IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line

Structures

IEEE Power & Energy Society

1654

TM

Sponsored by the Power System Communications Committee

IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 30 June 2009

IEEE Std 1654-2009

IEEE Std 1654-2009

IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures
Sponsor

Transmission and Distribution Committee

of the

IEEE Power & Energy Society

Approved 19 March 2009

IEEE-SA Standards Board

Acknowledgements
Appreciation is extended to Bonneville Power Administration and American Electric Power for providing data for determining the immunity of personal RF monitors to power-frequency magnetic and electric fields. Also many thanks to all the electric utilities that provided information about their RF safety programs and contributed to preparation of the RF safety program recommendations described in this guide. Abstract: Information on establishing an effective safety program to ensure compliance with the applicable regulations for radio frequency (RF) protection of electrical workers in the vicinity of wireless communication antennas adjacent or attached to electrical power line structures is presented. The guide also provides information on power-frequency electric and magnetic field immunity of RF personal monitors and RF protective clothing. Keywords: electrical workers, immunity, power frequency, RF personal monitors, RF protective clothing, RF safety program

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2009 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 30 June 2009. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. PDF: Print: ISBN 978-0-7381-5943-0 ISBN 978-0-7381-5944-7 STD95926 STDPD95926

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Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1654-2009, IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures.

The rapid expansion of the wireless communications industry has led to new impacts on the power transmission industry. Wireless companies are looking to share the advantages of existing power line rights-of-way. Thousands of power transmission structures have been modified to perform a dual role as communications towers. This dual role places an additional burden on electrical workers who must install and maintain the communications antennas while performing their usual duties in the maintenance of the power transmission lines. Maintenance personnel are now faced with issues regarding possible hazards arising from working in the presence of high-intensity RF fields. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) performed scientific studies and produced reports and recommendations, and regulations,a which have also resulted in the promulgation of regulations by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to address worker exposures in RF fields. Utility companies are obligated to develop plans, training, policies, and work practices to protect their workers from excessive exposures to RF fields. In addition, it is incumbent upon utilities to evaluate the necessity of equipping their workers with personal protective equipment, such as RF detectors and shielding apparel. Questions and concerns about RF exposures of electrical workers were discussed at meetings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES), Engineering in the Safety, Maintenance, and Operation of Lines (ESMOL) Subcommittee in Las Vegas 2000 and Columbus 2001, as well as in panel presentations in Edmonton, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada, all of which provided foundation material for this guide. The main decisions and recommendations arrived at during the Vancouver meeting were the following: a) An RF exposure safety program should be developed by an electric utility if it plans to permit use of its structures for attachment of RF antennas and/or the associated transmitters.

b) Personal RF monitors should be worn by each employee when RF antennas are located on structures where he or she is working, or on other structures in the vicinity. A next milestone was the publication in 2003 of an IEEE conference paper entitled RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures (ESMOL Subcommittee [B7]).b The purpose of this paper was to present a summary of present electric utility practices and proposed minimum requirements pertaining to RF protection of personnel working in the vicinity of wireless communications antennas attached to electric power line structures. In this respect, the paper provided information on RF exposure limits, RF safety compliance steps, powerfrequency electric and magnetic field immunity of RF personal monitors, and RF protective clothing. The 2003 paper served as the main basis for this guide. IEEE Std 1654-2009 was prepared by the ESMOL Subcommittee Task Force entitled Protection of Line Workers from RF Radiation Fields Emitted from Antenna/Transmitter Arrays.

a b

Information on references can be found in Clause 2. The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.

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Notice to users

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Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html.

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Patents
Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or nondiscriminatory. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association.

Participants
At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the RF Protection Guide for Electrical Workers Working Group had the following membership: Nestor Kolcio, Chair Ken Brown, Vice Chair
Kris Buchholtz Thomas Buonincontri James Christensen Ed Davis Frederick Doering George Gela Jim Gillies Ernie Jones Clayton King George Niles Tom Rasler James Tomaseski Tom Verdecchio

The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
William J. Ackerman Ali Al Awazi Kraig Bader Harvey Bowles Gernot Brandt Gustavo Brunello Thomas Buonincontri William Byrd Weijen Chen Keith Chow Robert Christman Michael Clodfelder Tommy Cooper F. A. Denbrock Bostjan K. Derganc Ernest Duckworth Gary Engmann Rabiz Foda George Gela William Goldbach Charles Grose Randall Groves Richard W. Hensel Werner Hoelzl Edward Hunt Efthymios Karabetsos Gael Kennedy Robert O Kluge Joseph L. Koepfinger Nestor Kolcio Jim Kulchisky Lisardo Lourido Gary Michel Abdul Mousa Dennis Neitzel Michael S. Newman Gary Nissen Tim Olson Carl Orde Donald Parker Percy Pool Charles Rogers Bartien Sayogo Mark Simon Jerry Smith Richard Tell James Tomaseski Joseph Tumidajski John Vergis Daniel Ward William Wessman James Wilson Larry Young Theodore Zeiss

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When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 19 March 2009, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Thomas Prevost, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary
John Barr Karen Bartleson Victor Berman Ted Burse Richard DeBlasio Andy Drozd Mark Epstein *Member Emeritus Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Rich Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David Law Ted Olsen Glenn Parsons Ron Petersen Narayanan Ramachandran Jon Rosdahl Sam Sciacca

Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
Howard Wolfman, TAB Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative Lisa Perry IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Malia Zaman IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development

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Contents
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 2 3. Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 2 4. Application ................................................................................................................................................. 3 5. RF exposureFCC and OSHA guidelines and requirements .................................................................... 3 6. Exposure situations..................................................................................................................................... 4 7. RF emittersTypical measurements ......................................................................................................... 4 8. Electric utility RF safety practices.............................................................................................................. 5 8.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................... 5 8.2 RF exposure safety compliance steps .................................................................................................. 5 9. RF safety considerations for third-party antennas and transmitters............................................................ 8 9.1 Establishing RF safety in third-party situations................................................................................... 8 9.2 RF safety for other nearby third-party RF antennas ............................................................................ 9 10. RF safety standard work procedures......................................................................................................... 9 11. Documentation and training ..................................................................................................................... 9 12. Immunity of RF personal monitors to electric and magnetic fields from transmission lines ................. 10 12.1 General information......................................................................................................................... 10 12.2 RFPM immunity to power-frequency electric fields ....................................................................... 10 12.3 Immunity to power-frequency magnetic fields................................................................................ 11 13. Available RF protection methods ........................................................................................................... 11 13.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 11 13.2 Conductive clothing......................................................................................................................... 11 Annex A (informative) Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 13

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IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures
IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading Important Notice or Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents. They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.

1. Overview

1.1 Scope
This guide presents information on establishing an effective safety program to ensure compliance with the applicable regulations for radio frequency (RF) protection of electrical workers in the vicinity of wireless communication antennas adjacent or attached to electrical power line structures. The guide also provides information on power-frequency electric and magnetic field immunity of RF personal monitors (RFPM) and RF protective clothing.

1.2 Purpose
Electric utilities are required to meet the requirements established by applicable regulations [e.g., Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Federal Communications Commission (FCC)] for protection of electrical workers in the vicinity of wireless communication antennas adjacent or attached to

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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

electrical power line structures. This guide presents information on establishing an effective safety program to assure compliance with these regulatory requirements, including information on RF exposure limits, power-frequency electric and magnetic field immunity of RFPM, and RF protective clothing.

2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. Code of Federal Regulations Title 29 Part 1960 Section 16 (29 CFR 1960.16), Compliance with OSHA standards.1, 2 Code of Federal Regulations Title 29 Part 1960 Section 17 (29 CFR 1960.17), Alternate standards. Code of Federal Regulations Title 47 Part 1 Section 1307 (47 CFR 1.1307), Actions that may have a significant environmental effect, for which environmental assessments (EAs) must be prepared. Code of Federal Regulations Title 47 Part 1 Section 1310 (47 CFR 1.1310), Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits. FCC LSGAC, A Local Government Officials Guide to Transmitting Antenna RF Emission Safety: Rules, Procedures, and Practical Guidance, June 2000.3 FCC OET Bulletin 65 (Edition 97-01, August 1997), Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields.4 IEEE Std C95.6-2002, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, 03 kHz.5, 6

3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms [B11]7 should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1 cellular: Wireless phone systems. 3.2 electric field: An electrically charged field that surrounds a high voltage energized conductor. 3.3 HV line towers: Towers used to support high voltage transmission lines.

CFR publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washington, DC 20013-7082, USA. 2 Available at http://www.fcc.gov/oet/info/documents/bulletins/. 3 Available at http://wireless.fcc.gov/siting/FCC_LSGAC_RF_Guide.pdf. 4 Available at http://www.fcc/gov/. 5 IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http://standards.ieee.org/). 6 The IEEE standard or product referred to in Clause 2 is a trademark owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. 7 The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.

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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

3.4 magnetic field: A magnetically charged field that surrounds a high voltage energized conductor. 3.5 PCS: Personal communications systems such as pagers. 3.6 radio frequency (RF): A frequency that is useful for radio transmission.
NOTEFor purposes of this standard, the frequency range of interest is 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
8

3.7 RF fields: RF electrical and magnetic fields emitted from antenna/transmitter arrays. 3.8 RF personal monitors (RFPM): Monitors designed to alert workers when the field approaches designated safe limits. Syn: personal RF monitor. 3.9 RF protective clothing: Clothing specifically designed to provide protection for the wearer from excessive exposures to RF fields.

4. Application
This guide presents a reference source for electric utilities on how to establish a safety program to meet OSHA and FCC RF exposure compliance requirements and protect electrical workers in the vicinity of wireless communication antennas adjacent or attached to electric power line structures. The information that the guide provides is geared more specifically towards the electrical workers that perform maintenance or construction work on electric power lines or structures with attached active wireless communications antennas. It would be of less interest to other utility workers, such as communications workers. The guide deals with the RF protection aspect only to the extent of meeting the already established RF compliance requirements. These OSHA and FCC requirements also encompass the health and safety issues, in addition to the RF exposure limits. Main contributions of this guide include that it describes for electric utilities the minimum requirements for establishing a RF safety program, and specific guidelines on the immunity of RFPM to the power-frequency fields from transmission lines, as well as the use of conductive clothing for worker protection.

5. RF exposureFCC and OSHA guidelines and requirements

The rules regarding human RF exposures enacted by the FCC establish regulatory requirements for FCClicensed radio services, including human exposure limits more stringent than those of OSHA, and more rigorous compliance requirements for transmitter facilities. The FCC states that compliance with RF exposure regulations is the responsibility of the transmitter licensee. Private and commercial mobile radio service (CMRS) providers and operators were required to have their transmitter facilities in compliance with the revised FCC exposure guidelines by no later than September 1, 2000, if major modifications were made or a license was renewed. These federal government regulations have the greatest impact on easily accessible high-powered transmitter and antenna systems, such as broadcast systems. Implications for electric utilities are mostly limited because the majority of the utilities communications equipment is elevated on telecommunications towers, although some may be located on buildings or other utility structures. The power levels of the utilities transmitters are also relatively low in comparison to the power levels of broadcast transmitters. However, in recent years, especially with the advent of deregulation, it has become a common practice to lease space on utilities transmission and telecommunications structures to external parties who provide personal communication services (PCS), cellular and sometimes PCS mobile phone services. As a result, there are now more locations where electric utility employees, particularly electric transmission workers, may be exposed to RF energy in their work environment. There is also
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this standard.
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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

greater potential for exposure due to the cumulative effects of the RF fields from multiple transmitters. Therefore, persons may be exposed occupationally, in which case OSHA guidelines become applicable. OSHA has reviewed other safety program documents (i.e., FCC) and has publicly stated that when consensus, state-of-the-art limits are implemented they provide protection equal to or greater than 29 CFR 1910.97 [B4]. Thus, OSHA agrees that industry may use FCC limits in place of 29 CFR 1910.97 to regulate occupational exposures to nonionizing radiation. The FCC exposure limits are well recognized and supported by the safety and health community, as well as OSHA by reference [e.g. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), threshold limit values (TLV) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI)]. Although more restrictive than the OSHA standards, complying with the selected consensus standards is feasible and will provide a more protective workplace. The selection of the more restrictive public exposure limits from the current FCC limits as an action level determines when an RF safety program is necessary. Of course, full implementation of any safety program is critical to providing the intended worker protection. Accordingly, the utility industry is permitted, i.e., by 29 CFR 1960.16, 9 to prescribe and enforce more stringent permissible exposure levels or threshold limit values and may require more frequent monitoring of exposures without recourse to the approval procedures for alternate standards described in 29 CFR 1960.17.

6. Exposure situations
Exposures from intentional emitters, such as wireless communications antennas, are common in rooftop, mobile platforms (such as service vehicles), and towers. Tower environments can be complicated due to the presence of high-voltage (HV) transmission lines.

7. RF emittersTypical measurements
Cellular and PCS phone service providers are prime users of HV transmission line towers because of the large number and locations of these towers across wireless service areas. Wireless systems have power levels that vary with the number of active channels employed (i.e., the number of phone conversations going through each base station) and the reach of each particular base station. In rural areas, it is common to have higher signal levels transmitted to cover a larger area than would be done in a more congested, urban environment. The antennas employed to transmit these RF signals have directional radiation patterns in the elevation plane, and do not radiate the signal directly in a downward (other than a few degrees of mechanical or electrical down-tilt) direction. In addition, these cellular and PCS service frequencies follow the inverse square-law rule, which attenuates signal strength. This dissipation supports unencumbered access to areas around the base of these towers. As an example, for illustration purposes, Table 1 lists minimum working distances for a typical cellular installation with panel antenna versus the maximum power output of the transmitter with all channels simultaneously active. As can be seen in Table 1, the keep-out distance (see 8.2.2.3.2) in front of the panel antenna (in the directional RF field radiation pattern) can vary greatly depending on the actual number of channels transmitting at any one time. There are also time limits that allow exposure within these distances (see 8.2.2.3.1). When multiple carriers are located on the same structure, an analysis of the exposure should be made to determine the level of exposure, and Table 1 should not be used for these instances.

Information on references can be found in Clause 2.

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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

Table 1 Stand-off / keep-out distances, in meters/feet, vs. transmitter output power

# channels 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 100 W 0.36 / 1.18 1.63 / 5.34 2.93 / 9.61 3.96 / 13.0 4.76 / 15.62 5.37 / 17.63 5.84 / 19.17 6.21 / 20.37 6.52 / 21.38 50 W 0.19 / 0.61 0.86 / 2.82 1.63 / 5.34 2.31 / 7.59 2.93 / 9.61 3.48 / 11.41 3.96 / 12.99 4.39 / 14.39 4.76 / 15.62 40 W 0.15 / 0.50 0.70 / 2.29 1.33 / 4.36 1.91 / 6.27 2.44 / 8.02 2.93 / 9.61 3.37 / 11.06 3.77 / 12.38 4.14 / 13.57 25 W 0.10 / 0.32 0.44 / 1.46 0.86 / 2.82 1.25 / 4.11 1.63 / 5.34 1.98 / 6.50 2.31 / 7.59 2.63 / 8.63 2.93 / 9.61 12.5 W 0.05 / 0.18 0.23 / 0.76 0.44 / 1.46 0.66 / 2.15 0.86 / 2.82 1.06 / 3.48 1.25 / 4.11 1.44 / 4.73 1.63 / 5.34 6.4 W 0.03 / 0.11 0.12 / 0.41 0.23 / 0.77 0.35 / 1.14 0.46 / 1.50 0.56 / 1.85 0.67 / 2.20 0.77 / 2.54 0.88 / 2.89

8. Electric utility RF safety practices

8.1 Background
Electric utilities vary in their awareness of present RF exposure standards and the development of associated safety considerations. There are some common compliance practices among electric utilities that are currently leading the electric industry in RF safety awareness. Regardless of the methods and practices used by an electric utility to achieve compliance with RF regulations, employees must be informed of any potential RF hazard situations in their working environments. Utility employees, particularly those who work in close proximity to RF wireless communication equipment on electric transmission or distribution facilities, need to understand the ways in which the wireless-service licensee can achieve compliance as well as mitigating actions that are available to both the licensee and the utility employee. To protect workers from RF energy exposure, electric utilities have developed RF safety programs incorporating standard communications industry compliance methods (Corley [B5], PCIA Compliance Paper [B13]).

8.2 RF exposure safety compliance steps

8.2.1 Preliminary compliance steps 8.2.1.1 Appoint personnel knowledgeable in RF safety A first step toward compliance and addressing RF safety issues in electric utilities is to designate personnel knowledgeable and specialized in RF safety and exposure assessment. Utility company internal personnel are typically given the responsibility to develop an RF safety program, which includes RF safety work policies. These knowledgeable personnel are also available to address questions regarding RF safety. The expertise of third-party RF safety companies and/or consultants is utilized when necessary to assist with compliance. 8.2.1.2 Analyze and document the system of RF transmitters The next step in RF safety compliance is for electric utilities to review and document the systems of RF transmitters that are located on a utilitys property, including electric transmission and distribution systems. 5
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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

Sites may be evaluated by performing measurements to characterize the RF energy in the area. However, the information obtained through measurements is only accurate for the snapshot of time when the measurements are taken, and may not represent maximum exposure scenarios. Therefore, care must be taken when extrapolating and generalizing measurement data to characterize an environment. Theoretical calculations, based on maximum exposure scenarios of known sources, are also used to determine the maximum expected RF field levels and energy in an area. Formulas provided in FCC OET Bulletin 65 can be used to perform such calculations. Another more sophisticated means of estimating RF energy in the environment is by use of computer-modeling software. Computer-modeling software allows maximum exposures, normal operating conditions, and other scenarios to be simulated. If modifications or changes are made to a site that might affect the potential for RF exposure after an RF analysis is performed, the site should be re-analyzed. 8.2.2 RF safety program Once an electric utility has designated RF safety personnel and the RF environments within the utility facilities have been reviewed and understood, many utilities have found it advantageous and often necessary to develop an RF safety program. RF safety programs are usually documented formally and based on present federal and/or state RF regulations and standards. Written RF safety programs demonstrate efforts of an electric utility to comply with RF regulations, and serve as reference documents for employees. Several components are typically included in a comprehensive RF safety program, including: engineering practices, administrative controls, work practices and procedures, use of protective equipment, and addressing situations where external (to the utility) personnel and equipment are located on utility property. 8.2.2.1 Engineering practices Engineering practices should be specified in RF safety programs to reduce the potential exposure of employees to RF energy. New antenna installations should be engineered such that their mounting locations minimize RF exposure in places that could be occupied by personnel, such as electrical workers. The antenna type should be selected so that it serves its purpose while minimizing RF exposure in work areas. Existing antenna installations should be reengineered and moved so that they are located and directed away from personnel. Engineering practices should consider RF effects and require systems to be designed so that RF exposure to the general public and all electric utility personnel is eliminated or minimized. 8.2.2.2 Administrative controls Administrative controls are another component implemented as part of an RF safety program. Controls, such as posting RF warning signs, help create a safe work environment and ensure compliance with RF exposure regulations by raising the awareness of RF energy. RF energy warning signs are posted to convey information about the RF energy in an area and should be consistent with applicable federal (47 CFR 1.1307) or state requirements. Another means of control is to use calculations and/or RF field measurements to categorize RF exposure levels within an environment into different RF zones or areas. In these RF zones, specific actions are to be followed to help ensure worker safety and compliance. Zones can be marked on the building floor or specific tower sections by posting RF hazard signs or by painting the appropriate locations with colors that signify defined RF levels. Exposure to RF energy is also limited by restricting access to high-level RF energy areas with fencing, locked doors, and roped-off areas. 8.2.2.3 RF safety standard work practices Another typical component of an RF safety program is specifying work practices that consider RF energy levels in the work environment and that provide ways to compensate for it. Defining such work practices

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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

helps ensure utility worker safety by reducing, limiting, or eliminating exposure to RF energy. One way of eliminating exposure to RF energy is to completely de-energize (disable) all RF sources installed upon an electric utility structure. 8.2.2.3.1 Time limits The amount of time employees are exposed to RF energy can be limited, per the applicable guidelines, to allow personnel to work in various environments. Although time averaging may be a useful way of remaining compliant while climbing through RF fields on towers, an electric utility may want to minimize the use of time averaging due to the complexity of accurately and safely balancing the level of RF exposure and the permitted length of exposure. 8.2.2.3.2 Minimum working distances Establishing minimum safe working distances (example keep-off distances are shown in Table 1 of Clause 7) from different types of antennas or wireless communication devices can provide additional worker protection. Defining minimum working distances can be useful when an electric utility has same and similar types of transmitter/antenna configurations across its system, but uniform distances may not be applicable in all situations. Establishing minimum working distances becomes a more complicated task for structures that have multiple types of wireless communication attached devices. 8.2.2.3.3 Auxiliary transmitters and power reduction When it is necessary to perform work in the vicinity of a transmitter or its antenna, switching to a remotely located auxiliary transmitter is an option to temporarily reduce the exposure to RF energy. If an auxiliary transmitter is not available, the transmitter may need to have its power reduced or be de-energized so that personnel are not exposed to RF energy levels that exceed permissible limits. When de-energizing an RF transmitter, workers must ensure that all backup power sources (such as generators, battery power, etc.) are disconnected, so that no power output is available to the antenna. 8.2.2.3.4 RF personal monitors 8.2.2.3.4.1 RFPM work practices Establishing work practices for proper adornment of RF monitoring devices is a typical way to inform personnel and reduce their exposure to RF energy. Use of these monitors can help make workers aware of unanticipated sources of RF energy. RFPM, which are small clip-on devices, are used to warn workers when they are in the presence of RF energy that approaches or exceeds applicable limits. Personal monitors alert workers when preset RF threshold levels are present; the workers are then able to remove themselves from the risk area and move to an area where the alarm thresholds of the monitor are not exceeded. In this way, use of an RFPM enables workers to control their exposure to RF energy. A variety of personal monitors are commercially available, ranging from simple devices with an alarm threshold set at 50% of the applicable standard, to devices that alarm at multiple levels. Some monitors even have the capability to record RF energy levels for data-logging purposes. However, electric utilities must consider that its electric workers may function in environments having both RF energy and strong 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, before RFPM devices are sanctioned for use by an electric utility, the utility should verify that the monitors are designed to perform properly while in the presence of both RF energy and strong 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields. Typically, transmitters and antennas that may expose utility workers can operate in several frequency ranges. Commercial television and radio broadcast, paging systems, mobile phones, wireless data and satellite systems all operate at different frequencies. Depending on a workers 7
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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

proximity, these emitters can also cause exposures above applicable limits. Therefore, most utilities would find it necessary to procure RFPM devices that operate over a frequency range of at least, e.g., 50 MHz to 40 GHz. Clause 12 provides further details about performance characteristics of RFPM devices. 8.2.2.3.4.2 RFPM certification and electric and magnetic field immunity testing RF/microwave detection products such as an RFPM must be tested to ensure the intended RF/microwave signals are accurately detected and are not affected adversely by the power-frequency electric and magnetic field strength levels associated with close proximity to high-voltage lines. 8.2.2.3.4.3 Periodic re-certification for RFPM In addition to the initial test, an RFPM must also undergo periodic certification testing for RF signal detection and power-frequency electric and magnetic field immunity. This testing should be done in accordance with manufacturers recommendations. 8.2.2.3.5 RF protective equipment RF protective equipment, such as RF protective clothing, can be worn to allow electric utility work to be performed in areas where the RF levels exceed federal and/or state limits. However, the same considerations similar as with the RFPM devices must be applied, i.e., a utility should verify that the RF protective clothing is rated to work in both high-level 60 Hz electric fields and RF fields. Clause 13 provides further details about performance characteristics of RF protective equipment. 8.2.2.3.6 Lock-out/tag-out procedures Lock-out/tag-out policies for RF transmitters are another form of work practice that prevents the inadvertent exposure of personnel to RF energy when working in close proximity to RF sources. Locking out and tagging de-energized RF transmitters is a means of verifying that a transmitter is de-activated and helps prevent the transmitter from being accidentally re-energized.

9. RF safety considerations for third-party antennas and transmitters

9.1 Establishing RF safety in third-party situations

Another important component included in the RF safety programs of electric utilities is determining how RF exposure compliance and RF safety will be accomplished when an outside partys transmitters and associated antennas are mounted on electric utility property. Ideally, RF exposure compliance is determined before an external party is permitted to attach radiating elements on utility facilities. There are a few typical methods for determining RF exposure compliance for third-party situations. For new leases, the electric utility can request that the licensee provide complete transmitter system information to allow the utility to determine the risk of exposure to RF energy from the lessees equipment. The electric utility could also require the licensee to submit an RF exposure analysis for its transmitter system or for the entire site. If one or more outside parties are already co-located with electric utility transmitters or if there is more than one proposed outside party at a location, it may be prudent for the electric utility and the outside parties to work together to perform a single RF exposure evaluation applicable for the entire site. Working with external parties to perform a single analysis for an entire site saves time and reduces costs associated with performing an RF analysis. 8
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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

9.2 RF safety for other nearby third-party RF antennas

In some cases RF transmitters/antennas could be located nearby on structures not belonging to the electric utility. These RF transmitters/antennas could affect the electric utility employees working on electric power line structures. In such cases the electric utility employees should wear RFPM for safety reasons.

10. RF safety standard work procedures

Specific work procedures for emergencies, planned maintenance, and new installations of antenna/transmitter systems located on the utilitys communication towers, rooftops, and transmission and distribution structures are frequently part of a utilitys RF safety program. Many of the work practices mentioned in preceding sub-clauses are commonly incorporated into installation, emergency, and planned maintenance procedures. Regardless of the work practices used in the procedures, work is only performed after it has been verified that the RF energy in the work environment has been eliminated, reduced, or limited to maximum permissible exposure levels, refer to ANSI/IEEE Std C95.1-2005 [B1]. When defining installation, emergency, and planned maintenance procedures for antennas mounted on transmission or distribution structures, electric utilities should specify personal protective equipment that has been designed for use in both 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields and RF fields. The safety of personnel external to the utility is also taken into account in an electric utilitys RF safety program. In locations that are accessible by the general public or workers who are unaware of RF hazards and have not been trained in RF safety, RF levels are reduced such that they are continually in compliance with the applicable federal and/or state general public limits. Expectations for contractors regarding compliance with RF exposure standards and worker safety are incorporated in utilities RF safety programs and in the contractors work agreements. When external parties RF sources are located on electric utility property, such as telecommunications, transmission, or distribution structures, specific procedures and responsibilities for de-energizing their sources should be negotiated. The procedures that are developed for the deactivation of external sources are usually included in agreements with the external parties so that procedures and responsibilities are clear when routine or emergency work, such as changing insulators on a transmission tower, is performed on or around the external parties RF sources.

11. Documentation and training

It is important to fully document RF safety work practices and procedures, RF safety analyses, and all other associated facets of an RF safety program. Once an electric utility has created and documented its RF safety policy, personnel must be trained in the RF safety program so that they are aware of RF hazards and ways to control them. Training also must cover the proper use of any protective equipment, such as protective clothing and RFPM. Electrical workers who work around RF energy sources and radiators must receive RF safety training in accordance with the developed RF Safety Program. Successful completion of employee RF training must be documented and records maintained for reference. Finally, RF safety programs and associated training must be reviewed and, if necessary, revised periodically to ensure that programs are up to date, accurate, and effective. Reviewing programs must include periodic site assessments and evaluations, particularly when changes are made that might affect the RF levels in the environment. Reviewing and revising the RF safety program and training help ensure the safety of the public and all electric utility employees, as well as continued compliance with federal and/or state RF regulations.

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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

12. Immunity of RF personal monitors to electric and magnetic fields from transmission lines

12.1 General information

Most of the RFPM available on the market were originally developed for telecommunications use and were not designed for an environment at transmission line towers where power-frequency electric (E) and magnetic (H) field strengths are present. In the power-frequency fields environment, the potential interference to RFPM devices from E and H fields can be observed for at least two possible modes: a) False alarm while the RF radiation is below the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limit.

b) Alarm inhibition while the RF radiation is above the MPE limit. In order to avoid these problems, the RFPM must be immune to certain levels of the E and H field strengths. The level of immunity depends on the required magnitude of the E and H field strengths corresponding to the activity performed near or on the transmission lines or equipment. Electric utility employees who are in the exposed RF field may be performing normal inspection or maintenance tasks, such as changing insulators, where their RFPM may be exposed to strong power-frequency fields. The level of exposure depends on the particular line live working method. For example, the highest exposure on the RFPM would occur when the workers are using the barehand method. In such cases, the RFPM (located in the breast pocket) could be 0.15 m to 0.46 m (0.5 ft to 1.5 ft) from the energized conductor. The objective here is to assure immunity of the RFPM to the E and H fields that would be conservative and reflect the highest practical (barehand) exposure to these fields.

12.2 RFPM immunity to power-frequency electric fields

12.2.1 Shielding of the RFPM by users bodyMannequin/phantom tests a) Tests with and without a mannequin in a conductive suit show that at distances between 15.2 cm to 76 cm (6 in to 30 in) from the energized component (conductor), a conductive body provides about 70% shielding of the power-frequency E-field on the RFPM located in the breast pocket. This means that an RFPM with immunity up to 100 kV/m can be used in locations where E-field is about 330 kV/m.

b) For practical purposes, it can be assumed that a worker with a RFPM in his breast pocket will provide at least 50% shielding of the RFPM from the E-field. This would allow a RFPM with 100 kV/m immunity to be used in a 200 kV/m E-field. However, in the event that the RFPM is held away from the workers body, the shielding effect may be greatly reduced, and from a conservative point of view it can be assumed that no shielding of the RFPM due to workers body exists. 12.2.2 An estimate of the electric fields inside tower windows and at mid-spans of 138 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV, 500 kV, and 765 kV lines The highest E-field exposure occurs during barehand work in a tower window. In this case, the workers RFPM, held in a breast pocket, is about 0.15 m to 0.46 m (0.5 ft to 1.5 ft) away from the energized conductor. The range of E-fields for exposure from energized transmission lines is between approximately 100 kV/m to 300 kV/m. However, actual exposure of the RFPM depends on the workers position during barehand work, which will be determined by the conductor configuration, such as four-sub conductor bundle for 765 kV and single-conductor for 138 kV lines. In this respect, for practical purposes, the highest range of E-field exposures on an RFPM is between 100 kV/m and 200 kV/m. When taking into account a 10
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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

50% E-field reduction due to workers body shielding of the RFPM, then the actual E-field exposure upon the RFPM is down to 50 kV/m to 100 kV/m. Based on this reasoning, it appears that 100 kV/m should be the target immunity level for RFPM. This would cover most of the cases, when body shielding of the RFPM is used, or for the remote possibility when it is not. In summary, in order to assure proper operation of RFPM when used by workers in close proximity (inspection or maintenance work) to energized transmission lines, the RFPM must be certified for immunity to power-frequency electric field strengths of up to 100 kV/m. Refer to IEEE Std C95.6-2002.

12.3 Immunity to power-frequency magnetic fields

The magnitude of a power-frequency magnetic field is proportional to the power-frequency load current in the transmission line conductors. For each transmission line, there are typically two types of loading; normal and high (emergency) current. In order to estimate the magnetic flux density (B) exposure incident upon an RFPM during maintenance and inspection work, consideration was given to normal and high load currents for energized transmission lines. Similarly to the electric field, the magnetic field was calculated for the RFPM located between 0.15 m to 0.46 m (0.5 ft to 1.5 ft) from energized conductors carrying load current. The results show that at 0.46 m (1.5 ft), the range for the B-field, covering both normal and high load currents, is between 0.4 G and 8 G. Because barehand work typically is avoided during high loading (emergency) conditions, the range for normal loading is between 0.4 G and 4 G. The recommended conservative value of magnetic flux density for immunity testing of RFPM is 5 G. Whereas an RFPM can be shielded from electric field effects, for magnetic field effects there are no available practical means of protecting an RFPM. The purpose of the immunity test is simply to show that at 5 G the magnetic field is not affecting the performance of the RFPM.

13. Available RF protection methods

13.1 General
Worker safety must be maintained if utilities are to accommodate installation of wireless communication equipment on utility structures (towers). One consideration is to utilize similar protection in the form of protective clothing (conductive clothing) now used by the barehand live-line maintenance crews on high voltage transmission lines.

13.2 Conductive clothing

Presently, live-line maintenance crews wear conductive clothing that is designed to protect against high power-frequency electric fields. Live-line conductive clothing has been shown to be highly reflective of RF energy and is in fact used by broadcast and wireless tower workers for protection against RF exposures when levels exceed federal and/or state limits. Moreover, recent guidelines put forth by the FCC and OSHA further increased the awareness of such hazards, thereby creating additional market demand for RF protective clothing. It should be noted, however, that the configuration of this live-line clothing is somewhat different from the conductive clothing that is specifically designed for protection against exposure at much higher-frequencies, and it is here that attention must be paid in order to appropriately extend its usefulness to cover both kinds of hazards. As long as the worker properly wears all the gear while in the presence of these RF antennas, it can be stated with a reasonably high degree of certainty that he or she will be safe and in compliance with the FCC guidelines. However, although the worker can wear the presently available conductive hood to protect the back of the head, the present configuration does not provide for the appropriate gear to protect against RF 11
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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

exposures to the face. This is the critical aspect, and as has been previously stated, the cellular and PCS emitters hold special concerns for this area of the body. At the time of writing, investigations are underway by the manufacturers of conductive clothing in order to address both types of exposure concerns for the HV tower worker who may come into the vicinity of RF energy from antennas. One approach being considered is retrofitting a full hood attachment to the existing live-line conductive clothing, similar to the one used by the RF tower crews. This configuration would allow the transmission line worker to continue using the existing conductive apparel, and by using the retrofit attachment, would appropriately address the RF safety issue. A second approach may be to redesign the upper part of the live-line conductive, which would include a newer hood attachment as an add-on feature to the jacket. In any case, the RF headgear will need to be affixed to the jacket of the conductive clothing so as to provide a secure attachment. It would also need to overlap the garment at the collar, and be held firmly in place so as to prevent RF leakage, and will need to be relatively stable in high-wind conditions. Other alternatives may take the form of new garments which are specifically designed to address both the extremely low frequency (ELF) and potential RF hazards. This investigation is currently being carried out to address the concerns of the utility industry.

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IEEE Std 1654-2009 IEEE Guide for RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures

Annex A (informative) Bibliography

[B1] ANSI/IEEE Std C95.1-2005, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.10, 11, 12 [B2] ANSI/IEEE Std C95.3-1992, American National Standard Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic FieldsRF and Microwave. [B3] ANSI/IEEE Std C95.7-2005, American National Recommended Practice for Radio Frequency Safety Programs, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. [B4] Code of Federal Regulations Title 29 Part 1910 Section 97 (29 CFR 1910.97), Nonionizing radiation.13 [B5] Corley, B., EME ElectroMagnetic Energy Evaluation and Management for Antenna Sites, Oct. 1997.14 [B6] Curtis, R. A., Elements of a Comprehensive RF Protection Program: Role of RF Measurements, presented at National Association of Broadcasters Broadcast Engineering Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1995.15 [B7] ESMOL Subcommittee paper, RF Protection of Personnel Working in the Vicinity of Wireless Communications Antennas Attached to Electric Power Line Structures, ESMO03 Conference Proceedings, Apr. 610, 2003, Orlando, FL. [B8] FCC, Guidelines for Evaluating the Environmental Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation, Report and Order, ET Docket 93-62, FCC 96-326, adopted Aug. 1, 1996, 61 Federal Register 41006 (1996) [B9] FCC, Office of Engineering and Technology (OET), Evaluating Compliance with FCC-Specified Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation, OET Bulletin 65, Edition 97-01, Aug. 1997, Washington, DC 20554 [NTIS Order No. PB86-127081]. Three supplements to this bulletin have also been issued: Supplement A (additional information for radio and television broadcasters), Supplement B (additional information for amateur radio operators), and Supplement C (additional information for evaluating mobile and portable RF devices). [B10] FCC, OET, Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, OET Bulletin 56, Fourth Edition, Aug. 1999, Washington, DC 20554. [B11] IEEE 100, The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/). 11 IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http://standards.ieee.org/). 12 The IEEE standards or products referred to in Annex A are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. 13 CFR publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washington, DC 20013-7082, USA. 14 Available at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/index.html. 15 Available at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/rfpresentation/intro.html.

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[B12] NCRP, Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, NCRP Report No. 86, Copyright NCRP, 1986, Bethesda, MD 20814.16 [B13] PCIA Compliance Paper, Priority Actions for Timely Compliance Safety Measures for Buildingbased Antenna Sites, Nov. 1997.17

16

NCRP publications are available from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. 17 Available at http://www.pcia.com/industryconnect/htm/rfpaper.htm.

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