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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
FINAL EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 10, 2014 – 2:00 PM
2.5 HOURS
CHE 211F – FLUID MECHANICS
EXAMINER: PROFESSOR D.G. ALLEN
ANSWER ALL SEVEN (7) QUESTIONS IN THE EXAM BOOKLET
IF YOU WISH, YOU CAN RETURN THE EXAM PAPER WITH YOUR NAME &
USE THE FIGURES ON THE PAPER.
Total of 7 pages
This exam is marked out of 100
Clearly state any simplifying assumptions. If a particular question requires the solution
from a previous part of the same question that you could not solve, show your solution by
assuming the answer to the previous part. If you are short of time, setup your equations
and describe the solution for part marks.
Additional Data for all Questions (some is also with the questions themselves):
Fluid properties:
Water 16 °C : Density = 1000kg/m3 = 62.4 lbm/ft3 =1.94 slugs/ft3;
Spec wt = 62.4 lb/ft3; Viscosity = 0.0011 Pa s = 2.3 x 10-5 lb s/ ft2
Vapour Pressure = 0.25 psi = 1770 Pa; Surface tension=0.073 N/m
Mercury 20°C: Density=13,600 kg/m3=847 lbm/ft3=26.3 slugs/ft3;
Spec weight =847 lb/ft3 ; Viscosity= 0.0016 Pa s
Air at 15 °C: Density =1.2 kg/m3 = 0.0024 slugs/ft3; Molecular mass = 29 g/mol
Viscosity = 1.79 x 10-5 Pa s = 3.74 x 10-7 lb s/ ft2
SAE Oil 16°C: Density=912 kg/m3=57 lbm/ft3=1.77 slugs/ft3;
Spec weight =57 lb/ft3 ; Viscosity= 0.38Pa s
Constants and Conversions and Gas Law:
g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2 ; 1 ft = 0.3048 m = 12 in; 1 lb (mass) = 0.454 kg
1 Pa = 1.45 x 10-4 p.s.i. 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 p.s.i.=760mmHg
R= 8.314 J/mol K- Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT ; T(K) = T(0C) + 273
gc= 32.2 ft lbm/(lb s2);
1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft lb/s; 1 ft lb/s = 1.36 W
Other Information:
- British gravitational system: 1 lb= (1 slug) (1 ft/s2)
- Moody Chart & Colebrook formula (see attached) f= (DΔP/L)/(ρv2/2)
- For laminar flow in pipes, f=64/Re, where Re<2100 = Dvρ/µ
- Hydraulic diameter relation for rectangle a x b in cross section, Dh=2ab/(a+b), use
same Moody chart for round pipes
-
Blausius Equ’n f = 0.316(Re-0.25) turbulent flow in smooth pipes and Re < 105
- Drag coefficient for a particular shape CD= (Drag force)/(0.5 ρ v2A); A is
projected area in direction of flow with relative velocity, v. Reynolds number for
particle of a particular shape is Dpvρ/µ where Dp is characteristic particle
diameter
- Volume of a sphere of radius, r: V= (4/3)П r3; Volume of a cylinder= П r2 h
- Roots of a quadratic are (–b+/- sqrt[b2-4ac])/(2a)

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1) Even though the ideal gas law requires the absolute pressure, in most fluid mechanics
problems in class and in life we provide gauge pressures. Why is this the case?
Provide at least two reasons. (4 marks)

2) Give 2 reasons why the power that you have to provide to run a pump (e.g. electricity
at the cottage) is more than the power actually delivered to the fluid. (4 marks)

3) A solid sphere that is 5 cm in diameter is immersed in a rectangular tank as shown

below. The tank has two immiscible fluids, SAE 30 oil and water. The sphere ‘floats’
(i.e. doesn’t move) at the interface with exactly half of its volume in the oil phase and
the other half in the water phase. (Total: 16 marks)

a) Determine the density of the sphere. (12 marks)

b) What is the height, h, of the mercury manometer (4 marks)

Open to
atmosphere

Open to
Oil atmosphere
20 cm

Sphere

L
30 cm

Water
10 cm

100 cm

Q.3

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4) In the Figure below, all pipes are 8 cm diameter and the fluid is water. The flowrate
through pipe A is measured as 0.020 m3/s. Assume that the friction factor is the same
in all three pipes and is equal to 0.065. The valve on pipe C is a ball valve that is
2/3rds closed in which case it’s Kl is 210 based on the average velocity in pipe C.
(Total: 20 marks)
a) Determine the elevation of the surface of tank 1 (z1) relative to z2. Ignore any
other minor losses. (14 marks)
b) Estimate the pipe roughness in mm. (6 marks)

1 Z=?

2
Z=0m

10 m
L=50m
Water
B
L=100m

30 m
C
A
L=70m

VALVE

Q.4

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5) Professor Allen wants to provide water from the lake to a Bunkie (sleeping cabin) at
his cottage. The basic diagram showing the separate pump and piping system for the
Bunkie is found below. He wants to provide water to the Bunkie tank which will be at a
pressure of 40 psig and he wants a flowrate of 60 L/min. All the piping is 1.5 inch
diameter plastic pipe (smooth) and the total length of pipe is 48 m. He plans to use a
centrifugal pump located 30 m along the pipe from the lake that is at the same elevation
as the cottage tank that will operate at 85% efficiency. The Bunkie tank bottom is 3
metres above the cottage tank; when full the Bunkie tank water level is 0.5m. The cottage
tank bottom is 5 metres above the lake level. The lake is 2 m deep. Assume a
temperature of 16 0C and neglect minor losses.
Specify the pump requirements both for horsepower pump (W) and Net Positive Suction
Head (Total: 16 marks)

Bunkie Tank
40 PSIG
Cottage Tank

0.5 m

3m
m
18

5m
m
30

Lake
2m

Q.5

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1) As seen in the Mythbusters video in class, to study drag around a pickup truck, they
simulated air flow around a pickup truck by putting a model truck into a tank filled
with water that was pumped at a certain velocity past the truck. For this problem,
assume that the characteristic diameter (i.e. Dp in the Reynold’s number) is simply
given by the width of the truck facing into the flow and the projected area into the
flow is a rectangle. Also assume that the real truck is 2 m wide (i.e. Dp,truck= 2m) and
the model truck is 10 cm wide (Dp,model = 0.10m). The height of the rectangle
projected into the flow for each truck is half its width (i.e. 1 m tall for the real truck,
so rectangle for cross sectional area is 2m x 1m; 5 cm tall for the model, so rectangle
for cross sectional area is 10cm x 5 cm). (Total: 16 marks)
a) In the Mythbusters show they tested the real truck moving at two speeds: 40 and
90 km/h. In order to keep the same flow regime (i.e. degree of turbulence),
estimate the two water velocities they should use in the model system with water
to simulate the flow of air around the real truck. Assume the air would be at 15
0
C and the water would be at 16 0C. (8 marks)
b) Estimate the ratio of the Drag Force (in N) on the moving real truck at 90 km/h in
air and on the model truck in water at the same flow regime. (8 marks)

v
Air or water

Q.6

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2) As you know, when a viscous fluid flows past a stationary object (e.g. flat plate, pipe
wall, etc), the velocity of the fluid is assumed to be zero at the surface and then there
is a boundary layer that develops where the fluid velocity increases from zero to the
free stream velocity. This is illustrated below for a fluid flowing across a flat plate.
We propose that the wall shear stress (τw) is a function of the distance from the edge
of the flat plate (x), the free stream velocity (v), fluid density (ρ) and viscosity (µ).
Using the wall shear stress and viscosity as nonrepeating variables, determine the
dimensionless groups that describe this flow situation. (12 marks)

Free stream
Boundary layer
velocity, V
thickness δ(x)

Boundary layer

x Flat Plate
Q.7

3) Determine the average velocity for a fluid flowing in a rectangular channel (below)
that is 1 ft deep if the velocity profile from the channel bottom (y=0) to the channel
surface (y=1 ft) is u=4y-2y2, where u is in ft/s and y is in ft. Assume the channel is
wide enough so velocity at any point y is constant (i.e. u only varies in the y
direction). (12 marks)

1 ft U=4y-2y2

Q.8

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