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6 views2 pages

Notes

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vedha08.n
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Factors Affecting Population Growth

1. Key Definitions

● Population: Total inhabitants of a specific country.


● Population Growth Rate: Change in population size, expressed as a percentage.

2. Factors Influencing Population Growth

● Birth Rate: Higher rates increase population.


● Death Rate: Lower rates increase population.
● Net Migration: More immigration than emigration increases growth rate.

3. Variation by Country

● LEDCs: Highest growth rates (e.g., Niger, Mali, Zambia).


● MEDCs: Lowest growth rates, with some like Italy and Japan experiencing population
decline.

4. Immigration vs. Emigration

● Immigration: Inward movement to a country.


● Emigration: Outward movement from a country.

Reasons for Different Rates of Population Growth

1. Causes of Population Change

● Migration: Involves movement of people.


● Natural Population Change: Difference between birth and death rates.

2. Natural Population Change Factors

● Death Rate Decrease: Improved agriculture, medicine, technology, housing, and


sanitation.
● High Birth Rate in LEDCs: Limited family planning, cultural practices, large families for
support.
● Falling Birth Rates in MEDCs: Access to contraception, changing social norms, high
child-rearing costs.

Overpopulation and Underpopulation

1. Overpopulation

● Impacts: Pollution, crime, unemployment, food & water shortages, pressure on services.
2. Underpopulation

● Impacts: Higher taxes, wasted resources, worker shortages, reduced exports, fewer
consumers.

3. Optimum Population

● Definition: Balance between population and resources for the highest standard of living.

Population Distribution and Structure

1. Population Structure

● Characteristics: Age, sex, ethnicity, religion.


● Population Pyramids: Visual representation of age and sex distribution.

2. Examples

● Niger (LEDC): High birth rate, low life expectancy, young dependent population.
● USA (MEDC): Decreasing birth rate, increasing life expectancy, larger working-age
population.
● Japan (MEDC): Low birth rate, high life expectancy, ageing population.

Effects of Population Changes

1. Ageing Populations

● Impacts: Increased pension payments, care homes demand, higher healthcare costs,
smaller labor force, higher wages.

2. Falling Birth Rates

● Impacts: School closures, future labor shortages, government incentives for larger
families, migration law adjustments.

3. Migration Effects

● Impacts: Population structure imbalance, pressure on services, housing shortages,


traffic congestion, pollution, food shortages.

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