Assignment-3

Demolition & Rehabilitation/Strengthening

Q: 1. Write construction sequence in demolition and dismantling work

Here is a detailed construction sequence for demolition and dismantling work:

1. Pre-Demolition Preparation

 Site Assessment:
Conduct a thorough survey of the site and the structure to be demolished. Identify
hazards, structural stability, and adjacent property impacts.

 Preparation of Demolition Plan:

Develop a detailed demolition plan, including methods, tools, equipment, and
sequence of work.

 Obtain Approvals and Permits:

Secure necessary permits from local authorities and ensure compliance with safety and
environmental regulations.

 Utility Disconnection:
Safely disconnect and remove all utilities such as water, electricity, gas, and
communication lines.

 Hazard Identification and Removal:

Identify and remove hazardous materials such as asbestos, lead paint, or chemicals
according to safety standards.

2. Site Preparation

 Erect Safety Barriers:

Install barricades, fencing, and warning signs to secure the site and protect workers and
the public.

 Create Access Points:

Establish safe access and egress routes for workers and equipment.

 Dust and Noise Control Measures:

Set up water spray systems, noise barriers, and other measures to minimize dust and
noise pollution.
3. Demolition Execution

 Top-Down Methodology (if applicable):

Begin demolition from the top floors and work downwards to maintain structural
stability.

 Manual Demolition (Selective Dismantling):

Use hand tools for the removal of specific components (e.g., windows, doors, fixtures)
for reuse or recycling.

 Mechanical Demolition:
Employ heavy machinery like excavators, bulldozers, and wrecking balls for large-scale
demolition.

 Structural Element Removal:

Sequentially remove beams, columns, walls, and slabs according to the demolition plan
to avoid unexpected collapses.

4. Waste Management

 Segregation of Materials:
Separate waste into categories like concrete, metal, wood, and hazardous waste for
disposal or recycling.

 Transportation of Debris:
Use appropriate vehicles to transport debris to designated disposal or recycling sites.

 Site Cleanup:
Remove all debris and waste materials from the site for a clean handover.

5. Post-Demolition Activities

 Site Leveling:
Level the site for further construction or redevelopment as per the project requirements.

 Inspection and Documentation:

Conduct a final inspection of the site and document the completed demolition work.

 Close-Out Reports:
Submit required reports and records to stakeholders and regulatory bodies.

Key Safety Measures

 Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to all workers.

 Conduct regular safety briefings and risk assessments.

 Use trained personnel for operating machinery and handling hazardous materials.

 Monitor air quality and ensure proper ventilation during confined space work.
Q: 2. List out types of demolition and explain any one methods

Types of Demolition

1. Manual Demolition:
Hand tools such as hammers, chisels, and crowbars are used to dismantle
structures piece by piece.

2. Mechanical Demolition:
Heavy machinery like excavators, bulldozers, or wrecking balls is employed for faster
and large-scale demolition.

3. Explosive Demolition (Implosion):

Controlled use of explosives to bring down structures in a specific manner.

4. Selective Demolition:
Removal of specific parts of a structure while retaining the rest for remodeling or
conservation.

5. Deconstruction:
Systematic dismantling to salvage reusable materials.

6. Hydraulic Demolition:
Use of high-pressure water jets to break down concrete and other materials.

7. Thermal Demolition:
Use of thermal cutting tools or flame jets to dismantle structures.

Explained Method: Mechanical Demolition

Definition:

Mechanical demolition involves the use of heavy equipment and machinery to tear down a
structure e iciently and safely.

Procedure:

1. Site Preparation:

o Clear the area around the structure.

o Erect safety barriers to protect the surrounding property and people.

o Conduct a site survey to assess structural stability and potential hazards.

2. Selection of Machinery:
Depending on the structure, machinery like hydraulic excavators, bulldozers, or
crushers is chosen.

o Excavators: Equipped with demolition attachments like breakers, shears, or

grapples.

o Wrecking Balls: Used for older, non-reinforced structures.

 3. Demolition Sequence:

o Start from the top and work downwards to maintain structural balance.

o Systematically remove key structural elements, such as beams and walls,

while ensuring debris is managed.

4. Waste Management:

o Separate materials like steel, concrete, and timber for recycling or disposal.

o Load debris onto dump trucks for transportation to disposal sites.

5. Post-Demolition Cleanup:

o Remove all debris and level the site for future use.

Advantages:

 Faster than manual methods.

 Reduces labor intensity.

 Suitable for large-scale demolitions.

Disadvantages:

 Requires skilled operators.

 Higher noise and vibration levels.

 Limited control in densely populated areas.

Q: 3. Write safety precaution for demolition and dismantling work.

Safety Precautions for Demolition and Dismantling Work

Ensuring safety in demolition and dismantling work is critical due to the inherent risks
involved. Below is a comprehensive list of precautions:

1. Pre-Demolition Safety Measures

 Thorough Planning:
Prepare a detailed demolition plan, including the sequence of operations, tools, and
safety protocols.

 Structural Assessment:
Inspect the building to evaluate its stability and identify potential hazards, such as
weak structures or hazardous materials.

 Utility Disconnection:
Ensure all utilities (electricity, water, gas, and communication lines) are disconnected
before starting the demolition.
  Permits and Compliance:
Obtain necessary permits and ensure adherence to local safety and environmental
regulations.

 Emergency Plan:
Develop an emergency response plan, including first-aid stations and evacuation
routes.

2. Site Preparation

 Erection of Safety Barriers:

Use fences, barricades, and warning signs to secure the site and restrict
unauthorized access.

 Dust and Noise Control:

Implement water spray systems for dust suppression and noise barriers to minimize
impact on the surrounding area.

 Safe Access:
Provide stable access routes and sca olding for workers and equipment.

3. Worker Safety

 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Ensure workers wear appropriate PPE, including helmets, gloves, safety goggles,
steel-toe boots, and respiratory masks.

 Training:
Train workers in safe demolition practices, equipment handling, and emergency
procedures.

 Supervision:
Assign experienced supervisors to oversee operations and enforce safety protocols.

4. Equipment and Machinery Safety

 Pre-Use Inspection:
Inspect machinery and tools daily to ensure they are in good working condition.

 Qualified Operators:
Only allow trained personnel to operate heavy machinery, such as excavators or
cranes.

 Safe Zones:
Establish clear zones for machinery operation, ensuring workers maintain a safe
distance.
5. Demolition Process Safety

 Controlled Demolition Sequence:

Follow the planned sequence to maintain structural stability and avoid unintentional
collapses.

 Manual Demolition Precautions:

Use hand tools carefully and ensure the stability of surrounding areas during
dismantling.

 Explosive Demolition Safety:

o Engage certified professionals for handling explosives.

o Evacuate the area and create a blast exclusion zone.

 Handling Hazardous Materials:

Safely remove asbestos, lead paint, or other hazardous substances using specialized
procedures.

6. Environmental Safety

 Waste Management:
Segregate and dispose of debris responsibly, recycling materials wherever possible.

 Noise and Vibration Control:

Use equipment designed to minimize noise and vibration, especially in urban areas.

 Air Quality Monitoring:

Monitor and control dust and emissions during demolition activities.

7. Emergency and Post-Demolition Safety

 Emergency Equipment:
Keep fire extinguishers, first-aid kits, and communication devices readily available.

 Accident Reporting:
Report all incidents immediately and investigate to prevent recurrence.

 Site Cleanup:
Remove debris and ensure the site is safe for further construction or other uses.

Key Reminders:

 Never rush demolition activities; follow the planned sequence diligently.

 Regularly review safety protocols and conduct toolbox talks.

 Ensure compliance with local safety standards and OSHA guidelines.

Q: 4. What is underpinning? Why is it carried out? Write its application.

Underpinning: Definition

Underpinning is a construction method used to strengthen or stabilize the foundation of an

existing structure. It involves extending the foundation depth or distributing the load to a
more stable stratum.

Why Underpinning is Carried Out?

1. Foundation Weakness or Failure:

o To address issues like settlement, cracking, or tilting caused by inadequate or

deteriorated foundations.

2. Change in Usage:

o When a building is repurposed or modified, leading to increased loads on the

foundation (e.g., adding extra floors).

3. Soil Condition Changes:

o Due to erosion, changes in water table levels, or excavation activities near the
structure.

4. Surrounding Construction Impact:

o To stabilize the structure during adjacent excavation, tunneling, or

construction of basements.

5. Compliance with Updated Standards:

o When older foundations do not meet current building codes or standards.

6. Preservation of Heritage Buildings:

o To stabilize and preserve historical structures.

Applications of Underpinning

1. Structural Rehabilitation:

o To repair and stabilize foundations of old or damaged buildings.

2. Load Increase:

o When adding new floors or heavier machinery to an existing structure.

3. Excavation Near Existing Foundations:

o For constructing basements, tunnels, or deep foundations near a building.

4. Soil Stabilization:
 o When soil under the foundation becomes unstable due to natural or man-
made causes.

5. Preservation of Heritage Buildings:

o To protect and maintain historical or architecturally significant buildings.

6. Seismic Retrofitting:

o Strengthening foundations to improve earthquake resistance.

7. Industrial Applications:

o Stabilizing structures in factories and plants subjected to dynamic loads from

machinery.

8. Infrastructure Projects:

o Securing bridges, retaining walls, or other civil structures.

Common Methods of Underpinning

1. Mass Concrete Underpinning:

Extending the foundation by adding concrete in stages below the existing one.

2. Beam and Base Method:

Installing beams to transfer loads to deeper concrete bases.

3. Mini-Piled Underpinning:
Driving piles deep into stable soil strata to support the structure.

4. Jet Grouting:
Stabilizing soil beneath the foundation using high-pressure grout injection.

5. Needle and Pile Method:

Installing temporary supports (needles) and permanent piles for stabilization.

Q: 5. Write short note on:

(1) Mud jacking:

Mud Jacking: Definition

Mud jacking, also known as slab jacking or concrete leveling, is a technique used to lift and
stabilize sunken concrete slabs by injecting a grout mixture beneath them. It is a cost-
e ective and non-invasive method for repairing uneven or settled surfaces.

Process of Mud Jacking

1. Assessment:

o Evaluate the sunken slab and identify the cause of settlement.

2. Drilling Holes:
 o Drill small, strategically placed holes (typically 1-2 inches in diameter) into the
a ected concrete slab.

3. Injecting Grout Mixture:

o A slurry of water, cement, sand, and other additives (the "mud") is pumped
under the slab through the drilled holes using high-pressure equipment.

4. Lifting the Slab:

o The injected grout fills the voids beneath the slab and creates pressure,
gradually lifting the concrete back to its original position.

5. Sealing Holes:

o Once the slab is leveled, the holes are sealed with mortar to match the
surrounding surface.

Applications of Mud Jacking

1. Residential Repairs:

o Lifting and leveling sidewalks, driveways, patios, and garage floors.

2. Commercial and Industrial Use:

o Stabilizing warehouse floors, parking lots, and other concrete surfaces

subjected to heavy loads.

3. Infrastructure Maintenance:

o Leveling bridge decks, roadways, and airport runways.

4. Void Filling:

o Filling cavities beneath concrete slabs caused by soil erosion or water

seepage.

Advantages of Mud Jacking

 Cost-E ective:

o Less expensive than replacing sunken concrete.

 Quick Process:

o Repairs are completed within hours, minimizing downtime.

 Non-Invasive:

o Causes minimal disruption to the surrounding area.

 Environmentally Friendly:

o Reuses the existing concrete slab rather than discarding it.

Disadvantages of Mud Jacking

 Not Suitable for All Conditions:

o Limited e ectiveness for severely damaged or cracked slabs.

 Temporary Fix in Some Cases:

o May not address underlying soil stability issues, leading to recurrence.

 Limited Applications for Load-Bearing Slabs:

o Not ideal for structural elements subjected to heavy loads.

(2) Micro piling

Micro piling is a foundation technique involving the installation of small-diameter piles

(typically 100–300 mm) to provide support to structures in areas where traditional piling
methods are unsuitable. These piles are installed using specialized equipment, which
allows for minimal disruption and can be used in confined or hard-to-reach areas. Micro
piles are typically reinforced with steel and grouted to ensure strength and stability.

Applications of Micro Piling:

 Foundation Strengthening:
Used to reinforce or stabilize existing foundations in buildings, bridges, and other
infrastructure projects.

 Low-Load Bearing Structures:

Suitable for buildings or structures with lower load requirements, like residential
homes or small commercial properties.

 Construction in Di icult Locations:

E ective in areas with limited access or poor soil conditions (e.g., near existing
buildings, on slopes, or in congested urban areas).

 Seismic Retrofit:
Enhances the stability of buildings in earthquake-prone areas.

Advantages of Micro Piling:

 Minimal Disruption:
Ideal for projects where vibration, noise, or space constraints are a concern.

 Versatility:
Can be used in various soil types and for di erent types of structures.

 High Load-Bearing Capacity:

Micro piles can bear significant loads despite their small size, making them suitable
for both new constructions and repairs.
  Quick Installation:
Installation time is shorter compared to traditional piling methods, making it cost-
e ective.

Limitations of Micro Piling:

 Cost:
Micro piling can be more expensive than conventional foundation methods for larger
projects.

 Specialized Equipment:
Requires specific machinery and skilled operators for installation, which can limit
availability.

Q: 6. Define Seismic Retrofitting. Describe the methods used for strengthening of

various R.C.C. structures.

Seismic Retrofitting: Definition

Seismic retrofitting refers to the process of strengthening and upgrading existing structures
to improve their ability to withstand the forces generated during an earthquake. The goal is to
reduce the risk of damage, collapse, or failure in buildings or infrastructure during seismic
events. This is especially important for older structures that were not designed with modern
earthquake-resistant standards.

Methods of Seismic Retrofitting for Strengthening Various RCC Structures

1. Strengthening of Beams and Columns:

o Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP):

CFRP sheets or strips are applied to beams and columns to enhance their
strength and ductility without significantly increasing their weight. This
method improves the capacity of the structure to resist seismic forces.

o Steel Jacketing:
Steel plates or jackets are wrapped around existing beams or columns and
bolted in place. The steel enhances the flexural strength and shear capacity of
the concrete members, improving their earthquake resistance.

o Concrete Jacketing:
This involves encasing the existing columns and beams with a layer of
reinforced concrete, adding additional strength to resist lateral forces during
an earthquake.

2. Strengthening of Slabs and Floors:

o Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC):

A layer of fiber-reinforced concrete can be applied over existing floors or slabs
to increase their strength and ductility.
 o Reinforcement with Steel Bars:
Additional steel bars (rebar) can be inserted into existing slabs to enhance
their load-carrying capacity and improve resistance to bending and shear
forces during seismic events.

3. Shear Walls and Cross Bracing:

o Addition of Shear Walls:

Installing vertical shear walls in strategic locations within the building helps
resist lateral forces caused by earthquakes. Shear walls prevent the building
from swaying and help distribute seismic forces throughout the structure.

o Cross Bracing:
Installing diagonal braces (either steel or reinforced concrete) between
columns or walls adds resistance against lateral forces. Bracing systems help
in reducing the displacement of the building during an earthquake.

4. Base Isolation:

o Base Isolation Bearings:

Installing flexible bearings or isolators between the building's foundation and
the superstructure can decouple the building from ground motions during an
earthquake. This allows the structure to move independently from seismic
waves, minimizing the impact on the building.

5. Foundation Strengthening:

o Underpinning:
This involves strengthening the foundation by deepening or widening it,
improving its load-bearing capacity, and providing additional stability against
lateral forces during seismic activity.

o Soil Improvement:
Techniques like soil compaction, grouting, or the installation of soil nails help
improve the foundation soil's resistance to seismic forces, thus enhancing the
building’s overall stability.

6. Retrofit of Connections and Joints:

o Strengthening Connections:
Strengthening the connections between beams, columns, and slabs is crucial
for improving the overall integrity of the structure. This may involve adding
additional reinforcement or using advanced materials like CFRP to improve
the connection's performance under seismic loading.

o Adding Ductility:
Modifying joints to increase ductility helps absorb seismic energy, reducing
 the potential for damage. This can be done by adding reinforcement or using
materials that increase flexibility and energy dissipation.

7. Seismic Dampers:

o Viscous Dampers:
These are devices installed in the structure to absorb seismic energy and
reduce building sway. Viscous dampers work by converting kinetic energy from
building movement into heat, which is then dissipated.

o Friction Dampers:
Friction dampers use the resistance generated by the friction between two
surfaces to absorb seismic energy, reducing the forces transferred to the
structure.

Advantages of Seismic Retrofitting:

 Increased Safety:
Enhances the ability of buildings to withstand earthquakes, reducing the risk of
collapse or significant damage.

 Compliance with Modern Standards:

Ensures that older buildings meet current seismic codes and standards.

 Preservation of Existing Structures:

Retrofitting allows for the continued use of older buildings without needing full
demolition or rebuilding.

 Cost-E ective:
Retrofitting can be more a ordable than rebuilding an entire structure, especially
when dealing with heritage or existing infrastructure.