COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & EMERGING TECHNOLOGY

(CS – 03)

Introduction to Mother board

Introduction to Mother board

 A motherboard is the primary board and foundation of a computer that is also known as mboard, mobo, mainboard, base board, backplane board,
system board, planar board, or main circuit board.
 On Apple computers, it is called a logic board.
 The CPU, memory RAM expansion slots, ROM, USB ports, and PCI slots are attached to the motherboard in the computer.
 It provides connectivity between the RAM, CPU, and all other hardware components.
 Also, it contains controllers for devices such as a keyboard, mouse, hard drive, and DVD drive.
 Each motherboard has chipset, which is the collection of controllers and chips.
 Every new motherboard uses a new chipset at the time they are developed.
 Although these motherboards are usually faster and more efficient as compared to their predecessors, the older components often do not work
with new chipsets.
 Every motherboard is not able to work with all types of memory and processor, as they are designed to work with particular types of memory and
processor.
 In 1981, the first motherboard was used in the IBM personal computer. At the time, IBM gave it the name of 'planar' instead of a motherboard.
Mother board
 Components of a Motherboard

 CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) batteries:

 A battery that maintains the time, date, hard disk and other configuration settings in the CMOS memory.
 CMOS batteries are small and are attached directly to the motherboard.
 Southbridge:
 It is an integrated circuit on the motherboard that is designed for a single function and manufactured as a single unit.
 It is important for I/O controller, hard drive controller, and integrated hardware.
AGP Slot:
 The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) was designed as a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer system,
primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
 It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for video cards.
 PCI slot:
 It allows users to add internal components to a desktop computer.
 In 1992, it was designed and introduced by Intel.
 It stands for Peripheral Component Interface that is used to connect the addition of PCI devices such as modems, sound cards, video cards, and
network hardware cards.
 Northbridge:
 It is an integrated circuit within the chipset on the motherboard that is responsible for providing a connection between AGP, CPU interface, and
memory.
 Unlike south bridge, it is directly connected to the CPU interface, AGP, and memory.
 The primary task of north bridge is to provide communication between CPU and external devices via buses.
 Components of a Motherboard

 Audio :
 A computer's audio ports link the computer's sound hardware with your speakers, microphone, headsets or other audio equipment.
 Every computer motherboard has at least a few basic audio ports built in, allowing you to connect stereo speakers and a microphone.
 LAN port:
 Alternatively referred to as an Ethernet port, network connection, and network port, the LAN port allows a computer to connect to a network
using a wired connection.
 Parallel port:
 Most of the old printers are used parallel port to connect.
 It uses more than one wire to send or receive a collection of bits of data in one go where serial port uses one wire.
 Serial port connector:
 It is an interface that is used to transmit or receive one-bit data at a time on the computer.
 Mostly IBM compatible computers have serial ports as a communication port.
 For instance, a modem may connect with COM port1 and a mouse connect to COM port2.
 USB Port:
 Short for universal serial bus, USB is a plug and play interface that allows a computer to communicate with peripheral and other devices.
 USB-connected devices cover a broad range; anything from keyboards and mice, to music players and flash drives
 Components of a Motherboard

 PS2:
 The PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN connector used for connecting keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer system.
 Its name comes from the IBM Personal System/2 series of personal computers, with which it was introduced in 1987.
 CPU socket:
 In computer hardware, a CPU socket or CPU slot contains one or more mechanical components providing mechanical and electrical connections
between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB).
 This allows for placing and replacing the central processing unit (CPU) without soldering.
 Heat sink:
 It is a device that is designed with built-in fans to keep hot components, such as a processor, CPU at an appropriate temperature.
 It is attached to the processor and made by metal like copper or aluminum alloy.
 The active and passive are two types of the heat sink.
 The combination of fan and heat sink is known as an active heat sink, and a heat sink without a fan is called a passive heat sink.
 ATX Power Connector :
 The ATX 24-pin power supply connector is the standard motherboard power connector in computers today.
 The connector itself is a Molex 39-01-2240 connector, often called a Molex Mini-fit Jr.
 IDE Connector:
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a standard interface for connecting a motherboard to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-
ROM/DVD drives.
 The original IDE had a 16-bit interface that connected two devices to a single-ribbon cable.
 Components of a Motherboard

 Capacitor:
 It is a two-terminal electrical component that is used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.
 When a direct current (DC) enters in the capacitor, a positive charge is generated on the plate or collection of plates where a negative charge is
generated on the other.
 The capacitors are commonly used in electronic circuits to block direct current and pass alternative current.
 Jumpers:
 It is a tiny metal connector that allows the computer to close an electrical circuit, by which electricity can flow to the certain areas of the circuit
board.
 It comprises a collection of small pins that can be covered with a jumper block.
 It is also an alternative for a dual in-line package switch, and it contains two or more connecting points that control the electrical circuit board.
 Integrated circuit:
 It is a small chip that is also known as a monolithic integrated circuit, microchip, or a bare chip.
 It acts as an oscillator, amplifier, microprocessor, or even memory.
 It includes multiple circuits, pathways, logic gates, and other components that perform together for a specific function.
 Back pane connectors:
 It is a connection that specifies a link between a connector and a plug into a jack or port.
 For example, a mouse, keyboard, monitor, all must be connected to the computer before being used.
 Components of a Motherboard

 Super I/O:
 It is an integrated circuit that started to be used on the motherboards of a personal computer.
 It was found on an expansion card and introduced in the late 1980s. Later, it was embedded into the motherboard, and it combines interfaces for
a variety of low-bandwidth devices.
 It handles the less prominent computer input/output devices such as Serial port UART, Intrusion detection, Game port, Infrared, Floppy disk
controller, etc.
 System panel connectors:
 It is commonly referred to as a fpanel or front panel connector that controls a computer reset button, power button, case speaker, key lock, and
LED's.
 It includes two color-coded wire cables that help to recognize where they need to connect with the motherboard front panel.
 There are different types of system panel cables, such as HDD LED, PLED, PWRSW, Reset SW, Speaker, etc.
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