UNIT: - 5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION.

5.1 Introduction:

5.2 Discrete and Continuous probability distribution:

5.3 Binomial distribution:

Let X be a discrete random variable. It is said to follow binomial distribution if its probability mass function
(pmf) is defined as,
P (X=x) = P(x) = nCx Px qn-x. OR, P (X= r) = P(r) = nCr Pr qn-r
Where, x = r (No. of ‘success’), n = no of trails.

P = Probability of success in each trail. q=Probability failure in each trail=1-P….. ,

0 P 1, 0 q 1, 0 r n,

10 Coins Toss H H T H T T H H T H
= P6 q4, = P6 q10-6, S S F S F F S S F S
P P q P q q P P q P

Using formula, = nCr Pr qn-r = 10C6 P6 q10-6 , = 10C6 P6 q4,

Using notation: [ At most ( ), At least ( ), More than (>) & Less than () ]

Note :- [n 20, P 50%, (Number of Trail 20, eGbf sd / Probability of chance 50%, eGbf a9L ePsf]

cj:yfdf Binomial distribution sf] k|of]u x'G5 . ]

Characteristics of Binomial Distribution:-

(i) EP(X) = 1.

(ii) E(X)=n P………..[Mean]

(iii) V(X)= n P q………..[Variance]

(iv) Mean is not less than variance.

Poisson Distributation: -

Note: - [n 20, P 5%, (Number of Trail 20, eGbf a9L / Probability of chance 5%, eGbf sd ePsf] cj:yfdf
Poisson distribution sf] k|of]u x'G5 . ]

P(X=r) =

Where, = Mean = nP., n= No. of Trail, P= No. of probability success in no. of Trail,

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r = No. of success, e = 2.7183

For Examples:-

Q. 10 coins one toss simultaneously find the probability of getting, (i) No heads, (ii) 3 heads, (iii) At most
1 head, (iv) At least 8 head, (v) No tails, (vi) One head, (vii) All head.
Solution: -Let X be the random variable denoting no. of heads.

Here, n = 10, P= , q=1–P= ,

We have, P(X= r) = nCr Pr qn-r, = 10Cr ( )r ( )10-r, = 10

Cr ( )r+10-r, = 10
Cr (

)10, =10Cr. ,

No heads, P (No heads) = P(X=0) =?

Putting, r = 0, P(X=0) =10C0. , = 1x

,= = 0.0009

(i) 3 heads, P( 3 heads) = P(X=3) = ?

Putting, r = 3,

P(X=3) =10C3. , = 120x ,= = 0.11

(ii) At most 2 heads, P ( At most 2 heads) = P(X 2) = ?

Putting, r = 2, P(X 2) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2), =10C0

+10C1. +10C2. , = 1x +10x + 45 x ,

= + + , = = 0.054

(iii) At least 8 heads, P (At least 8 heads) = P(X 8) = ?

Putting, r = 8, P(X 8) = P(X=8) + P(X=9) + P(X=10)

=10C8. + 10C9. + 10C10. ,=45x +10x +1x , = + +

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 = = 0.054
(iv) No tails, P (No tails) = P (All heads)= P(X=10) = ?
Putting, r =10, P(X=10) = nCr Pr qn-r, =10C10. = 1x , = = 0.00098

(v) One heads, P (one heads) = P(X=1)=?

Putting, r =1, P(X=1) = nCr Pr qn-r , =10C1. = 10x , = = 0.00098

(vi) All heads, P (All heads)= P(X=10) = ?

Putting, r =10, P(X=10) = nCr Pr qn-r, =10C10. = 1x

, = = 0.00098

Q. IOF(2067).3(b) 7unbaised coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting (i)

Exactly 6 heads, (ii) No heads, (iii) At least 1 head.

Solution:- Let X be the random variable denoting number of heads.

Here, n = 7, P= , q = 1 – P, = 1- =
,

= ,
,

Using the Binomial Distribution formulae,

We have,P(X=r) = nCr Pr qn-r = 7Cr ( )r ( )7-r, = 7Cr ( )r+7-r, = 7Cr ( )7, = 7 C r. ,

(i) No heads, P (No heads) = P(X=0)=?

Putting, r =0, P(X=0) = nCr Pr qn-r = 7C0. = 1x , = = 0.007

(ii) Exactly 6 heads, P (Exactly 6 heads) = P(X=6)=?

Putting, r = 6, P(X= 6) = nCr Pr qn-r =7C 6. = 7x

, = = 0.054

(iii) At least one head, P(At least one head) = P(X 1)=?

Putting, r = 1, P(X 1) = 1- P(No heads) =1 - = =

= 0.992

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Q. IOF(2066).3(a)What are the mean and variance of Binomial distribution? 5 unbaised coins are tossed
simultaneously. What is the probability of getting (i) Exactly 2 Tails, (ii) No Tails, (iii) At least 1 Tail.

Solution:- Let X be the random variable denoting number of Tails.

Here, n = 5, P= , q=1-P = 1-

= = ,

Using the Binomial Distribution formulae,

We have, P(X=r) = nCr Pr qn-r = 5Cr ( )r ( )5-r, = 5Cr ( )r+5-r, = 5

Cr (

)5, = 5 C r. ,

(i) Exactly 2 Tails, P (Exactly 2 Tails) = P(X=2)=?

n r n-r
Putting, r = 2, P(X= 2) = Cr P q = 5C2. = 10x , = = 0.3125
(ii) No Tails, P (No Tails) = P(X=0)=?
Putting, r =0, P(X=0) = nCr Pr qn-r =5C0. = 1x , = = 0.03125
(iii) At least one Tails, P(At least one Tails) = P(X 1)=?
Putting, r = 1, P(X 1) = 1- P (No Tails) =1 - = = =0.96875

Exercise: - 2(A).

Q. 9. The incidence of occupational disease in an industry is such that the workmen have 20% chance of
suffering from it. If six workmen are selected at random, find the probability that (a) exactly 3 workers
contract the disease. (b) 4 or more will contract the disease.

Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the number of workers suffering from occupational
diseases.
Here, Number of Trail, n = 6, P = 20% = 0.20, q =1- P, =1-0.20, = 0.80
We have, P(X=r) = nCr Pr qn-r = 6Cr (0.2)r (0.80)6-r

(a) Exactly 3 workers contract the disease=?

P (Exactly 3 workers contract the disease) = P(X=3), = 6Cr (0.2)r (0.80)6-r = 6C3 (0.2)3 (0.80)6-3
= 6C3 (0.2)3 (0.80)3 = 20 x 0.008 x 0.512 = 0.08192 Ans.

(b) 4 or more will contract the disease =?

P (4 or more will contract the disease) = P(X 4) = P(X=4) + P(X=5) + P(X=6).
6 4 6-4 6 5 6-5 6 6 6-6
= C4 (0.2) (0.80) + C5 (0.2) (0.80) + C6 (0.2) (0.80)

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 = 15 x (0.2)4 (0.80)2 + 6 x (0.2)5 (0.80)1 + 1 x (0.2)6 (0.80)0
= 15 x 0.0016 x 0.64 + 6 x 0.00032 x 0.80 + 1 x 0.000064 x 1,
= 0.01536 + 0.001536 + 0.000064 = 0.01696 Ans.

Q. 11. Out of 800 families with 4 children is, what percent would be expected to have, (i) 2 boys & 2 girls,
(ii) At least one boys, (iii) no girls, (iv) At most two girls. Assume equal probability of boys & girls.
Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting number of ‘Boys’.

X= Boys 0 1 2 3 4
Girls 4 3 2 1 0
Here, P=0.5, q=1-P = 1- 0.5 = 0.5, n = 4.

We have, P(X=r) = nCr Pr qn-r …………………[ Using the Binomial distribution.]

= 4Cr (0.5)r (0.5)4-r = 4Cr (0.5)r+4-r = 4Cr (0.5)4 = 4Cr x 0.06

(i) 2 boys & 2 girls = P(2 boys & 2 girls) =P(2 Boys) = P(X=2), = 4C2 x 0.06 = 6 x 0.06 =0.36,

So, the percentage of families with 2 boys and 2 girls is 36% Ans.

(ii) At least one boys= P(At least one boys) =P(X 1), = P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3) + P(X=4)

= 4C1 x 0.06 + 4C2 x 0.06 + 4C3 x 0.06 +4C4 x 0.06,

= 4 x 0.06 + 6 x 0.06 + 4 x 0.06 + 1 x 0.06, = 0.24 + 0.36 + 0.24 +0.06 = 0.90

So, the percentage of families with at least one boy is 90% Ans.

(iii) No girls = P(No girls) = P(All boys)=P(X=4) =4C1 x 0.06 =4C4 x 0.06 = 1x 0.06 = 0.06

So,the percentage of families with no. girls 6%, Ans.

(iv) At most two girls = P(at most two girls) = P(at most two boys)=P(X 2).
4 4 4
= P(X=2) + P(X=3) + P(X=4) = C2 x 0.06 + C3 x 0.06 + C4 x 0.06,
= 6 x 0.06 + 4 x 0.06 + 1 x 0.06, = 0.36 + 0.24 +0.06 = 0.66

So, the percentage of families with at most two girl is 66% Ans.

NOTE : - Expected number = N x Probability.

i.e, f (r) = N x P ( X=r),
f (r) = 800 x 0.36, = 288 no of two boys and two girls. Ans.
lx;fj ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 .

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5.4 Normal Distribution:

Let ‘X’ be a continuous random variable it is said to follow normal distribution. If its probability density
function is defined by,

P(X) = f(X) = ,

Where,

X = the value of the continuous random variables.

= constant =

= mean of the (distribution) normal random variate.

= standard deviation of the distribution.

e = (2.7189) = exponential componenant.

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 Let, X E ( a, b) =

P( )=?

a X= b

Then, P(a x b) = =

Standard Normal distribution: -

Let us transform Z =

Where, Z = standard normal variate.

Then, f (Z) = ( Z2 is called the pdf of standard normal variate)

Let X E ( a, b)

P( )=?

x1=a X= x2=b

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 Z1 = Z2 =

Then, P(a x b) =

P (Z1 x Z2) = , = =

, , ,

, , d( )= d (x- ) dZ = dX-0

We need not to integrate the above function.

We simply see the values of Z1 & Z2 in normal table then we can find or obtained the required
probability. It is to be noted that normal distribution is by parametric distribution, i.e.X N( , ) ………..
( X is continuous random variable of normal distribution that follows)
X N( , ) & Z SND (0,1)…….[ SND = Standard normal distribution]

Z= , E(Z) = E ( ), E(Z) = E [(x)- ], E(Z) = E[ - ], E(Z) = 0.

Z= , V(Z) = V ( ) = 1,

V(Z) = V [(x)- 0 ], = x = 1.

Properties of Normal distribution: -

(1). This Normal curve is bell – shaped curve.

(2). Mean, Median & Mode concide or identical to each other or same.

(3). There is a single peakdness in the normal curve. So it is unimodal.

(4). The mean & variance of standard normal distribution are 0&1 respectively.

(5). The coefficient of skewness in this distribution is zero, i.e. =0.

(6). The coefficient of Kurtosis is in normal distribution is = 3. The curve is Mesokurtiosis curve.

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(7). The relationship between quantities in this distribution is Q3. Md = Median –Q1.

Q1 md=Q2 Q3

(8). The relationship between mean deviation & standard deviation is given by 5Md = 4SD.

(9). The relationship between Quartile deviation & Mean deviation is given by 6 Q. D = 5Md or 8 & 9

Or, 6 QD = 5 Md -4 S.D

(10). Area of Property.

(i). P( ) = 68.26 %

P( ) = 0.6826

X 1= - X= X2= +

Z= 0
(ii). P( ) = 95.44 % = 0.9544

X1= -2 X= X2= +2

Z=0

(iii). P( ) = 0.9974

(11). Total probability of Normal distribution is 1 (one).

5.5 Normal Probability curve and area calculation: -

How to calculate area under normal curve?

1. P(X > a) =?.................[ Shde ug]{ ]
Case:- 1, When a < µ.................[ Point fix ug]{ ]

m n o P(X > a) =?

x1=a X=

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 Z1 = Z=0

We have, Z= , Z1 = Z1=

Then, P(X > a) = P(a <X ≤ M) + P(X>µ),

P(Z > Z1) = P(Z1<Z ≤ 0) + P(Z>0), = P(Z1<Z ≤ 0) + 0.5

We obtained the required probability by the use of Normal Table.

= 0.3849 + 0.5, = 0.9849

Case:- 2, When a > µ

m n
o

X= x1=a

Z=0 Z1 =

Let us transformed, Z= , Z1 = Z1=

Then, P(X > a) = P(Z > Z1) = 0.5 - P(0<Z < Z1)

We obtained the required probability by the use of Normal Table.

= 0.5 + 0.3415 = 0.1587

We find the required probability by seeing the value of z1 in the Normal Table.

2. P(X < a) =?.................[ Shde ug]{ ]

Case:- 1, When a < µ.................[ Point fix ug]{ ]

m n o P(X < a) =?

x1=a X=
Z=0

We have, Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = Z1 =

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 Then, P(X < a) = P(Z < Z1) = 0.5 - P(Z1<Z < 0)

We obtained the required probability by the use of Normal Table.

= 0.5 - …………., = …………….

Case:- 2, When a > µ

m n
o

X= x1=a
Z=0

Let us transformed, Z= , Z1 = Z1 =

Then, P(X < a) = P(Z < Z1) = 0.5 + P(0<Z < Z1)

We obtained the required probability by the use of Normal Table.

= 0.5 + ……….. = ……………….

We find the required probability by seeing the value of z1 in the Normal Table.

3. P(a<X < b) =?.................[ Shde ug]{ ]

Case:- 1, When a < µ, b> µ . ................[ Point fix ug]{ ]

m n o

x1=a X= x2=b

Z1 = Z = 0 Z2 =

We have, Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = Z1 =

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 Z2 = Z2 =

Then, P(a<X < b) = P(Z1< Z< Z2)

= P(Z1< Z< 0) + P(0< Z< Z2)
We obtained the required probability by the use of Normal Table.
= ……………… +……………..
=……………..
Case:- 2, When a < µ, b < µ,

m n o

x1=a x2=b X=
Z=0

Let us transformed, Z= , Z1 = Z1 =

Z2 = Z2 =

Then, P(a<X < b) = P(Z1 <Z< Z2) = P(Z1 <Z< 0) - P(Z2 <Z< 0)

We obtained the required probability by the use of Normal Table.

= …….. - ……………….. = ……………………..

We find the required probability by seeing the value of z1 & z2 in the Normal Table.

Case:- 3, When a > µ, b > µ,

X= x1=a x2=b
z=0

Let us transformed, Z= , Z1 = , Z1 =

Z2 = , Z2 =

Then, P(a<X < b) = P(Z1 <Z< Z2) = P(0 <Z< Z2) - P(0 <Z< Z1)

We obtained the required probability by the use of Normal Table.

= …….. - ……………….. = ……………………..

We find the required probability by seeing the value of z1 & z2 in the Normal Table.

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Area Properties of normal curve:
The most important property of the normal probability curve is the area property. If the means and
s.d of a normal distribution are and respectively then area under the normal curve between the
ordinate at

X = and X = +  is 0.6826 that is P ( -  < X <  + ) = 0.6826,

Similarly P ( - 2 < X <  + 2) = 0.9544, P( - 3 < X <  + 3) = 0.9927, which is almost unity.

The standard normal variate (SNV) defines as Z = then we have

When X = -, Z = -1, When X =+, Z = 1

When X = - 2, Z = -2, When X =+, Z = 2

When X = - 3, Z = -3, When X =+, Z = 3,

Hence area under the standard normal curve is

i. P(-1 < Z < 1) = P(-1 < <1) = P(- < X < +) = 0.6826

ii. P(-2 < Z < 2) = P(-2 < <2) = P(-2< X < +2) = 0.9544

iii. P(-3 < Z < 3) = P(-3 < <3) = P( - 3 < X < +3) = 0.9927,

These area are shown in the following normal probability curve

Since the location and shape of normal curve depends upon the values of its parameters ( ), there are
different bell-shaped curves with different means and standard deviations. In order to avoid the
complicated task of preparing tables for each value of and a special form of normal distribution is
used to convert this normal distribution in to one standardized form by making a very simple
transformation, which is called standard normal distribution and corresponding curve as standard normal
curve. The areas under the normal distribution denoted probability and can be obtained from the used of
table prepared with reference to such standardized normal distribution. The slandered normal distribution
table is given at the end of this book.

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 The table area under standard normal curve given at the end of book, which provides the area
(Probability) between the two ordinate at Z = 0 and value of Z = z0 (say) i.e. P (0 < Z <Z0). If we have to
find the area between x = 0 and x = 2.33 then from table P (0< Z < 2.33) = 0.4901

Remarks: the total area under normal probability curve is unit i.e.

f(x) = 1 i.e. edx = 1and P (0 < Z < ) = P(-< Z < 0) = 0.5 [since the normal curve is symmetrical]

Moment generating function of normal distribution :

Mx(t) = E(etx) = etx f(x) dx = eand the moment generating function of standard normal distribution is M z(t)
=e

Importance of Normal distribution:

Normal distribution plays a very important role in statistical theory because of the following reasons.
i For large values of n, calculations of probability for discrete probability distribution (e.g. Binomial
distribution, Poisson distribution, hyper geometric distribution etc,) become quite tedious and time
consuming. In such cases, normal approximation can be used with great ease and convenience.
ii For large value of n (i.e. n ), almost all of the exact sampling distribution e.g.- t-distribution , f-
distribution and the chi-square distribution conform to normal distribution.
iii The whole theory of exact sample (small sample) tests namely t, f, tests etc is based on the
assumption that the parent population from which the sample are drawn follows normal
distribution.
iv For large value of n (i.e. ), the central limit theorem follows normal distribution.
v It is extensively used in large sampling theory, to find the estimates of parameters from statistic
and confidence limits etc.
vi Many of the distributions which are not normal can be made normal by simple transformation.
vii It finds many applications in statistical quality control and industrial experiments for setting control
limits.

Example:

1. Find the area when the value of Z is known.

i Z = 0 and z = 2.10 ( i.e. area of Z = 2.10)

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 Solution: from the standard normal table, the area between Z = 0 and z = 2.10 is 0.4821. The shaded
portion in the following figure denotes the area between. Z = 0 and z = 2.10

Thus, area bounded by the Z –curve, Z-axis and the ordinate Z = 0 and Z = 2.10 from the normal
table is 0.4821. Symbolically it can be written as P (0 < Z < 2.10) = 0.4821.

ii Z = -2.53 and Z = 0 (i.e. area of Z = -2.53)

The table gives at the end of the book doesn’t contain entries corresponding to negative value of Z. But,
since the curve is symmetrical we can find the area between Z = -2.53 and Z = 0 by looking the area
corresponding Z = 0 and Z = 2.53. The shaded portion shown in the Above figure represents the area
between Z = -2.53 and Z = 0. Thus, area between Z = -2.53 and Z = 0 from normal table is 0.4943.
Symbolically, it can be written as P (-2.53 < Z < 0) = P (0 < Z < 2.53)
= 0.4943 (by symmetry of normal Curve)
2.Find the area under the normal curve to the,
(i) right of Z = 0.98 and (ii) Left of Z = -1.05
Solution: in order to find the area under normal curve to the right of Z = 0.98 (i.e. right from the positive
value of Z,We proceed as, P (Z > 0.98) = P(0 < Z < ) – P(0 < Z < 0.98) = 0.5 – 0.3365 = 0.1635

The Above shaded portion represents the area to the right of Z = 0.98.

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 Similarly, area left to Z = -1.05 is P( Z < -1.05) = P(- < Z < 0) – P(-1.05 < Z < 0)
= P(0 < Z < ) - P(0< Z < 1.05) By symmetry of normal curve. = 0.5 – 0.3531= 0.1469.

3.Find the area under the normal curve to the left of Z = 1.35

Solution: the area left of Z = 1.35 is represented by the above figure and calculated as P (Z < 1.35)

= P (- <Z<0) + P (0<Z<1.35) = P (0< Z < ) + P (0<Z<1.35) by symmetry of the normal curve

= 0.5 +0.4115 = 0.9115.

3 The time required to assemble a computer is a random variable having approximately a normal
distribution with mean 129 minutes and standard deviation 20 minutes. what are the probabilities
that the assembling of a computer will take
(a) At least 124 minutes.
(b) Any where from 121 to 138 minutes.
Solution: The time required for assemble of a computer is a random variable (X)follows normal distribution
with mean 129 minutes and standard deviation 20 minutes i.e. X N( ), where = 129 minutes and
= 20 minutes.

(a) The probability that time required to assemble a computer is at least 124 minutes

i.e. P(X 124).

For X = 124, let Z = is standard normal variate then Z = = -0.25

i.e. P(X 124) = P (Z -0.25)

= P (-0.25 <Z<0) + P (0 < Z < ) = P (0 < Z < 0.25) + P (0 < Z < ) by symmetry

= 0.0987 + 0.5 = 0.5987

(b) P (121< X < 138)

For X = 121, let Z = is standard normal variate then Z = = -0.40

121
 And X = 138

Z = = 0.45.

I.e. P (121< X < 138) = P (-0.4 < Z < 0.45)

= P (-0.40 < z < 0) + P (0< Z 0.45)

= P (0 < Z < 0.40) + P (0< Z 0.45) by symmetry of the normal curve.

= 0.1554 + 0.1736 = 0.329.

5. Students
of a class
aregiven a test. Their marks were normally distributed with mean 60 and standard deviation of 5. What
percentage of students scored?
(i) More than 60 marks.
(ii) Less than 56 marks.
(iii) Between 45 and 65 marks.
Solution, Let X denote the marks secure by student then X is a normal variate with mean = 60 and s. d (

) = 5. Let Z be the standard normal variate with mean 0 and variance 1. Then Z = =

(i) For P(X > 60) =?

For X = 60, Z = = =0

P(X > 60) = P(Z > 0) = P(0< Z < ) = 0.5. Therefore 50% students get marks more than 60

(i) P(X <56) =?

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 For X = 56, Z = = = - 0.8

P(X< 56) = P (Z < -0.8)

= P (- < Z < 0) – P(-0.8 < Z < 0) = P (0< Z < ) – P (0 < Z < 0.8) by symmetry of normal curve

= 0.5 -0.2881 = 2119, therefore 21.19 % of students gets marks less than 56.

(ii) P (45 < X < 65) =?

For X = 45, Z = = =-3

For X = 65, Z = = = 1

P (45 < X < 65) = P (-3 < Z < 1)

= P (-3 < z < 0) + P( 0< Z < 1) =

P( 0 < Z < 3) + P( 0< Z < 1) by
symmetry of normal curve

= 0.4987 + 0.3413 = 0.84.

Therefore 84 % of students get mark between 45 to 65.

6 The marks obtained by students in B. E. entrance examination are normally distributed. The
mean and standard deviation of the distribution are 50 and 10 respectively. If 674 appeared in the
examination and out of these 550 are to be declared passed. What should be the minimum pass
marks?
Solution:- Let X denotes the normal variable marks. Let Z be standard normal variate of X. Then

Z= , here = 50 and = 10 Z=

Let minimum pass marks be x1 .

Then P(X>x1) = = 0.816. Let Z1 be the corresponding SNV of x1 then Z1 = ,

Now P (X>x1) = 0.816.

Or P(Z > -z1) = 0.816

Or,P(-z1 < Z < 0) +P(0 < Z < )

= 0.816.

Or, = 0.816 -0.5 = 0.316

Therefore the value of z1 at probability 0.316 is -0.9, i.e. z1 = -0.9, Or = -0.9, X1 = 41.

Hence the minimum pass marks = 41.

7 The mean and variance of height of 500 engineering students were found to be 165 cm and 25
cm2 respectively. Find the range of height of middle 80 % of the students.

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 Solution, Let X denotes the normal variable of height of engineering students and Let Z be
standard normal variate of X. Then

Z= , here = 165 and = 25 Z=

Let x1 and x2 be the lower and upper limit of height of middle 80% of the students. Then P(x 1 < X <
x2) = 0.80……….(i)

Let Z1 and Z2 be the SNV of x1and x2 respectively

Then, -Z1 = and Z2 =

P(x1 < X < x2) = 0.80

or, P(-Z1 < X < Z2) = 0.80
or, P(-Z1 < X < 0)
= P(0< X < Z1 ) = 0.40 and
P (0< X < Z2) = 0.40
The value of Z1 at probability 0.40 is 1.28 Z1 = 1.28.

=-1.28

Which implies X1 = 158.6 cm

And the value Z2 at probability 0.40 is 1.28

Z2 = 1.28.

= 128

Which implies X2 = 171.4 cm

Therefore required range of height of middle 80% students = 171.4 – 158.6 = 12.8 cm.

EXERCISE:- 2 (C)

Q.3. The mean life of a certain type of electric bulb is 1200 hours and standard deviation is 300 hours.
Assuming the data to be normally distributated, What percentage of the electric bulbs are expected to
have life .

(i) More than 1500 hours? (ii) Between 1000 and 1400 hours ?

(iii) Less than 600 hours? (iv) More than 600 hours.

(v) From 800 to 1000 hours. (vi) Between 1400 and 1600 hours =?

124
Solution:- Let ‘X’ be a random variable denoting life of electric bulb.

Here, =1200 hours, =300 hours.

Let us transform, Z = , =

(i) More than 1500 hours: P(X>1500) = ?

P(X>1500)=?

= 120 x1=1500
z=0

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = 1.

Then, P(X>1500) = P(X>X1) = P ( Z > Z1 ),

= 0.5 - P (0 < Z < Z1 ), = 0.5 - P (0 < Z < 1 ),

= 0.5 – 0.3413, = 0.1587,

Hence, the required percentage that a randomly selected electric bulb having life span greater than 1500
hours is 15.87% Ans.

(ii) Between 1000 and 1400 hours =?

P (1000 < X <1400) = ?

P(1000 < X <1400)=?

x1=1000 = 1200 x2=1400

z1 = -0.67 z=0 z2= 0.67

We have, Z = , =

125
 Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -0.67,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 0.67,

Then, P(1000 < X <1400) = P(X1<X<X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P(Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-0.67 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 0.67),

= P ( 0 < Z < 0.67) + P(0 < Z < 0.67)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 2 P ( 0 < Z < 0.67) = 2 x 0.2486

= 0.4972

Hence, the required percentage of electric bulb having the life span between 1000 – 1400 hours is
49.72% Ans.
(iii) Less than 600 hours =?

P( X <600) = ?

P(X < 600)=?

x1= 600 = 1200

z1 = -2 z=0

We have, Z = , = , Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -2,

Then, P(X <600) = P(X< X1) = P(Z < Z1),

= 0.5 - P(Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 - P(-2 < Z < 0),

= 0.5 - P(0 < Z < 2), ………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.5 – 0.4772 = 0.0228

Hence, the required percentage of electric bulb having the life span less than6000 hours is 02.28% Ans.

(iv) More than 600 hours =?

P(X > 600) = ?

126
 P(X > 600 )=?

x1= 600 = 1200

z1 = -2 z=0

We have, Z = , = , Z1 = , Z1= ,= , = -2,

Then, P(X > 600) = P(X> X1) = P(Z > Z1),

= 0.5 + P(Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 + P(-2 < Z < 0),

= 0.5 + P (0 < Z < 2)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.5 + 0.4772 = 0.9772

Hence, the required percentage of electric bulb having the life span more than600 hours is 97.72% Ans.
(v) From 800 to 1000 hours = ?
P (800 < X <1000) = ?

P(800 < X <1000)=?

x1=800 x2=1000 = 1200

z1 = -1.33 z2= -0.67 z=0

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -1.33,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = - 0.67,

Then, P(800 < X <1000) = P(X1<X<X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P(Z1 < Z < 0) - P(Z2 < Z < 0), = P(-1.33 < Z < 0) - P(-0.67 < Z < 0 ),

= P ( 0 < Z < 1.33) - P(0 < Z < 0.67)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.4082-0.2486, = 0.1596

Hence, the required percentage of electric bulb having the life span between 800 – 1000 hours is 15.96 %
Ans.

127
 (vi) Between 1400 and 1600 hours =?

P (1400 < X <1600) = ?

P(1400 < X <1600)=?

= 1200, x1=1400 x2=1600

z=0 z1 = 0.67 z2= 1.33

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = 0.67,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 1.33,

Then, P(1400 < X <1600) = P(X1<X<X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P(0 < Z < Z2) - P(0 < Z < Z1), = P(0< Z < 1.33) - P(0 < Z < 0.67),

= 0.4082 – 0.2486, = 0.1596

Hence, the required percentage of electric bulb having the life span between 1400 – 1600 hours is
15.96% Ans.

(vii) Less than 1400 hours =?

P(X <1400) = ?

P( X<1400)=?

= 1200 x1=1400
z=0 z1= 0.67

128
We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = 0.67,

Then, P( X <1400) = P(X<X1) = P(Z < Z1),

= 0.5 + P(0 < Z < Z1), = 0.5 + 0.2486

= 0.7486

Hence, the required percentage of electric bulb having the life span less than 1400 hours is 74.86% Ans.

Q.2066.IOF.3 (b) Write down the probability density function of Normal distribution. If X is normally
distributed with mean 8 and standard deviation 4. Find out,
(i) P(X>15) (ii) P(5<X<10)

Solution:- Given, = 8, = 4,

Let us transformed, Z = , =

(i) P(X>15) =?

P(X>15)=?

=8 x1=15
z=0 z1= 1.75

We have, Z = , =
,

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = 1.75

Then, P(X>15) = P(X>X1) = P ( Z > Z1 ),

= 0.5 - P (0 < Z < Z1 ), = 0.5 - P (0 < Z < 1.75 ),

= 0.5 – 0.0.4599, = 0.0401,

(ii) P(5<X<10) =?

P(5 < X <1,000)=?

129
 x1=5 = 15 x2=1400
z1 = -0.75 z=0 z2= 0.5

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -0.75,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 0.5 ,

Then, P(5 < X <10) = P(X1<X<X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P(Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-0.75 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 0.5),

= P ( 0 < Z < 0.75) + P(0 < Z < 0.5, )………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.2734 + 0.1915, = 0.4649

Q.2068.IOF.5 (a) In a normal distribution 5% of the items are below 63 and 40% of the item are below 89.
Find the mean and variance of the distribution.
Solution:- The above information can be summarized as in the given curve,

45%
P(X < 63) = 5 %

x1 = 63 =?
z1 =? z=0
= ?
Fig:-1

10%
P(X < 89) = 40 %

X2 = 89 =?
Z2 =? z=0
= ?
Fig:-2
Let us transform:-

We have, Z= ,

Z1 = , Z1= ………………………………….(1) equation.

130
 Z2 = , Z2= ………………………………….(2) equation.

Now, P(X < 63) = 5%,

P(X< X1)=0.05 P(Z < Z1)=0.05

Or, 0.5 – P (Z1 < Z < 0)=0.05 or, 0.5 – 0.05 = P( Z1 < Z < 0),

Or, 0.45 = P ( Z1 < Z < 0), P( Z1 < Z < 0) =0.5

The value of Z1 corresponding to probability 0.45 is 1.64 (by the use of table),But the sign of Z1 is
negative.
Z1 = - 1.64 ……………………………………… (i) equation.

And, P(X < 89)= 40%,

P(X< X2) =0.40 P(Z < Z2)=0.40

Or, 0.5 – P (Z2 < Z < 0) = 0.4 or, 0.5 – 0.4 = P ( Z2 < Z < 0),

Or, 0.10 = P ( Z2 < Z < 0), P( Z2 < Z < 0) = 0.10

The value of Z2 corresponding to probability 0.10 is 0.25 (0.0987)… [by the use of table], But the sign of
Z2 is negative.

Z2 = - 0. 25 ………………………………………(ii) equation.

Now, From equation (i) & (ii)

-1.64 = ………………………………(iii)

-0.25 = ………………………………(iv)

Dividing in equation (iii) by equation (iv), =

Or, 1.64 (89- )= 0.25 (63 - ), or, 145.96 – 1.64 = 15.75 – 025

Or, 145.96 – 15.75 = 1.64 - -0.25 , or, 130.21 = 1.39 ,

131
Or, = = 93.67,

Now, from (iii), -1.64 = or, = = = 18.70

, ,

2
= (18.70)2 = 349.69

Here, Mean is 93.67 & Variance is 349.69 Ans.

Q. If ‘X’ be normally distributed with mean 12 and S.D. 4. Find the probability of, (a) X ≤ 20, (b) 0 ≤ X<12,

1 1

(c) Find X when P(X>X )= 0.24 ,

Solution:- Given,

Let us transformed, Z= , =

(a) X ≤ 20 = ?

P( X<20)=?

= 12 x1=20
z=0 z1= 0

We have, Z = ,

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = 2,

132
 1 1

Now, P(X ≤ 20 ) = P(X ≤ X ), or, P(Z ≤ Z )

= 0.5 + P(Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 + P(Z1 ≥ Z ≥ 0),

= 0.5 + 0.4772, = 0.9772 Ans.

(b) P (0 ≤ X ≤ 12) =?

P(0 ≤ X ≤ 12)=?

x1 = 0 = 12
z1= -3 z=0
x2 = 0
z2 = -3

We have, Z = ,

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -3,

Z2 = , Z1= , = , = 0,

Now, P(0 ≤ X ≤ 20), =P(Z1≤ Z ≤ Z2), = P(-3 ≤ Z ≤ 0),

= P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 3), …[ Normal distribution hold the symmetric properties)

= 0.4987 Ans.

1 1

(c) Find X when P(X>X )= 0.24

0.26
P(X < X1) = 0.24

= 12 x1 = ?
z=0 z1 =?

Now, P(X<X1) = 0.24, or, P(Z < Z1)=0.24, or, 0.5 – P(0 < Z< Z1) = 0.24,

P (0 < Z< Z1) = 0.5 - 0.24, or, P(0 < Z< Z1) = 0.26, Z1 = 0.71

Now, we have, Z = ,

Z1 = , or, 0.71 = , or, 2.84 = (X1-12), or,X1= 2.84+12, Z1= 14.84

The value of Z1 companding to 0.26 is 0.71, The algebraic is 0.71, sign is +ve.

133
Hence, the value of X1 is 14.84 Ans.

Q.(2062) Make up, IOF (2). In Terai region of Nepal, the mean size of farm is 770 acres with a standard
deviation of 480 acres.
(a) Assuming a normal distribution what is the probability that the size of the farm is larger than 900
acres?
(b) If a random sample of 40 farms is selected, what is the probability that the mean acres in the sample
will exceed 900?
Solution:-Given, =770, = 480 Acres.
(a) Assuming a normal distribution what is the probability that the size of the farm is larger than 900
acres? = P(X>900)=?

P(X < X1) = 0.24

= 12 x1 = 900
z=0 z1 = ?

Now, we have, Z = , Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = , or, Z1 = , = =0.27 Z1= 0.271

,
P(X>900), =P(X>X1), =P(Z > Z1), =0.5 – P(0<Z<0.27), =0.5 – 0.1064, =0.3936
The required % is 39.36 Ans.

(b) If a random sample of 40 farms is selected, what is the probability that the mean acres in the sample
will exceed 900?

134
Q.2058 Make up 3.(b) & 2059 Regular 3(b).Suppose that the pH of soil samples taken from certain
geographic region is normally distribute with mean pH 6.00 and standard deviation 10.0, If the pH of
randomly selected soil sample from this is determined, what is the probability that,

(i) The resulting pH is between 5.90 and 6.15 ?

(ii) The resulting pH exceeds 6.10?

(iii)The resulting pH is at most 5.95?

Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting pH value,

Given, = 6, = 0.10 Acres.

Now, we have, Z = ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = Z1 =

(i) The resulting pH is between 5.90 and 6.15 ?

P (5.90 < X < 6.15), = P(X1 <X <X2), =P(Z1 < Z < Z2)

P(5.90 < X < 6.15)=?

x1=5.90 = 15 x2=6.15
z1 = -1.0 z=0 z2= 1.5

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -1.0,

135
 Z2 = , Z2= ,= , = 1.5 ,

Then, P (5.9 < X <6.15) = P(X1< X< X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P (Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-1.0 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 1.5),

= P ( 0 < Z < 1.0) + P(0 < Z < 1.5, )………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.3159 + 0.4332, = 0.7491 Ans.

(ii) The resulting pH exceeds 6.10?

P(X > 6.10) = ?

P(X > 6.10) = ?

=6 x1 = 6.10
z=0 z1 = 1.0

Now, we have, Z = , Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = , or, Z1 = , = =1 Z1= 1

,

P(X>6.10), =P(0>X>X1), =P(0 >Z > Z1), =0.5 – P(0<Z<1.0), =0.5 – 0.3413, =0.1587

The required % is 15.87Ans.

(iii)The resulting pH is at most 5.95?

P(X ≤ 5.95) = ?

P( X ≤ 5.95 )=?

x1= 5.95 =6
z1 = 0.5 z=0

We have, Z= , = ,

136
 Z1 = , Z1= , = , = 0.5,

Then, P(X ≤ 5.95) = P(X ≤ X1) = P(Z ≤ Z1),

= 0.5 – P (Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 – P (0.5 < Z < 0),

= 0.5 – P (0 < Z < 0.5), ………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.5 – 0.1915 = 0.3085

Hence, the required resulting pH is at most 30.85 % Ans.

Q.4. Ram and Co. manufactures chrome and glass lamp manually. It requires 40 laboures hour to

complete on with a standard deviation of 10 hours.

(i) What is the probability that it will take between 35 and 42 labour hours to complete one of the lamps?

(ii)What is the probability that it will take more than 48 hours?

0.2 0.5 0.8

Given that Z =0.0793, Z =0.1915, Z =0.2881

Solution:-Given,

= 40 hours. = 10 hours.

(i) What is the probability that it will take between 35 and 42 labour hours to complete one of the lamps?

P(35 < X < 42), = P(X1 <X <X2), =P(Z1 < Z < Z2)

P(35 < X < 42)=?

x1 =35 = 40 x2 =42
z1 = -0.50 z=0 z2= 0.20

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -0.50,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 0.20,

137
Then, P (35 < X < 42) = P(X1< X< X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P (Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-0.50 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 0.20),

= P ( 0 < Z < 0.50) + P(0 < Z < 0.20, )………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.1915 + 0.0793, = 0.2708

(ii) What is the probability that it will take more than 48 hours?

P(X > 48) =?

P(X > 48) =?

= 40 x1 = 48
z=0 z1 = 0.80

Now, we have, Z = , Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = , or, Z1 = , = =0.80 Z1= 0.80

,

P(X>48), =P(0>X>X1), =P(0 >Z > Z1), =0.5 – P(0<Z<0.8), =0.5 – 0.2881, =0.21190

The required % is 21.90 Ans.

Q.5.The mean height of solders to be 68.52 inches with a variance of 10.8 inches. How many soldiers in

a regiment of 1,000 would you expect to be over six feet tall?

Solution:- Given,

= 68.52 Inches. ( )2 = 10.8 Inches. = Inches.

P(X > 68.52) =?

138
 P(X > 68.52) =?

= 68.52 x1 = 72
z=0 z1 = 1.06

Now, we have, Z = , Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = , or, Z1 = , = =1.06, Z1= 0.80

,

P(X>68.52), =P (0>X>X1), =P (0 >Z > Z1), =0.5 – P (0<Z<1.06), =0.5 – 0.3554, =0.1446

The required % is 14.46 Ans.

Here, 14.46% of 1000 is above 6 feet. = 14.46 % of 1000. =14.46 x 1000. =

= 144.6, = 145 Ans.

Q.7.A sample of 100 dry battery cells tested to find the length of life produced the following result: µ =12

hrs and S.D.= 3 hrs. Assume the data to be normally distributed. What percentage of battery cells are

expected to have life (i) more than 15 hours (ii) less than 6 hrs (iii) between 10 hrs and 14 hrs.

Given,
Z: 2.5 2 1 0.67

Area: 0.4938 0.4772 0.3413 0.2486

Solution:-Let ‘X’ be the random variable of the denoting the life of battery.

= 12 hours. = 3 hours.

(i) more than 15 hours= ?,

P(X > 15) =?

P(X > 15) =?

139
 = 12 x1 = 15
z=0 z1 = 1.0

Now, we have, Z = , Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = , or, Z1 = , = =1.00, Z1= 1.00

,

Then, P(X>15), =P (0>X>X1), =P (0 >Z > Z1), =0.5 – P (0<Z<1.00), =0.5 – 0.3413, =0.1587

Hence, the required percentage of the battery cell more than 15 hours is 15.87 Ans.

(ii) less than 6 hrs=?

P(X < 6 ) =?

P(X < 6 ) =?

x1= 6 = 12
z1 = -2 z=0

We have, Z = , = ,

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -2,

Then, P(X <6 ) = P(X< X1) = P (Z < Z1),

= 0.5 - P(Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 - P(-2 < Z < 0),

= 0.5 – P (0 < Z < 2), ………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.5 – 0.4772 = 0.0228

Hence, the required percentage of the battery cell having the life span less than 6 hours is 2.28% Ans.

(iii) Between 10 hrs and 14 hrs= ?

P (10 < X <14) = ?

140
 P(10 < X <14)=?

x1 =10 = 12 x2=14
z1 = -0.67 z=0 z2= 0.67

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -0.67,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 0.67,

Then, P(10 < X <14), = P(X1<X<X2), = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P (Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-0.67 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 0.67),

= P (0 < Z < 0.67) + P (0 < Z < 0.67)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 2 P (0 < Z < 0.67) = 2 x 0.2486, = 0.4972

Hence, the required percentage of the battery cell having the life span between 10–14 hours is 49.72%
Ans.

Q.8.The average daily sales of 500 branch offices was Rs.150 thousand and s.d. Rs.15 thousand.

Assuming the distribution to be normal, indicate how many branches have sales between (i) Rs. 120

thousand and 145 thousand. (ii) Rs. 140 thousand and Rs.165 thousand.

Solution:-Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the daily sales of 500 branch offices.

= 1, 50,000. = 15, 000.

(i) Rs. 120 thousand and 145 thousand=?

P (1, 20, 000 < X <1, 45, 000) =?

P(1,20,000 < X <1,45,000)=?

141
 x1=12000, x2=145000, = 150000.
z1 = -2, z2= -0.33 z=0

We have, Z = , =

Let transformed, Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -2,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = - 0.33,

Then, P (1, 20, 000 < X <1, 45, 000) = P(X1<X<X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P(Z1 < Z < 0) - P(Z2 < Z < 0), = P(-2 < Z < 0) - P(-0.33 < Z < 0 ),

= P ( 0 < Z < 2) - P(0 < Z < 0.33)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.4772 - 0.1293, = 0.3479

Hence, the required percentage of sales branch having the Rs. 120 thousand and 145 thousand is 34.79
and required sales branches between Rs. 120 thousand and 145 thousand = 34.79% of 500.

= x 500, = 34.79 x 5, =173.95 Ans.

(ii) Rs. 140 thousand and Rs.165 thousand=?

P (140,000 < X <1, 65, 000) =?

P(140,000 < X <1,65,000)=?

x1 =140000 = 150000 x2=165000

z1 = -0.67 z=0 z2= 1

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -0.67,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 1,

Then, P(10 < X <14), = P(X1<X<X2), = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

142
 = P (Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-0.67 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 1),

= P (0 < Z < 0.67) + P (0 < Z < 1)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.3413 + 0.2486, = 0.5898,

Hence, we can say that 58.98% of 500 branches is required and that is = x 500, = 294.95 Ans.

Hence, the required of branches have sales between 140 thousand and 165 that is 295 Ans.

Q.9.The income of a group of 10,000 persons was found to be normally distributed with mean Rs.750 per

month and s.d. Rs. 50. Find the number of persons with income (i) less than Rs. 700 per month (ii)

between Rs.700 and Rs. 800 per month.

Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the income group of 10,000 persons.

Given, = Rs. 750 per month. = Rs.50,

(i) Less than Rs. 700 per month =?

P(X < 700) =?

P(X < 700) =?

x1= 700 = 750

z1 = -1 z=0

We have, Z = , = ,

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -1,

Then, P(X < 700) = P(X< X1) = P (Z < Z1),

= 0.5 – P (Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 – P (-1 < Z < 0),

= 0.5 – P (0 < Z < 1), ………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.5 – 0.3413, = 0.1587

Hence, the required number of persons with income less than Rs. 700 per month = 0.1587 x 10000.

143
 =1587 Ans.

(ii) Between Rs.700 and Rs. 800 per month.

Q.10. The mean weight of 500 students at a certain college is 151, lbs. and s.d. is 15 lbs. Assuming that

the weights are normally distributed find how many students weight : (i) between 120 lbs and 155 lbs. (ii)

more than 185 lbs.

Solution: - Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the weight of the students.

Given, = 151 lbs. = 15 lbs,

(i) Between 120 lbs and 155 lbs=?

P (120< X <155) =?

P(120< X <155)=?

x1 =120 = 151 x2=155

z1 = -2.07 z=0 z2= 0.27

We have, Z = , =

Let us transformed, Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -2.07,

144
 Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 0.27,

Then, P(120 < X <155), = P(X1<X<X2), = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P (Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-2.07 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 0.27),

= P (0 < Z < 2.07) + P (0 < Z < 0.27)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.4808 + 0.1064, = 0.5872,

Hence, we can say that 58.72% of 500 students have weight between (120 to 151)lbs.

i.e, = x 500, = 293.6 294 Ans.

Hence, the required numbered of students have weight between 120 lbs and 151lbs that is 294. Ans.

(ii) More than 185 lbs=?

P(X > 185) =?

P(X > 185) =?

= 151 x1 = 185
z=0 z1 = 2.0

Now, we have, Z = , Z= ,

Let us transformed, Z1 = , or, Z1 = , = =1.00, Z1= 2.00

,

Then, P(X>185), =P (0>X>X1), P (0 >Z > Z1), =0.5 – P (0<Z<2.00), =0.5 – 0.4772, =0.0228

=2.28%

Hence, we can say that 2.28% of 500 students have weight more than 185lbs.

i.e, = x 500, = 11.40 12 Ans.

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Hence, the required numbered of students have weight more than 185lbs that is 12. Ans.

Q.11.The agriculture credit department of a “commercial Bank” found that 1,000 agricultural loans they

issued over the past year were normally distributed with mean of Rs. 50,000 and s.d. of Rs. 10,000.

Suppose loan condition in the bank remain the same in the next year. What proportion of new loan would

be expected. (i) less than Rs. 30,000. (ii) in between Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 80,000. (iii) greater than Rs.

40,000.

Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the agricultural loans.

Given, = Rs.50,000. = Rs.10,000,

(i) Less than Rs. 30,000 =?

P(X < 30,000) =?

P(X < 30,000) =?

x1= 30,000 = 50,000

z1 = -2 z=0

We have, Z = , = ,

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -2,

Then, P(X < 30,000) = P(X< X1) = P (Z < Z1),

= 0.5 – P (Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 – P (-2 < Z < 0),

= 0.5 – P (0 < Z < 2), ………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.5 – 0.4772, = 0.0228

= 2.28 %

Hence, we can conclude that 2.28% of new loan would be expected less than Rs.30,000.

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(ii) In between Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 80,000=?

P (60,000 < X <80,000) = ?

P(60,000 < X <80,000)=?

=50,000, x1=60,000 x2=80,000

z=0 z1 = 1 z2= 3

We have, Z = , =

Z1 = , Z1= , = , = 1.00,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 3.00,

Then, P(60,000 < X <80,000) = P(X1<X<X2) = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P(0 < Z < Z2) - P(0 < Z < Z1), = P(0< Z < 3) - P(0 < Z < 1),

= 0.4987 – 0.3413, = 0.1574

Hence, we can conclude that 15.74% of new loan would be expected between Rs.60,000 and 80,000.
Ans

(iii) greater than Rs. 40,000=?

P(X > 40,000) =?

P(X > 40,000)=?

x1= 40,000 = 50,000

z1 = -1 z=0

We have, Z = , = ,

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Let us transformed, Z1 = , Z1= , = ,

= -1,

Then, P(X > 40,000) = P(X> X1) = P(Z > Z1),

= 0.5 + P (Z1 < Z < 0), = 0.5 + P(-1 < Z < 0),

= 0.5 + P (0 < Z < 1)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 0.5 + 0.3413 = 0.8413

Hence, we can conclude that 84.13% of new loan would be expected greater than Rs.40,000.Ans

Q.12. The mean of the inner diameters ( in inch) of a sample of 500 tubes produced by a machine is 5.02

and s.d. is 0.05. The purpose for which the tubes are intended allows a maximum tolerance in the

diameter of 4.96 to 5.08 ( otherwise the tubes are considered defective ). What percentage of tubes

produced by the machine is defective if the diameter are normally distributed.

Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the diameter of tubes.

Given, = 5.02, = 0.05,

(i) P (4.96 < X < 5.08) =?

P(4.96< X <5.08)=?

x1 = 4.96 = 5.02 x2=5.08

z1 = -1.20 z=0 z2= 1.20

We have, Z = , =

Let us transformed, Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -1.2,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 1.20

Then, P (4.96 < X <5.08), = P(X1<X<X2), = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

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 = P (Z1 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < Z2), = P(-1.20 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 1.20),

= P (0 < Z < 1.20) + P (0 < Z < 1.20)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

= 2 x P (0 < Z < 1.20), = 2 x 0.3849, = 0.7698

Hence, the tube are non defective only 76.98%.

i.e. Percentage of defective tube are (100-76.98)% = 23.02% 23 % Ans.

Q.13.The average test marks in a particular class is 79, the s.d. is 5. If the marks are distributed normally,

how many students in a class of 200 did not receive marks between 75 and 82? Given that .

P (0 ≤ Z <0.7) = 0.2580, P (0 ≤ Z ≤ 0.8) = 0.2881

P (0 ≤ Z ≤ 0.6) = 0.2257, Where Z is a standard normal variate.

Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the marks of the students.

Given, = 79, = 5,

(i) P (75 < X < 82 ) =?

P (75< X < 82) =?

x1 = 75 = 79 x2=82
z1 = -0.80 z=0 z2= 0.60

We have, Z = , =

Let us transformed, Z1 = , Z1= , = , = -0.80,

Z2 = , Z2= , = , = 0.60

Then, P (75 < X < 82), = P(X1<X<X2), = P(Z1 < Z < Z2),

= P (Z1 < Z < 0) + P (0 < Z < Z2), = P (-0.80 < Z < 0) + P (0 < Z < 0.60),

= P (0 < Z < 0.80) + P (0 < Z < 0.60)………….[ Normal curve is symmetrical in Nature.]

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 = 0.288 + 0.2257, = 0.5137, = 51.37 %

Hence, 51.37 % student receives marks between 75 and 79. Therefore (100-51.37)% = 48.63 % of 200
student could not receive marks between 75 and 79.

i.e. 48.63 % of 200, = = 48.63 x 2, = 97.26 97 % Ans.

Q. Example:- In normal distribution 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over 64. Find the mean
and standard deviation of the distribution. [T.U. 2045 MBA].

Solution:-Let ‘X’ be the random variable such that X N ( )

Given that P(X < 45) = 0.31, and P (X > 64) = 0.08,

We have, Z = ,

Let us transformed,

When, X1= 45, Z1 = , Z1= , ……………………………….(a)

X2= 64, Z2 = , Z2= , ………………………………..(b)

0.19 0.42

0.31
0.08

z1 = - z1 z= 0 z = z2
x1 = 45 x2=64

We have, P(X < 45) = P(Z < -Z1) = 0.31,

Or, P ( - < Z < 0) – P (-Z1 < Z < 0) = 0.31,

Or, 0.5000 – P (0 < Z < Z1) = 0.31,

Or, P (0 < Z < Z1) =0.5000 - 0.31 = 0.19,

Value of Z1 from table = 0.50, Z1 = 0.50 ………………….(c)

Also, P( X > 64) = 0.08, or, P(Z > Z2) = 0.08

Or, P (0 < Z < ) – P (0 < Z < Z2) = 0.08 , or, 0.5000 - P(0 < Z < Z2) = 0.08,

Or, P(0 < Z < Z2) = 0.5000 -0.08, =0.42

Value of Z2 from normal table = 1.41, Z2 = 1.41…………………….(d)

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Now from (a) and (c), = -0.50 = …………………….(e)

Also from (b) and (d), = 1.41 = …………………….(f)

(e) = (f), =

Or, 63.45 – 1.41 = -32 + 0.5 , or, 1.91 = 95.45, or, = 49.97 50.

From(e), = = 10

= 50, =10 Ans.

Q. 14. Two students are informed that they received standard scores of 0.8 and – 0.4 respectively on a

multiple choice examination in Q.T. If their marks were 88 and 64 respectively find the mean and standard

deviation of the examination marks?

Solution:- Let ‘X’ be the random variable denoting the Score of the students.

Given, =?, = ?,

(i) P (0.4 < X < 0.8 ) =?

P (0.4< X < 0.8) =?

x1 = 64 = 79 x2=88
z1 = -0.80 z=0 z2= 0.60

We have, Z = , Let us transformed,Z1 = , Z1= , ……………………………….(i)

Z2 = , Z2= , ……………………………..(ii)

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