.599 0.683 0.365 0.256 0.647 1.013 0.282 0.024
134 0.409 0.971 0.667 0.347 0.714 0.722 0.326 0.042 166 0.613 0.668 0.350 0.250 0.643 1.033 0.278 0.024

136 0.420 0.946 0.641 0.340 0.708 0.740 0.324 0.040 168 0.627 0.654 0.336 0.245 0.6401.054 0.2740.023
138 0.432 0.923 0.616 0.334 0.702 0.759 0.322 0.039 170 0.642 0.640 0.322 0.240
0.637 1.079 0.270 0.022
140 0.443 0.900 0.592 0.327 0.697 0.780 0.320 0.037 172 0.657 0.627
0.309 0.235 0.635 1.097 0.266 0.021
142 0 . 4 5 5 0.879 0 . 5 6 9 0 . 3 2 0 0 . 6 9 2 0 . 7 9 6 0.316 0 . 0 3 6 174 0.672 0.296
0.614 0.230 0.632 1.1160.2620.020
144 0.467 0.858 0.547 0.314 0.687 0.813 0.312 0.035 176 0.0687 0.601 0.283 0.225 0.629 1.137 0.2580.013
146 0.480 0.837 0.526 0.308 0.682 0.831 0.308 0 . 0 3 4 178 0.702 0.589 0.271 0.220 0.627 1.158 0.254 0.018
148 0.492 0.818 0.505 0.301 0.678 0 . 8 5 3 0.304 0.033 180 0.718
0.577 0.260 0.216 0.624 1.183 0.250 0.011
150 0.505 0.799 0.485 0.295 0.673 0.876 0.300 0.032

*K, = 3.14 if the shell is stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2).

Figure 3-47. Coefficients.

 Design of Vessel Supports 175
Table 3-24
Coefficients for Zick's Analysis (Angles 80° to 120°)

A/R ? 0.5 AR ? 1.0

SADDLE ?.
ANGLE O
0.0947
0.0934
81
0.0922
82
0.0910
83
0.0897
0.0885
85
0.0873
86
0.0861
87
0.0819
88
0.0838
89
0.0826
90
0.0815
91 0.0803
92 0.0792
0.0792 0.4025
93 0.0781
0.0781 0.4092
94
0.0770 0.4160 0.0770
95 0.0759 0.4228 0.0759
96 0.0748
0.0748
97 0.0737 0.0737
98 0.0727
0.0727
99 0.0716 0.0716
100
0.0706 0.0706
101 0.0696
0.0696
102 0.0686 0.0686
103 0.0675 0.0675
104 0.0666
0.0666
0.0656
105 0.0656
106 0.0646
0.0646
0.0636
107 0.0636
108 0.0627
0.0627
0.0617
109 0.0617
0.0608
110 0.0608
111
0.0599
0.0599
112 0.0590
0.0590
113
0.0591
0.0581
0.0572
114 0.0572
0.0563
115
0.0563
0.0554
116 0.0554
0.0546
117 0.0546
0.0537
118
0.0537
0.0529
119 0.0529
K.
120 K.
A/R ? 0.5 AR ? 1.0
SADDLE
ANGLE

Notes:
2. The ASME
1. These Code does
coefficients not vedtrom
are derived mend the use
Zick's of saddles with an included angle, 8, less than 120°. Therefore the values in this table should be used for very
equations.
amal-diameter vessels or to evaluate existing vessels built prior to this ASME recommendation.
3. Values of Ky for AVA ratios between 0.5 and 1 can be interpolated.
176 Pressure Vessel Design Manual

Table 3-25
Slot Dimensions
E ' in. typically

Temperature Distance Between Saddles

G- - G 10ft
F 20 1t 30ft
+
1F12 40 M
- 50 0.25
100 0.125 0.25
- Bolt ¢ + ? in. 200 0.250 0.375 0.125
300 0.250 0.375 0.625 0.375
400 0.375 0.625 0.875 0.750
500 0.375 0.750 1.125 1.125
600 0.500 1.00 1.375 1.500
0.625 1.125 1.625 1.875
700
1200 minimum 0.750 1.250 1.625 2.125
8 800
900 0.750 1.375 2.000 2.375
2.500

approximately
9 in. 1l
Slot
Figure 3-48. Saddle dimensions.
Bolt diameter See
+ ? in. Table

Table 3-26
Typical Saddle Dimensions*

Maximum
Vessel Operating Bolt
Approxima
D F G H Diameter
O.D. Weight A
24 15,400 22 21 N.A. 0.5 7 4 0.25 15.2 1 122°
30 16,700 27 24 9 4 16.5 120° 100

36 15,700 33 27 12 18.8 125° 170

42 15,100 38 30 15 20.0 123° 200

48 25,330 44 33 18 22.3 127° 230

54 26,730 48 36 20 22.7 121° 270

60 38,000 54 39 23 25.0 124° 310

66 38,950 60 42 26 27.2 127°
72 50,700 64 45 10 28 0.375 27.6 122°
78 56,500 70 48 11 0.75 31 8 124°
29.8
57,525 74 51 12 33 30.2 121°
90 64,200 80 54 13 36 32.5 123° 880
96 65,400 86 57 14 39 34.7 125° 940

102 94,500 92 60 15 42 10 0.500 37.0 1? 126° 1,350

108 85,000 96 63 16 44 37.3 123° 1,430

114 164,000 102 66 17 47 0.625 1,760

39.6 125°
120 150,000 106 69 18 40.0 1,800
122°
132 127,500 118 75 20 2,180
44.5 125°
280,000 128 81 2,500
266,000 140 47.0 124°
87 2,730
51.6 126°
*Table is in inches and pounds and degrees.
 Design of Vessel Supports 177
Notes
and the wear plate extends R/10 (5.73 deg.) above the
horn of the saddle.
1. Horizontal vessels act as beams with the following 7. If it is determined that stiffening rings will be required
to reduce shell stresses, move saddles away from the
2. Loading conditions vary for full or partially full ves.
exceptions:
heads (preferable to A =0.2 L). This will prevent
designing a vessel with a flexible center and rigid
b. Stresses vary according to angle o and distance "A."
ends. Stiffening ring sizes may be reduced by using a
C. Load due to weight is combined with other loads.
saddle angle of 150°.
2 Large-diameter, thin-walled vessels are best supported 8. An internal stiffening ring is the most desirable from a
near the heads, provided the shell can take the load strength standpoint because the maximum stress in the
between the saddles. The resulting stresses in the shell is compressive, which is reduced by internal pres-
heads must be checked to ensure the heads are stiff sure. An internal ring may not be practical from a pro-
enough to transfer the load back to the saddles. cess or corrosion standpoint, however.
3. Thick walled vessels are best supported where the 9. Friction factors:
longitudinal bending stresses at the saddles are about
equal to the longitudinal bending at midspan.
"A" should not exceed 0.2 L. Friction
However,
Surfaces Factor, H
4. Minimum saddle angle © = 120°, except for small ves-
Lubricated steel-to-concrete
0.45
sels. For vessels designed for external pressure only e
should always = 120". The maximum angle is 168° if a Steel-to-steel 0.4
Lubrite-to-steel
wear plate is used. 0.15
5. Except for large L/R ratios or A > R/2, the governing ? Temperature over 500°F
? Temperature 500°F or less 0.10
stress is circumferential bending at the horn of the
0.15
saddle. Weld seams should be avoided at the horn of
the saddle. 0.06
6. A wear plate may be used to reduce stresses at the horn
? Bearing 300 psi or less 0.1
of the saddle only if saddles are near heads (A ? R/2),

PROCEDURE 3-11

DESIGN OF SADDLE SUPPORTS FOR LARGE VESSELS [4, 15-17, 21]

Fa = allowable axial stress, psi (see App. L)
N = number of anchor bolts in the fixed saddle
Notation a, = cross-sectional area of bolts in tension, in.?
Y = effective bearing length, in.
A, =cross-sectional area of saddle, in.?
T=tension load in outer bolt, Ib
Ab = area of base plate, in.?
nj = modular ratio, steel to concrete, use 10
Ar = projected area for wind, ft*
Fb = allowable bending stress, psi
1 = pressure area on ribs, in?
Fy = yield stress, psi
A, = cross-sectional area, rib, in?
fh = saddle splitting force, Ib
@ = maximum load per saddle, Ib
fa = axial stress, psi
01= lo+ QR, lb fb = bending stress, psi
22 = lo+ QL, lb fu = unit force, Ib/in.
lo= load per saddle, operating, Ib
Bp= bearing pressure, psi
QT = load per saddle, test, Ib M = bending moment, or overturning moment, in.-Ib
lu = vertical load per saddle due to longitudinal loads, Ib I = moment of inertia, in.*
(R= vertical load per saddle due to transverse loads, Ib Z = section modulus, in.3
FL. = maximum longitudinal force due to wind, seismic, r = radius of gyration, in.
pier deflection, etc. (see procedure 3-10 for K, = saddle splitting coefficient
detailed description)