Faculty of Science

Computer Science Department

Final ExamofLogic Programming(CS359)
Program: CS, Math & CS, and Ph & CS Academic Year: 2018-2019
Grade: 3rd Semester: Spring 2019
Date: 13-05- 2019 Model Answer Time: 2 hours
Answer the following questions: (Total score: 40 Marks)
(10 marks for each question)
I) 1-Show the answer(s) of the following queries:
a) ?- X is 2**4, Y is X//3. b) ?- like(jane, X) = like(Y, ice_cream).
c) X is 2**3, Y is X mod 3. d) ?- [X|Y] = [[a, b], c, d, [e, f]].
e) ?- member(X, [a,b,c]), member(Y, [d,b, c]), !, X = Y.
2- Write a query that reads two numbers and displays their sum.
3- Write a predicate max/4 that returns the largest of three integers,
Examples:
?- max(3, 5, 1, X). ?- X is max(7, 2, 5).
X=5 X=7

1- The answer(s) of the given queries:

a) ?- X is 2**4, Y is X//3. c) ?-X is 2**3, Y is X mod 3.
X = 16 X=8
Y=5 Y=2
Yes Yes
b) ?- like(jane, X) = like(Y, ice_cream). d) ?- [X|Y] = [[a, b], c, d, [e, f]].
X = ice_cream X = [a, b]
Y = jane Y = [c, d, [e, f]]
Yes Yes
e) ?- member(X, [a,b,c]), member(Y, [d,b, c]), !, X = Y.
No
2- A query that reads two numbers and displays their sum.
?- read(X), read(Y), Z is X + Y, write(Z).

3-Predicate max/4:
max(X, Y, Z, X):- X > Y, X > Z, !.
max(X, Y, Z, Y):- Y > X, Y > Z, !.
max(X, Y, Z, Z):- Z > X, Z > Y.

II) 1- Consider the following database:

child(ed, helen). child(mary, tom).
child(george, mary). child(harry, tom).
child(helen, harry).
descendant(X, Y) :- child(X, Y).

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 descendant(X, Y) :- child(X, Z), descendant(Z, Y).
a) Write a query to get the answer of each question from the given database, and show
the answer(s):
(i) Find the descendants of harry.
(ii) Find all children.
b) Show all answers of the following queries:
(i) ?- child(X, Y).
(ii) ?- descendant(helen, Y).
(iii) ?- descendant(X, tom).
(iv) ?- descendant(ed, tom).
2- Correct the errors in the following Prolog clauses:
a)Length([2, 3, 1], N). c) s(X), t(Y) :- k(X,Y).
b)write(Hello Friend). d) fun(N,M1):- fun(N - 1,M2), M1 is N * M2.

a) A query to get the answer of each question from the given database,
with the answer(s):
(i) Find the descendants of (ii) Find all children.
harry. ?- child(C, _).
?- descendant(X, harry). C = ed ;
X = helen ; C = george ;
X = ed ; C = helen ;
No C = mary ;
C = harry ;
No
b) The answers of the given queries:
(i) ?- child(X, Y). (ii) ?- descendant(helen, Y).
X = ed Y = harry ;
Y = helen ; Y = tom ;
X = george No
Y = mary ; (iii) descendant(X, tom).
X = helen X = mary ;
Y = harry ; X = harry ;
X = mary X = ed ;
Y = tom ; X = george ;
X = harry X = helen ;
Y = tom ; No
No (iv) ?- descendant(ed, tom).
Yes
2-Correct the errors in the following Prolog clauses:
a)Length([2, 3, 1], N). c) s(X), t(Y) :- k(X,Y).
length([2, 3, 1], N). k(X,Y):- s(X), t(Y).
b)write(Hello Friend). d) fun(N,M1):- fun(N - 1,M2), M1 is N *
write('Hello Friend'). M2.
fun(N,M1):- N1 is N – 1, fun(N1,M2),
M1 is N * M2.

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III) 1-Consider the following facts that represent somekinds of animals (mammals and birds):
mammal(lion). bird(parrot).
mammal(elephant). bird(owl).
mammal(zebra). bird(penguin).
mammal(wolf). bird(goose).
Write a query to retrieve all birds

2-Using the search tree show all answers for the query a(X) to the following program:
a(X):-b(X,Y), c(Y). b(2,3). c(2).
a(X):-c(X). b(3,3). c(4).
b(1,2). b(3,4).

1- ?-bird(X).
2- Using the search tree, all answers for the query a(X):

a(X)

?- a(X).
b(X,Y), c(Y) c(X) X=1;
X=3, Y=4 X=3;
X=1, Y=2 X=2 X=4
X=3, X=2;
X=2, Y=3 X=4;
c(2) c(3) Y=3 c(3) c(4) No

Fail Fail

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IV) 1-Using the predicates: male/1, female/1, and parent/2, write facts that describe
thefollowing information about a family:
Mary and Lisa are female.
Peter and Bob are male.
Lisa is the parent of Bob and Mary.
Peter is the parent of Lisa.
Then, usingthe predicates: male/1, female/1, and parent/2, write rules that describe the
relations: sister and grandfather.
Finally, write queries to retrieve the following information and show their answers:
a) Who is the parent of Bob?
b) Who is the grandfather of Mary?
c) Who is the sister of Bob?
d)AreMary and Bob the children of Lisa?

The facts:
female(mary). male(peter). parent(lisa,bob).
female(lisa). male(bob). parent(lisa,mary).
parent(peter,lisa).

The rules:
sister(X,Y) :- parent(Z, X), parent(Z, Y), X \== Y, female(X).
grandfather(X,Y) :- parent(X, Z), parent(Z, Y), male(X).
The queries:
a) Who is the parent of Bob? c) Who is the sister of Bob?
?- parent(X, bob). ?- sister(X, bob).
X = lisa; X = mary;
No No
b) Who is the grandfather of d) AreMary and Bob the children of
Mary? Lisa?
?- grandfather(X, mary). ?- parent(lisa, mary), parent(lisa,
X = peter; bob).
No Yes

Best wishes …
Dr. Osman Sadek

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