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UNIT - 17 Notes Inheritance

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13 views10 pages

UNIT - 17 Notes Inheritance

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sai.k.corised
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17 Inheritance

Test yourself questions


Page 284
heterozygous: having two different alleles, or a dominant allele and a recessive
allele
of a particular gene
recessive allele: alternative form of a gene only expressed, 1 The process of cell
division in the testes rules out the possibility of X sperm only. There will
be an equal number of X and Y sperm in the father’s semen. There is a 50:50
chance of an XY
or XX zygote, and the sequence of four girls is the result of chance alone.
2 The Y chromosome. A female (XX) is formed only when this chromosome is
absent.
3 A chromosome is a molecule of DNA made up of sections, each of which is
a gene.
4 Diagram drawn as in Figure 17.5.
*5 Each gene on a strand of DNA codes for one protein. The gene coding for
the protein stays in
the nucleus. A messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is formed from the gene
and carries a copy
of that gene out of the nucleus, through a nuclear pore to the cytoplasm. The
mRNA attaches
itself to a ribosome. The ribosome uses the code from the mRNA to assemble
amino acids into

a protein molecule. The specific sequence of amino acids is determined by


the sequence of
bases in the mRNA.

Page 286
*6 Mitosis is nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells.
*7 a The exact duplication of chromosomes must take place; each
chromosome remains joined
to its copy at one point.
b During mitosis, the two copies of each chromosome (chromatids) separate.
The daughter
nuclei (each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus)
separate and the
cytoplasm divides.
c In a plant cell, a new cell wall develops to separate the two cells once the
nucleus has
divided. Vacuoles form in the cytoplasm of one of the cells. The animal cell
does not have
a cell wall or vacuoles, so these processes do not happen.
*8 a Stem cells are unspecialised cells that divide to produce daughter cells
that can become
specialised.
b Two sources of stem cells from:
• basal skin cells, red bone marrow, embryo.
Page 207

*9
in a flowering
meiosis in a human
plant
site of meiosis testes, ovaries anthers, ovaries
pollen nuclei, egg
products sperm, eggs (ova)
cells
*10 The products of meiosis show variation, but the cells produced by
mitosis are identical. The
cells produced by meiosis are haploid (have half the number of
chromosomes), while cells
produced by mitosis are diploid.
Page 294
11 One possible choice is T for the dominant gene (allele) and t for the
recessive gene.
12 Aa is heterozygous, AA is homozygous dominant and aa is homozygous
recessive.
13 a Cob A: approximately 132 yellow, 47 black
Cob B: approximately 54 yellow, 53 black
b Cob A: 2.8 : 1
Cob B: 1 : 1
c i) yellow is dominant
ii) Y = yellow, y = black
d i) cob A parental genotypes: Yy and Yy
ii) cob B parental genotypes: Yy and yy
e cob A – phenotype of both the parents was yellow, cob B phenotypes – one
parent was
yellow, the other was black.
Page 296
14 a i) H – hairy body, h – smooth body
ii) hairy bodied parent – HH, smooth bodied parent – hh
b i) parents: HH × hh

All offspring – Hh
ii) parents Hh × hh

2 Hh to 2 hh = 1 : 1
*15 mother’s genotype XCXC; father’s genotype XcY
The two girls have normal vision but are carriers. The two boys have normal
vision.

Worked example
Page 293

1 a The parents did not show the symptoms of the disorder, but they have
passed on alleles to
their children so they must both be carriers (Cc).
b i) The ratio of phenotypes is 3 unaffected : 1 affected.
ii) The ratio of genotypes is 1 unaffected : 2 carriers : 1 affected.
2 a father cc, mother Cc

b i) The percentage = 50% with cystic fibrosis : 50% unaffected.


ii) The ratio is 1 : 1; 1 with disorder : 1 unaffected
However, the unaffected offspring will be carriers of the disorder.
Exam-style questions
Page 299
1 Tall is dominant, T = tall, t = dwarf, cross Tt (heterozygous tall) with tt
(dwarf)
2 a i) A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a protein. An allele is an
alternative form of a
gene.
ii) An allele is dominant if it is expressed if it is present in the genotype.
Recessive alleles
are only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present in
the
genotype

iii) Phenotype is the observable features of an organism. Genotype is the


genetic make-up
of an organism in terms of the alleles present. [6]
3 The gene for red, e.g. R, is dominant over the gene for white, r. [2]
4 a The gene for black hair is dominant over the gene for red hair, so the
child would have)
black hair. [1]
b bb (double recessive) [1]
c Yes, because if both parents are heterozygous (Bb) for black hair, there is a
25% chance of
a child having red hair (bb). [1]
5 a Suitable example chosen, e.g. tall and short pea plants
Letters identified correctly, e.g. tall = T, short = t.
Tt × tt

This gives 2 tall (Tt) : 2 dwarf (tt), so 1 : 1.


b Tt × Tt
This gives 3 tall (Tt) : 1 dwarf (tt), so 3 : 1. [8]
*6 a Co-dominance is a situation in which both alleles in heterozygous
organisms contribute to
the phenotype. [2]
b i) The woman must have the genotype IAIo and the man must be IBIo.
Half the eggs will be Io, and half the sperm will be Io.
If the Io egg gets fertilised by the Io sperm, the child will be IoIo, which is
blood group
O.
ii) 25% chance [1]
*7 a A sex-linked characteristic is a feature in which the gene responsible is
located on a sex
chromosome. This makes the characteristic more common in one sex than in
the other. [2]
b healthy: XCXC, XCY
carrier: XCXc,
colour blind: XcXc, XcY [5]
c The mother must be a carrier of the colour blindness condition: XCXc.
The father must have the healthy allele on his X chromosome: XCY
Page 404
a mutation: a change, or
1 error,
in a gene, or chromosome,
or DNA

in absence of the dominant (allele), or if homozygous


b One point from:
(sun-cream)
absorbs, or blocks, or stops, Sun’s rays
• prevents ionising radiation, or harmful Sun’s rays, from reaching skin, or
cells, or
body; reference to cancer, or melanoma, or mutation
c i)

numbered person
genotype of person
on Figure 17.3
1 aa
2 Aa
3 aa
9 Aa
ii) couple R
iii) if it was recessive all their offspring would have shown the condition,
but individual 11 is normal, so must be dominant
*2 a i) meiosis
ii) (gametes) are haploid, or n, or contain one set of chromosomes, or
contain half the
number of chromosomes of other body cells
b male XY
female XX
c i) (two or more) alternative, or different, forms of a gene
ii)
• parental genotype: Bb × Bb
• gametes: B and b × B and b
• offspring genotype: BB Bb Bb bb
• offspring phenotype: black black black white
• ration: 3 black : 1 white
d Bb
a transfer of pollen
3
from stamen, or anther,
to stigma
b i) white
ii) (plant) A
iii) Two points from:
• cover flower
• to prevent pollen from other flowers arriving
• transfer pollen by hand

c
• parent genotypes: Rr × Rr
• gametes: R r + R r
• offspring genotypes: RR Rr Rr rr
• offspring phenotypes: red red red white
*4 a (gene) a length of DNA that codes for a protein
(gene mutation) a change in the base sequence of DNA
b i) 1 Bb; 2 bb; 3 Bb
ii)
• parental genotypes Bb and bb give gametes B, b + b, b
• Punnet square – see below – gives offspring genotypes as Bb and bb

offspring phenotypes are 50% normal, or carrier, and 50% acatalasia


iii) test (cross)

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