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• whic h is it ~elf t1n elem en ~ .Sum cf
• !nvcluc.1- /.s ccd led a fe,c.f o~ of 01J inal sum
oa p--ro cl L,t c-1- .
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[!) /Jn elemen'½J f"TOd.ucf ,'s /den+i{o..11.d Jo-h e 't
and rm~ ,'f J.J con-f aJns o.:J{ecul:- or>e /!:>a.i..,. of

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:: cari-tcJn s c.J LeDJt- cme Fe.Jr o-f fac-t<rr s ,n

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fo-t>c.e.Wrt. -+o C)b-r-o]n ct cl,~J unc+,'an no-rrnoJ ~ o-f- ei

tve1 Y ~ , c nJ ex F'T-e..),y3. ;o-n .

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C'Oo'> +ojnin ~ #e. c crnr,P cfive_ .~ 1\ 1 V, v, crr>':J

~ :i) b / ,·JY) , n de V1 be befcrre ~ums qnd pYO Ju~ 6.j

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l ii) A ffve,, -{o-,mula w ill be iden+;c.cJ /:-{ e v-erc) eJernfn+--- Jum

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in -+h e C<:njunc-Hv e n o1rm al -form hey al ..)ecr.Jf Jae~
1n wtu·cJ, one / $ +he n ecJ tL/,'c?? of +t-, e o{he r.

_er
1v l~a,,,,p ]e '. - -(; .,, ~o va,-ia..hle f CJ nd. C, -J-l,, e ~ P a -r-P

rn oJt~erms_ ~v-en bcJ·

Pv q , pv vi 9 , ---p v _q Qn cl v.p V vi9 .

~xample ,i
,.
p q P/\ q
r T -,-
T F .F
F T F
F p. F
~

kM #e ~ v a,ll-e -F
~ +l,ree s ( c,w,b : n c.J.t'c,r; of +i,e n,_d-h Vaµ..< e. 0 f f
~ 0f Pl \ 9 C0,,-eJ pohd
On cJ q. N(.Jv..) F in ~ e $ ec{/'(')d
+o m o tie '(1Y"l I.A p\I '1 . + I h +k e +lJ rd o CAA p/\ C\ C~ ?"'ti
+-o m c, ;-<.J e n'Y' pvvi q l¼v' c-l r:' i n + h e ~ ~ u+
f I\ q t~ pVY'l <U +-o m ox +e1YY' P/\ 9 . µ eN'e ~
 ''rt' qLLiH d p-vi'n r ,'p ct) ctj v n r -H"e Yl C!YYYH'd ~ of
pI\ q l~S

CV) p Vl--1 9 ) /\ l V) p V 9 J /\ ( p \/ V1 9) .

Examp)e..1 ! - oh·t a.in 'DNF o.f +he fo/l{lk.J}?J ·,

( i) f l\ (p -) ~)
(ttJ l V\ P v ~ 9 ) -:) Cp<. --:> v, q) ~
&o/uli'cm ~- (i') (P l'i (p---7q)) = pi' (v,f vq)
......
►.... ~

[· a-> b := V"avb]

- ( P/\ L/l p) \J { Pl'\ 9) [he/ d,-.s . Jew

~ (rr, q)

==-.. eulu-ch i-s DNP •

~ ~j j l V, p V V' q) -~ CP-<~ . V) q) -
~ = ( \Jl p V v,q ~ ( (p -) VI q ) A l V) q -) pJ )
~
'f _ f": CJ<->b :=. l anb) I'\ ( 1,-J-Q]
... { vi f' vvia) ~) l V\ p \I '-"Q)/\ ( q v pJ)
-- ~
j '2._
) \/ ( ( '--" p VV\q) /\ l q V p) ]
3 <t
- ( t/\ p V V' 9

~ = (p I) 9 j V ( ( ~p I\ q) V ( "' p /\ pJ ) V ( v- "1 I\ q) V f<J~ P)J

I=
a -
l p11 q'
( PI\(\ ) v
) V { V1

(
p I\ Cl Jv( p 1f'q )

Vt P va) . v l lJ) q"~ a va

·, ~~~\.~

=:=:- a~
'-'

+ w ~ - ch 1's. DN F.
 ~ PV ( vi f' - ) {fl V ( 'I / ,})
<.=) p V ( v, P - ) ( r1 V ( v> ') V v,'if ) / 1
'[:q -i> J, 111 w,(l •/ // j

( ~v V'Cj vC) v V\ rJ)

C t:J V t1 ~ Cf
__. 7 rJ r, m po1",J I' i)
,< -) pV ( V1 p ➔ (q V vi Y)) I

['q v,/)q ~1r:!J

< --:-) p-v( P v (ov V'r))

+::_~_l pvq vpvvi-r J

Oo
~ r v C rv<lt'\/....,.,.,.J
::::) pV p V q V v,Y L pVP -- p J .
-z:;) p \I q V v, o , ~

obf-o.i,,.. --1-h e ,ft, 1/c,wi~cJ ;n +o c:lVvn d-i ve

Jonn ef ·the {,oJJ(/\A.7/na :
V, LP vq) <- , t p/\qJ

[ Ld 4 ~ fp
G:{fl\q)
V'I v" )
C')
-::: l - ~ OJ A ( G -) A) ll ~ ~l l vaJ
:= AV L~ (3 V 8)
f0 ' . ./,
J r (.,.
V'\

_~ £.,, L' vQ) ..;cPM) A LP M )v v- (PYtJ) 3

:;: ~..£-,l\- V) 4 )
i;,
~ - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - -
- 6ol~ t~ ~ Cpvq)-<-> (Pl)9)
(, Ld A = v,(p v q)
.S i. .__A flB) 'v lV)A j\ vi G) 11= (PAq)

..= [""' (fvq} /\ (Pl)9) V (( pvq)/\ v,(pllq)_}

= [ "" p/\ '-" 9 /\ p/\ q Jv L ( f V q) /\ v, f V v, q) J

(J bcJ [) P rnQa1J Jp,uJ]
= [ v-- p/\V\9"PAqJv cr lJ f' Vq ) I\ v, f ) 17
v '( Pvq) ~ ~)_;

,, / fj,J dis h·i bd-ivt w,yJ

:;:;::- 2 p /) q /\ p. /\ 9 ]
V\ ¥1 V f (_p I\ VI J
p V ( { q,/\ V, f ) V l f J\ v,q) V ~ /\ viq)
~ o,~
=-. l ~ f /I p) /\ ( v, qti q)] V f [ p/) "'p) \f l..'1 11"' pJ V ( p/1'-" q) \! { q I\ ..,~
--
~
~
~
=.
~
~ -..-,

~ .'(' A-ao1] n .
• . ·a- VI ( pV ~) <-~ CPA q)
V>l pvq)h· ~
•• = A- -<
( A -)
)(3

l G -) A J
. [tu A=-
B j CPA 9)

•
(3 ) I\
:== ~A VG)/\. (vi{:, vfl) "· . [:: a-b '=- -av~
- [ v- L~ pvt/) V lPll q)] j\ [ ,.,.. (p M) V .,.., lP yq) J
ce yq) \/ uA q) /I f 0 r V.,., q J v C'.:'.' p "v,q )J
( Cb 0 De~n
:: tevcivr) I\ (PV1 v~) A tl"'JV "'9 v"'.f)/\
p \/VI 9 V l/\ 9) }
v--
S__ p yq) /\ ( pvq) /\ _( V" p__ VV\ q) l-V' p q) ;l/) [ \J TdempeJ-.-,-.
l (J V q) I\ { v, P\I V1 q~ · w l.....ic h iS (NF.
•'9 e:x- -Ht1d +he CNF and J)NF of
►. f= [xii [y'vz)Jvz. 1
'- ~o/v.f,'(TI) ~,...
~
f = [ ~ /\ ( ':f 1\/"Z. ) ] V Z J
~ == {xv 2 ') /\ C':l'v z v -z')

t ::: ( -X V z. ' ) /\ { ':::J

1
IV zI V Z)
[ -z 'vz.-==-TJ
1
- ( X V 2 ) j\ ( 'j \; T )

- C'X 'V z I j /\ ,- -=;; cc vz I)

- ( Xy z.'J V (-
- ( -x_ V2 t ) V ( :/ /\ '-1 I J r ~/\ ~ 'c::. Fj
1
=- ("K vz'vd) I\ lx vi1v::i )

:::: (')Iv ';;j vz I j /'- ( ·xv :1' y z. 1) is_ (._Nf'

f :: [ X I\ ( ':J V Z ).J V Z I I

~ L')( v -z J /' ( ':1 'v Z vZ 9

I

:: ( ')l V Z..
1
J J\ ( .Y V T )
I [ Z V -z' .= T -=- l!)

~ l 't. v z' ) /'i T·

1
s (xvz )

= (?ll\l ) V (Z
1
-"I)
== l -x I\ l ':l V lj I ) JV (__ z I j\ I ~ V lj I) J
; Lx "Y) v ( ·o::i') v C. z.' "Y) v ( z' .,_~' J
~ { x A ~ ~t}: 1\---z;-)
 ~

--~ --~ii!!iliiiiiiiiiiiliilliiiWii!il!!!!!iii!!l!i~~~~~~~
.
•
1.Q.£. DbtoJn -the func.ffClol f -= L(){ll':/ J ' vz. i] 111 (?-tvt!:) ' '
C ,......J

if) ro C<n:_J. U 1)( f," v--e nC/rfYl al ~

&o)u),'") [ C ,u, ~ '), v z, J II Cx 'vz),J Cb;J De /Yi"'c}cu. Jd

~ {C >1'V:/fJz' ) I\ (x.Az1J
- [( ~•vz ')v:J] A (_ )(_ t, z!J {bJ CommJvJ-/vi /o.,;
l){/'\--z.')" (x'vz v':JJ
1
1'
- C ?( I\ z, I\){ l) V ( ,l,)'\/Z,/\-Z' JV ( ')( 1)-Z. I" '.J)

!
I
I
I

I
I

.I

'

I
I.
weJ8oJd S!4l uoddns
Ol suoqez!ue~Jo pue s1enp!A!PLI! JO )fJoMiau e 8u!pnns ·
 €g<_qrt)p ) e.. i- w'r\le inc,v f .
p ) ~~ ~ -

[n (1 f ~ q :::. V1 p V'J

-- L-' D e. M rrr5an ~ :J

- ( p V /2- ) I\ ( VI ~ V J'<.) [ o,·s+r, bufive. ~ ]

~ t L f·v P- ) v f' ) I\ ~ (...., ~ v P. ) V F]

- { (_ pV J< J V ( (9, /\ ~ (9 I J. /\ ll \.rl (D V fL) V Lp /) p)] V)

- Ltf \) r- V © ) " l pV V) (9 V ({) } /\ [_ (p V V, & \I f2. ) I\

(v, pV \/1~ V~) j

-- f )(.ornpl e ~ - W ')·i:+e ' Y) CrJ F.

( ~ r -) 75 ) 1"' C9 -< ~ P) .
~ oJi.J-,on ~- c v i P ~ o J " Cq <- ) r)

= cp v - ·,. J
•
1' r c9 - :) r ) r
I\ cp·~ cu
.
. L<1 -<➔b· ==
. '.:""\

(q -) b) Al b~j
:= ( Pv -h.J /\ [Cvi9 v p) I\ l\/) P V0) J

LP ➔ 9 ~ Vl pvc,
t :::- (PvoVf) /\ (v-, CJvp VF) /\ ( ,_,,pyq vFJ

•= [ p V , ··V ( q V V, q) J /\ f C q V p) V VI (_ 'Y y V' 0) 3

• /\ f (~ pv q) v C'a I\ ~ r ) J
~ ~ ( f v ~VO ) I\ ( pV v-1 9 V ,) I\ ( f V v-1 C) V o ) I/\
t
; I\ (- P\J q Vo J I\ { V1 P\/ l) v VI -r-)
l PV '-'> 9\/ uj
~ =( P" Cl v )"JI\ l Pv V' C1 v o) " ( rv V1 ci "V' , ) A r r v ci v .-) V1 A { VI ? " ~