Digital Logic Design (ES216)

Department of Mechatronic
Engineering

Lec # 1-3

Engr. Muhammad Arsalan Jalees

Abro

arsalan.abro@faculty.muet.edu.pk
Recommended Books

• Digital Logic and

Computer Design by M.
Morris Mano
• Digital Fundamentals by
Thomas L. Floyd
• Digital Logic and State
Machine Design by
David J. Comer
Assessments
• Class Assignments
• Class Tests
• CEP (Complex Engineering Problem)
• Presentations
• Midterm Examination
• Final Examination
P.S Don’t stress out, things will definitely work out.
Path to good marks
• Overall class attitude
• Things to avoid (copy-paste culture, class disturbance)
• Things to do (hard work, help others)
• And certainly, DON’T BE AFRAID TO ASK QUESTIONS

P.S Share your feedback regarding my style of teaching but do

remember, I am your teacher.
The journey

Let’s leave this blank and fill it in as we go

along with this semester
Course learning outcomes (CLOs)
Program learning outcomes (plos)
introduction
There are two broad categories for Electronic Circuits:
• Digital
• Analog

The focus of this subject will be digital quantities but we should know the
difference between both.
Both digital and analog electronics are used in the control of various mechanical
systems hence, a Mechatronic System
Analog quantity
• An analog quantity has continuous values.

Examples:
• Time
• Pressure
• Distance
• Sound
• Etc.
Example of analog System
• Telephone and cassette players are examples of analog systems.
• The waveforms are continuous in nature.
Digital quantity
• A digital quantity is one having a discrete set of values.
• The change recorded is in steps.
Example of digital system
A digital device for weather monitoring and temperature control
Hybrid System
Analog v/s digital
Comparison Quantity Analog Signal Digital Signal

Waves Denoted by sine waves Denoted by square waves

Example Human voice in air, analog electronic devices. Computers, CDs, DVDs, and other digital electronic devices

Technology Analog technology records waveforms as they are. Samples analog waveforms into a limited set of numbers and records them.

Data transmissions Subjected to deterioration by noise during transmission Can be noise-immune without deterioration during transmission and write/read
and write/read cycle. cycle.
Response to Noise More likely to get affected reducing accuracy Less affected since noise response are analog in nature

Flexibility Analog hardware is not flexible. Digital hardware is flexible in implementation.

Uses Can be used in analog devices only. Best suited for audio Best suited for Computing and digital electronics.
and video transmission.

Applications Thermometer PCs, PDAs

Bandwidth Analog signal processing can be done in real time and There is no guarantee that digital signal processing can be done in real time
consumes less bandwidth. and consumes more bandwidth to carry out the same information.

Memory Stored in the form of wave signal Stored in the form of binary bit

Power Analog instrument draws large power Digital instrument draws only negligible power
Analog to digital convertors (ADC)
• In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts
an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera,
into a digital signal.
How adc works
• They first sample the signal, then quantify it to determine the resolution of the signal, and
finally set binary values and send it to the system to read the digital signal.
• Two important aspects of the ADC are its sampling rate and resolution.
How adc works
• Sampling rate, also known as sampling frequency, can be tied to the ADC’s speed. The sampling
rate is measured by using “samples per second”
• “What happens when the sampling rate is considerably slower?” you might ask. It is important to
know the sampling rate of the ADC because you will need to know if it will cause aliasing.
• Aliasing means that when a digital image/signal is reconstructed, it differs greatly from the original
image/signal caused from sampling.

• ADC’s resolution can be tied to the precision of the ADC

What is digital logic design
• Logic is a method of reasoning that involves a series of statements, each of which
must be true if the statement before it is true.
• Digital Logic is a term used to denote the design and analysis of digital systems.
• Digital Logic is the basis of electronic systems, such as computers and cell
phones.
• Digital Logic is rooted in binary code, a series of zeroes and ones.
• This system includes logic gates and facilitates the design of electronic circuits
that convey information in the form of digital bits.
What is the role of a d.L design engineer?
• As a Digital Logic Designer’s job is to build complex electronic components
that use both electrical and computational characteristics such as power,
current, logical function, protocol, and user input.
• Digital logic design is used to develop hardware, such as circuit boards and
microchip processors.
• This is achieved with the help of logic gates (taught later on)
• The job is to fulfill a certain condition by creating logic maps.
Binary Digits
• A binary digit (bit) is the minimum unit of binary information stored in a
computer system.
• A bit can have only two states, on or off, which are commonly represented as ones
and zeros.
• The combination of ones and zeros determines which information is entered into
and processed by the computer.
Representation of bits
• In digital circuits, two different voltage levels are used to represent the two bits:
• Higher Voltage Level (HIGH/H)
• Lower Voltage Level (LOW/L)

• There are two types of bit representations:

• Positive Logic
• Negative Logic
Representation of bits
Positive Logic is a system in which 1 is represented by HIGH and 0 is represented by LOW
• High Voltage = 1
• Low Voltage = 0

Negative Logic, is the opposite representation of the Positive Logic. Here, 1 is represented
by a LOW and a 0 is represented by a HIGH
• High Voltage = 0
• Low Voltage = 1

Groups of bits (combinations of 1s and 0s) is called codes.

Codes represents numbers, letters, symbols, instructions, and etc. in a given application
Binary representation
Codes
• The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) – pronounced
“askee” – is a universally accepted alphanumeric code used in most computers and
other electronic equipment.

• The ASCII is a 7-bit code capable of representing 27 i.e. (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2)

or 128 numbers of different characters.
ASCII Chart
QUESTION

Search out, how was ASCII

developed?
Logic Levels
• The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels.
• Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage
level represents a LOW.

• HIGH can be any voltage between a specified minimum value

and a specified maximum value.

• LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum and a
specified maximum.’

• There can be NO OVERLAP between the accepted range of

HIGH levels and the accepted range of LOW levels.
Digital waveform (ideal pulse)
Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing back and forth (series of pulses)
between the HIGH and LOW levels or states.

HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge
Ideal pulses
LOW LOW The change occurs in zero
t0 t1 t0 t1
time i.e. instantaneously

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Figure (a) shows that a positive-going pulse is generated when the voltage (or current) goes from its normally
LOW level to its HIGH level and then back to its LOW level.

Figure (b) shows that a negative-going pulse is generated when the voltage goes from its normally HIGH
level to its LOW level and back to its HIGH level.
Digital waveform (nonideal pulse)
In reality, all pulses do not change state instantaneously. This may be
due to the overshoot and ringing sometimes produced by stray
inductive and capacitive effects.

Rise Time (tr ): The time required for a pulse to go from its LOW
level to its HIGH level

Fall time (ft ): The time required for the transition from the HIGH
level to the LOW level
In practice, it is common to measure rise time from
10% of the pulse amplitude (height from baseline)
to 90% of the pulse amplitude and to measure the
fall time from 90% to 10% of the pulse amplitude
to avoid nonlinearities in the waveform.

Pulse width (two): The measure of the duration of the pulse. Often
defined as the time interval between the 50% points on the rising and
falling edges
Waveform Characteristics
Most waveforms encountered in digital systems are composed of series of pulses,
sometimes called pulse trains.
The pulse trains can be further classified as:
• Periodic pulse
• Non-periodic pulse
Waveform Characteristics (periodic pulse)
A periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats itself at a fixed interval, called a
period (T).
The frequency ( f ) is the rate at which it repeats itself and is measured in hertz (Hz).
Waveform Characteristics (periodic pulse)
The frequency ( f ) of a pulse (digital) waveform is the reciprocal of the period.

An important characteristic of a periodic digital waveform is its duty cycle, which is

the ratio of the pulse width (tw) to the period (T). It can be expressed as a
percentage.
Question # 1
A portion of a periodic digital waveform is shown below. The
measurements are in milliseconds. Determine the following:
(a) period (b) frequency (c) duty cycle
Solution # 1
a) The period (T) is measured from the edge of one pulse to the corresponding
edge of the next pulse. In this case T is measured from leading edge to leading
edge, as indicated. T equals 10 Ms.
Waveform Characteristics (Nonperiodic pulse)
A nonperiodic pulse waveform does not repeat itself at fixed intervals.
This is may be composed of pulses of randomly differing pulse widths and/or
randomly differing time intervals between the pulses.
A Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information
• Binary information that is handled by digital systems appears as waveforms that
represent sequences of bits.
• When the waveform is HIGH, a binary 1 is present; when the waveform is LOW,
a binary 0 is present.
• Each bits in a sequence occupies a defined time interval called a bit time, or bit
interval.
The Clock
• In digital systems, all digital waveforms are synchronized with a basic timing waveform,
called the clock.
• The clock is a periodic waveform.
• The clock waveform itself does not carry information.
• As an example, in the below clock waveform, notice that each change in level of
waveform A occurs at the leading edge of the clock waveform. In other cases, level
changes occur at the trailing edge of the clock. During each bit time of the clock,
waveform A is either HIGH or LOW.
Timing Diagrams
• A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the actual time
relationship of two or more waveforms and how each waveform changes in
relation to the others.
Data Transfer
• Data refers to groups of bits that convey
some type of information.

• Binary data, which is represented by

digital waveforms, must be transferred
from one circuit to another within a digital
system or from one system to another in
order to accomplish a given purpose.
• There are two basic types of data transfer:
• Serial Data Transfer
• Parallel Data Transfer
Serial data transfer
• When bits are transferred in serial form from one point to another, they are sent
one bit at a time along a single conductor.
• To transfer n bits in series, it takes n time intervals.
• During the time interval from t1 to t2 , the second bit is transferred, and so on. To
transfer eight bits in series, it takes eight time intervals.
Parallel Data Transfer
• When bits are transferred in
parallel form, all the bits in a
group are sent out on separate
lines at the same time.
• There is one line for each bit.
• To transfer n bits in parallel, it
takes one time interval.
• To transfer eight bits in parallel,
it takes one time interval
compared to eight time intervals
for the serial transfer
Serial v/s parallel data transfer
Question # 2
a) Determine the total time required to serially transfer the eight bits contained in
waveform A in the given figure and indicate the sequence of bits. The left-most
bit is the first to be transferred. The 1 MHz clock is used as reference.
b) What is the total time to transfer the same eight bits in parallel?
Solution # 2
a) Since the frequency of the clock is 1 MHz, the period is

It takes 1 ms to transfer each bit in the waveform. The total transfer time for 8 bits is

To determine the sequence of bits, examine the waveform in the given figure during each bit time. If
waveform A is HIGH during the bit time, a 1 is transferred. If waveform A is LOW during the bit time, a 0
is transferred. The left-most bit is the first to be transferred.

b) A parallel transfer would take 1 Ms for all eight bits.

End