DESIGN OF HOSTEL BUILDING

Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology.
In
Civil Engineering
Under the Supervision of

Dr. Ashish Kumar, Associate Professor

By

Abhishek Singh (Enrollment No.: 111705)

Shivam Singh Bhadouria (Enrollment No.:111668)

To

Jaypee University of Information and Technology

Waknaghat, Solan – 173234, Himachal Pradesh

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work presented in this report entitled “DESIGN OF HOSTEL
BUILDING” submitted for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering to the Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee University of Information and
Technology Wakhnaghat, has been carried out by us. This work is independent and its main
content work has not been submitted for degree at any University in India or Abroad.

Abhishek Singh

Shivam Singh Bhadouria

ii
 Certificate

This is to certify that project report entitled “DESIGN OF HOSTEL BUILDING”, submitted by
Abhishek Singh (111705) & Shivam Singh Bhadouria (111668) in partial fulfilment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering to Jaypee University of
Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan has been carried out under my supervision.

This work has not been submitted partially or fully to any other University or Institute for the
award of this or any other degree or diploma.

Date: 28/1/14

Signature: Signature: Signature:

Dr. Ashish Kumar Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta External Examiner

Associate Professor Professor and Head of Department

Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every project big or small is successful largely due to the effort of a number of wonderful people
who have always given their valuable advice or lent a helping hand. I sincerely appreciate the
inspiration; support and guidance of all those people who have been instrumental in making this
project a success.

At this juncture I feel deeply honoured in expressing my sincere thanks to my guide

Dr. Ashish Kumar, Associate Professor, Jaypee University of Information Technology for
the confidence bestowed in me and providing valuable insights leading to the successful
completion of my project.

I express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta, HOD Civil Department for
arranging the Project work in good schedule. Last but not the least, I would also extend my
gratitude to Mr. Mani Mohan, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, JUIT for
his critical advice and guidance, without which this project would not have been possible.

Abhishek Singh

Shivam Singh Bhadouria

(4th year, Civil Engineering)

iv
 Abstract

This Project includes a Design, Planning & Estimation of Hostel Building for a total no. of 360
students. This included an analysis of the building on the software STAAD-Pro along with the
design of the various components of the building. The designing components include Slabs,
Beams, Columns, Footing and Staircase.

The project will also include the determination of the amount of water required and
therefore providing a suitable water Tank. Estimating the amount of concrete and steel required
has also been done.

The hostel is design for Zone II- seismic Zone and a plain terrain Region. The size of one
hostel block is 80ftx50ft, with rooms of 16ftx12ft.the . Along with a 4 feet individual balcony for
each room and a combined balcony of 4 feet. the passage way provided by is 8ft in length. The
hostel will be arranged in a rectangular pattern, each side representing a hostel block. At opposite
corners provision of baths and toilets have been provided which are different structural elements.

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.

Fig. 1. Plan – 1st Floor 8

Fig. 2 Plan – Ground Floor 9

Fig. 3 Detailed Plan of all floors of 3 blocks 10

Fig. 4 Detailed Plan of Ground Floor Block 2 11

Fig. 5 Detailed plan of Block 2, first floor and above. 12

Fig. 6 Detailed Plan of Bath and Toilets. 13

vi
CONTENTS

 Abstract……………………………………………….................................iv
 List of Figures……………………………………………………………..v

1. Introduction 1

1.1Types of Buildings 2

1.2 Parts of Building 3

1.3 Components of a building 3

1.4 Types of Load 4

2. Plan of the Building 6

3. Design of Slab 14

3.1 General 15

3.2 Classification of Slab 15

3.3 Design of slab (S1) 17

3.4 Design of slab (S2) 19

3.5 Design of slab (S3) 21

3.6 Design of slab (S4) 23

3.7 Design of slab (S5) 25

3.8 Design of slab (S6) 27

3.9 Design of slab (S7) 29

3.10 Design of slab (S8) 31

3.11 Design of slab (S9) 33

vii
 3.12 Design of slab (S10) 35

3.13 Design of slab (S11) 37

3.14 Design of slab (S12) 39

4. Design of Beam 41

4.1 Types of Beams 42

4.2 Design and Detailing of beam 44

5. Design of Columns 92

5.1 Types of Columns 93

5.2 Design and Detailing of Columns 95

6. Design of Staircase 111

7. Design of Footing 115

8. Elevated Water Tank 126

9. Estimation 140

References 153

viii
1. Introduction

1
A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently
in one place. Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather,
security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A
building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort
and safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

Without any semblance of doubt, reinforced cement concrete construction has been
the most revolutionary construction technique of modern times. Combining the high
compressive strength of concrete with high tensile strength and elasticity of steel has resulted
in a composite material that is strong, durable and economical. Moreover, it is time tested.

1.1 TYPES OF BUILDINGS

1.1.1 Based on Occupancy

1. Residential buildings: - The building in which sleeping accommodation is provided

for normal residential purposes are called residential buildings.
2. Educational / institutional buildings: - The building used for school, college or day
care purposes are called education / institutional building.
3. Assembly Building: - The buildings which are constructed for the purposes to
gathering of the people for their respective purposes i.e. social, religious, civil,
political is called assembly buildings.
4. Business Buildings: - The buildings used for transaction of business, for the keeping
of accounts and records and other similar purposes called business buildings.
Mercantile Buildings: - The buildings used for display of merchandise, either
wholesale or retail are called Mercantile Buildings.
5. Industrial buildings: - The buildings in which products or materials of all kinds and
properties are fabricated, assembled or processed are called industrial buildings.
Storage buildings: - The buildings used primary for the storage, handling or shattering
of goods and wares or merchandise, vehicles and animals are called storage buildings.
Hazardous buildings: -The buildings used for storage, handling manufacturing or
processing of highly combustible or explosive material are called Hazardous
buildings.

2
 1.1.2 Based on type of construction

1. Building with type 1 construction: - In these building the design and material used
const. are such that all structural components have about 4 hours fire resistance.
Buildings with type 2 construction: - In these building the design any type of material
used in their construction are such that all structural components have 3 hours fire
resistance.
2. Buildings with type 3 construction: - In these building the design and types of the
materials used in their construction are such that all structural components have 3
hours fire resistance.
3. Buildings with type 4 construction: - In these buildings the design and the type of
material used in their construction are such that all structural components have 4
hours fire resistance.

1.2 PARTS OF A BUILDING

A building can be divided into two parts: -

1. Sub structure: - The part of a building constructed beneath the ground level is known as
Sub structure.

2. Super structure: - The part of the building constructed above ground level is known as
super structure. It is second part of a building. All the activities of the building
construction take place after the making of sub-structure. Flooring, wall roofing are the
example of super structure of a building.

3
 1.3 COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

1. FOUNDATION: - It is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is
direct contact with ground and transmitted all the dead, live and other loads to the soil on
which the structure rests.
2. PLINTH: - The portion of a building and the top of the floor immediately above the
ground is known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation
level of the ground floor of the building is known as plinth level.
3. WALLS: - Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space n desired pattern in
addition wall provided privacy security and give protection against sun, rain, cold and
other undesired effect of the weather.
4. COLUMN: - A column may be defined as an isolated load bearing member, the width of
which is neither less than its thickness. It carries the axially compressive load.
5. FLOORS: - Floors are flat supporting elements of a building. They divided a building
into different levels. There by creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The
basic purpose of a floor is to provide a firm and other items like stores, furniture,
equipment etc.

6. DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS: - A door may be defined as a barrier

secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual means of access to a building, room
or passage. Windows and ventilators are provided for sun light, fresh air and ventilation
purposes.
7. ROOF: - It is the uppermost component of a building and its function is to cover the
space below it of a room and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc.
8. BUILDING FINISHES: - A building is considered incomplete till such time the
surface of its components is given appropriate treatment.
Building finishes include items like plastering, painting, pointing, white / colour
washing, varnishes and distempering etc.

4
1.4 TYPES OF LOADS

1. DEAD LOAD: - Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred
to the structure throughout their life span. Dead load is primarily due to self-weight of
structural members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipment and
weighs of different materials.
2. LIVE LOAD: - Live loads are those loads which are transient and can change in
magnitude. They include all objects found with in a building during its life as well as
external environmental effects such as loads due to the sun,earth or weather. Wind
and earth quake loads are put into the special category of lateral live loads due to the
severity of their action upon a building and their potential to cause failure.

IS: 875 (part-II) deals with the imposed loads on roofs, floors, stairs, balconies, etc., for
various occupancies.

5
2. The Plan of the building

6
The building to be constructed should have a proper plan, which should be in accordance
with Ministry of Urban Development Bye-laws (MoUD Bye-laws) - which state the
following.

1. Maximum Ground Coverage -33.33%

2. Maximum Floor Area Ratio - 100%
3. Maximum Height- 26m
4. Minimum Area per person- 4.9 sqmt
5. Minimum Width of Passageway -1.25mt
6. Minimum width of exits- 2 m
7. Minimum width of stairway- 1.25m
8. Minimum Bath & Toilet Conditions -1 for 6 persons.
Therefore the plan for the hostel designed according to the requirements given above.

7
Fig. 1 Plan – 1st Floor

8
Fig. 2 Plan – Ground Floor

9
 S6, S12 S3, S9

S2, S8 S5, S11

S1, S7
S4, S10

Fig. 3 Detailed Plan of all floors of 3 blocks.

10
Fig. 4 Detailed Plan of Ground Floor Block 2

11
Fig. 5 Detailed plan of Block 2, first floor and above.

12
 Fig. 6 Detailed Plan of Bath and Toilets.

Therefore the design of the Beams, Columns & slabs will be based upon the above Plan.

13
3. DESIGN OF SLAB

14
3.1 GENERAL

A slab is a flat two dimensional planar structural element having thickness small compared to
its other two dimensions. It provides a working flat surface or a covering shelter in buildings.
It primarily transfers the load by bending in one or two directions. Reinforced concrete slabs
are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings and as the decks of bridges. The floor system
of a structure can take many forms such as in situ solid slab, ribbed slab or pre-cast units.
Slabs may be supported on monolithic concrete beam, steel beams, walls or directly over the
columns.

Concrete slab behave primarily as flexural members and the design is similar to that of
beams.

3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SLABS

1) Two way slabs: There are two types of two way slabs
a) Two way simply supported slabs: -The bending moments Mx and My for a
rectangular slabs simply supported on all four edges with corners free to lift or the slabs
do not having adequate provisions to prevent lifting of corners are obtained using
coefficients given in Table 1 (Table 27,IS 456-2000)
b) Two way Restrained slabs: -When the two way slabs are supported on beam or when
the corners of the slabs are prevented from lifting the bending moment coefficients are
obtained from Table 2 (Table 26, IS456-2000) depending on the type of boundary
conditions. These coefficients are obtained using yield line theory. Since, the slabs are
restrained; negative moment arises near the supports. We have considered our slabs to
be restrained.

We have divided the design of slab on the type of boundary conditions for two way slabs.

2) One way slabs: - The slabs spanning in one direction and continuous over supports
are called one way continuous slabs. These are idealized as continuous beam of unit
width. For slabs of uniform section which support substantially UDL over three or
more spans which do not differ by more than 15% of the longest, the B.M and S.F are
obtained using the coefficients available in Table 12 and Table 13 of IS 456-2000. For
15
 moments at supports where two unequal spans meet or in case where the slabs are not
equally loaded, the average of the two values for the negative moments at supports
may be taken. Alternatively, the moments may be obtained by moment distribution or
any other methods.

The design of the slabs will be in accordance to Indian Standard Code 456-2000. The Floor
Slabs have been divided into 6 different types depending upon the types and number of free
edges.

1) S1- One Long Edge Discontinuous (4.8*3.6)

2) S2-Interior Panel (4.8*3.6)
3) S3-Interior Panel (3.6*3)
4) S4- One Short Edge Discontinuous (3.6*2.4)
5) S5- Interior Panel (3.6*2.4)
6) S6- One Long Edge Discontinuous (3*2.4)

Similarly the Roof Slabs have been separated into 6 different slabs.

The Loads acting upon the Structure have been taken & calculated form Indian
Standard code 875 part I-1987 and IS 875 part II-1987, taking the values of dead load and
Live load applicable on the building respectively.

Thus the values of the loads taken are as follows-

1) Live Load Applicable on the structure

a) Room Floors – 2kn/m
b) Baths & toilets- 2kN/m
c) Balconies- 4kN/m
d) Roof slab (Access Provided) -1kN/m
2) Dead Load Applicable –
a. Partition wall -5.73 kN/m
b. Floor finishes (Rooms) – 1kN/m
c. Floor Finish (Roof)- 0.5kN/m

Thus the design of Floor and Roof Slabs are as Follows:-

16
 3.3 DESIGN OF SLAB (S1)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 4.8 m DATA FE 500
width 3.6 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :one Long Edge discontinuous (4.8x3.6)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 123.40 mm modification factor=1.2
D 150 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 118 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 4.918 m
Lx 3.718 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.3
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 3.75 KN/m2
Imposed Load 2 KN/m2 TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF
2 FLOORS(RESIDENTIAL)
floor finish 1 KN/m
Ultimate Load W 10.125 KN/m2 IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.044 The boundary condition of slab in one Long Edge
αy(+) 0.028 discontinuous (case 3, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 6.16 KN/m2
long span 6.86 KN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 8.21 KN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 9.14 KN/m2
Minimum depth required from Maximum
5
BM consideration
d' 52.437 mm
design is safe

17
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d whichever
spacing for short span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
is less
spacing for short span M(-) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 300.000 mm/m 300

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 225 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
168.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
84.375 mm /m
ast=

18
 3.4 DESIGN OF SLAB (S2)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 4.8 m DATA FE 500
width 3.6 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :Interior Panel (4.8x3.6)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 123.40 mm modification factor=1.2
D 150 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 118 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 4.918 m
Lx 3.718 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.3
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 2 KN/m2
Imposed Load 2 KN/m2 TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF
floor finish 1 KN/m2 FLOORS(RESIDENTIAL)
Ultimate Load W 7.5 KN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.036 The boundary condition of Interior slab
αy(+) 0.024 (case 1, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 3.73 KN/m2
long span 4.35 KN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 4.98 KN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 5.80 KN/m2

Minimum depth required from Maximum

5
BM consideration

d' 41.783 mm

19
 design is safe

6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d
spacing for short span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
whichever is less
spacing for short span M(-) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 300.000 mm/m 300

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 225 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
168.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
84.375 mm /m
ast=

20
 3.5 DESIGN OF SLAB (S3)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3.6 m DATA FE 500
width 3 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =16mm
bc 1 :Interior Panel (3.6x3)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 104.17 mm modification factor=1.2
D 130 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 98 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.698 m
Lx 3.098 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.2
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 3.25 KN/m2
Imposed Load 2 KN/m2 TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF
2 FLOORS(RESIDENTIAL)
floor finish 1 KN/m
Ultimate Load W 9.375 KN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.032 The boundary condition of Interior slab
αy(+) 0.024 (case 1, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 2.88 KN/m2
long span 3.08 KN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 3.84 KN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 4.10 KN/m2

Minimum depth required from Maximum

5
BM consideration

d' 35.126 mm

21
 design is safe

6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 195.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 195.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 195.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 195.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d
spacing for short span M(+) 294.000 mm/m
whichever is less
spacing for short span M(-) 294.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 294.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 294.000 mm/m 294

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 195 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
146.250 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
73.125 mm /m
ast=

22
 3.6 DESIGN OF SLAB (S4)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3.6 m DATA FE 500
width 2.4 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 2 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :one Short Edge discontinuous (3.6x2.4)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 84.94 mm modification factor=1.2
D 110 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 78 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.678 m
Lx 2.478 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.5
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 2.75 KN/m2
Imposed Load 2 KN/m2 TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF
2 FLOORS(RESIDENTIAL)
floor finish 1 KN/m
Ultimate Load W 8.625 KN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.051 The boundary condition of slab in one Short Edge
αy(+) 0.028 discontinuous (Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 2.70 KN/m2
long span 3.27 KN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 3.60 KN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 4.36 KN/m2

Minimum depth required from Maximum

5
BM consideration

d' 36.195 mm

23
 design is safe

6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d whichever is
spacing for short span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
less
spacing for short span M(-) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 234.000 mm/m 234

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 165 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
123.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
61.875 mm /m
ast=

24
 3.7 DESIGN OF SLAB (S5)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3.6 m DATA FE 500
width 2.4 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 2 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :Interior Panel (3.6x2.4)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 84.94 mm modification factor=1.2
D 110 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 78 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.678 m
Lx 2.478 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.5
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 2.75 KN/m2
Imposed Load 2 KN/m2 TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOORS
2 (RESIDENTIAL)
floor finish 1 KN/m
Ultimate Load W 8.625 KN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.041 The boundary condition of Interior slab
αy(+) 0.024 case 3 (Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 2.17 KN/m2
long span 2.80 KN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 2.90 KN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 3.73 KN/m2
Minimum depth required from Maximum
5
BM consideration
d' 33.510 mm
design is safe

25
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)
2
mm /m
2
short span ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
ast for - moment 165.000

2
long span mm /m
2
ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
ast for - moment 165.000
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm mm/m
check : less than 300mm or 3d
spacing for short span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
whichever is less
spacing for short span M(-) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 234.000 234

2
8 check for cracking mm /m
steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 165
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side 2
mm /m
in 4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
123.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges
61.875 mm2/m
discontinuous ast=

26
 3.8 DESIGN OF SLAB (S6)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3 m DATA FE 500
width 2.4 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :One Long edge discontinous(3x2.4)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 84.94 mm modification factor=1.2
D 110 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 78 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.078 m
Lx 2.478 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.2
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 2.75 KN/m2
Imposed Load 2 KN/m2 TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF
2 FLOORS(RESIDENTIAL)
floor finish 1 KN/m
Ultimate Load W 8.625 KN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.041 The boundary condition of slab in one Long Edge
αy(+) 0.024 discontinuous (case 3, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 2.17 KN/m2
long span 1.96 KN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 2.90 KN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 2.61 KN/m2
Minimum depth required from Maximum
5
BM consideration
d' 29.508 mm
design is safe

27
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d whichever
spacing for short span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
is less
spacing for short span M(-) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 234.000 mm/m 234

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 165 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
123.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges 2
61.875 mm /m
discontinuous ast=

28
 3.9 DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (S7)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 4.8 m DATA FE 500
width 3.6 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :one Long Edge discontinuous (4.8x3.6)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 123.40 mm modification factor=1.2
D 150 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 118 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 4.918 m
Lx 3.718 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.3
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 3.75 kN/m2
Imposed Load 1 kN/m2
TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ROOFS
floor finish 0.5 kN/m2
Ultimate Load W 7.875 kN/m2 IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.044 The boundary condition of slab in one Long Edge
αy(+) 0.028 discontinuous (case 3, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 4.79 kN/m2
long span 5.33 kN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 6.39 kN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 7.11 kN/m2
Minimum depth required from Maximum
5
BM consideration
d' 46.245 mm
design is safe

29
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d whichever
spacing for short span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
is less
spacing for short span M(-) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 300.000 mm/m 300

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 225 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
168.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
84.375 mm /m
ast=

3.10 DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (S8)

30
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 4.8 m DATA FE 500
width 3.6 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :Interior Panel (4.8x3.6)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 123.40 mm modification factor=1.2
D 150 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 118 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 4.918 m
Lx 3.718 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.3
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 3.75 kN/m2
Imposed Load 1 kN/m2
TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ROOFS
floor finish 0.5 kN/m2
Ultimate Load W 7.875 kN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.036 The boundary condition of Interior slab
αy(+) 0.024 (case 1, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 3.92 kN/m2
long span 4.57 kN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 5.23 kN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 6.10 kN/m2

Minimum depth required from Maximum

5
BM consideration

d' 42.815 mm
design is safe

31
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 225.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 225.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d
spacing for short span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
whichever is less
spacing for short span M(-) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 300.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 300.000 mm/m 300

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 225 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
168.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
84.375 mm /m
ast=

3.11 DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (S9)

32
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3.6 m DATA FE 500
width 3 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :Interior Panel (3.6x3)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 104.17 mm modification factor=1.2
D 130 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 98 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.698 m
Lx 3.098 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.2
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 3.25 kN/m2
Imposed Load 1 kN/m2
TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ROOFS
floor finish 0.5 kN/m2
Ultimate Load W 7.125 kN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.032 The boundary condition of Interior slab
αy(+) 0.024 (case 1, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 2.19 kN/m2
long span 2.34 kN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 2.92 kN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 3.12 kN/m2

Minimum depth required from Maximum

5
BM consideration

d' 30.622 mm
design is safe

33
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 195.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 195.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 195.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 195.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d
spacing for short span M(+) 294.000 mm/m
whichever is less
spacing for short span M(-) 294.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 294.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 294.000 mm/m 294

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 195 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
146.250 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
73.125 mm /m
ast=

34
 3.12 DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (S10)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3.6 m DATA FE 500
width 2.4 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 2 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :one Short Edge discontinuous (3.6x2.4)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 84.94 mm modification factor=1.2
D 110 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 78 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.678 m
Lx 2.478 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.5
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self-Weight 2.75 kN/m2
Imposed Load 1 kN/m2
TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ROOFS
floor finish 0.5 kN/m2
Ultimate Load W 6.375 kN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.051 The boundary condition of slab in one Short Edge
αy(+) 0.028 discontinuous (Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 2.00 kN/m2
long span 2.41 kN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 2.66 kN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 3.22 kN/m2

Minimum depth required from Maximum

5
BM consideration

d' 31.117 mm

35
 design is safe

6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 16 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d whichever is
spacing for short span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
less
spacing for short span M(-) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 234.000 mm/m 234

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 165 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
123.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges discontinuous 2
61.875 mm /m
ast=

36
 3.13 DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (S11)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3.6 m DATA FE 500
width 2.4 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 2 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :Interior Panel (3.6x2.4)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 84.94 mm modification factor=1.2
D 110 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 78 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.678 m
Lx 2.478 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.5
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 2.75 kN/m2
Imposed Load 1 kN/m2
TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ROOFS
floor finish 0.5 kN/m2
Ultimate Load W 6.375 kN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.041 The boundary condition of Interior slab
αy(+) 0.024 case 3 (Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 1.60 kN/m2
long span 2.07 kN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 2.14 kN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 2.76 kN/m2
Minimum depth required from Maximum
5
BM consideration
d' 28.809 mm
design is safe

37
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 12 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d
spacing for short span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
whichever is less
spacing for short span M(-) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 234.000 mm/m 234

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 165 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side
in 4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
123.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges 2
61.875 mm /m
discontinuous ast=

38
 3.14 DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (S12)
1 Trail depth and effective span KNOWN M25
Clear span length 3 m DATA FE 500
width 2.4 m MONOLITHIC
clear cover 20(mild exposure)
L/B ratio 1 density of conc.=25 kn/m3
Type of slab two way dia of main bars =12mm
bc 1 :One Long edge discontinous(3x2.4)
From deflection criteria {l/d=26*m} depth 84.94 mm modification factor=1.2
D 110 mm assuming width of beam=230mm
deff 78 mm taking dia of bars as 12 mm
Ly 3.078 m
Lx 2.478 m
α(Iy/Ix) 1.2
2 LOAD ON SLAB
Self Weight 2.75 kN/m2
Imposed Load 1 kN/m2 TABLE 2 IMPOSED LOADS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF
2 ROOFS
floor finish 0.5 kN/m
Ultimate Load W 6.375 kN/m2 (Access provided) IS 875 part 2
αx(+) 0.041 The boundary condition of slab in one Long Edge
αy(+) 0.024 discontinuous (case 3, Table 26) IS 456-2000
3 positive moment at mid span
short span 1.60 kN/m2
long span 1.45 kN/m2
4 negative moment at edges
short span 2.14 kN/m2
as αx(-)=4*αx(+)/3
long span 1.93 kN/m2
Minimum depth required from Maximum
5
BM consideration
d' 25.369 mm
design is safe

39
6 area of reinforcement(per m width)

2
short span ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m

long span
2
ast for + moment 165.000 mm /m
2
ast for - moment 165.000 mm /m
7 spacing of bars
providing bars of dia 16 mm
check : less than 300mm or 3d whichever
spacing for short span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
is less
spacing for short span M(-) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(+) 234.000 mm/m
spacing for long span M(-) 234.000 mm/m 234

8 check for cracking

steel should be more than 0.15% of the gross area = 165 mm2/m
ok
9 torsional reinforcement at corners
mesh extending 0.2Lx on each side in
4 layers
at corner of two edges discontinuous 2
123.750 mm /m
ast =
at corner with one edges 2
61.875 mm /m
discontinuous ast=

40
4. Design of Beam

41
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment.

Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural

elements, but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine frames, and
other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed and
analyzed in a similar fashion.

4.1 Types of Beams

In engineering, beams are of several types

1. Simply supported - a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance.
2. Fixed - a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
3. Over hanging - a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
4. Double overhanging - a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its supports on
both ends.
5. Continuous - a beam extending over more than two supports.
6. Cantilever - a projecting beam fixed only at one end.
7. Trussed - a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss.

The Design of the Beams is done according to norms detailed in IS code 456-2000, Cl-23.

For Simplification, Beams are grouped together according to the Length of the beam and load
applicable on the beams.

42
Therefore for each floor, the different beams have been grouped together as follows:

S. No. Length (m) Loading

1 4.8 Having slab on two side
2 4.8 Having slab on one side
3 3.6 Having slab on two sides
4 3.6 Having slab on one side
5 3 Having slab on two side
6 3 Having slab on one side
7 2.5 Having slab on two side
8 2.5 Having slab on one side
9 1.2 Having slab on two side
10 .2 Having slab on one side

The loads taken for the design of beams are as follows

Thus the values of the loads taken are as follows-

1) Live Load Applicable on the structure

a. Room Floors – 2kn/m
b. Baths & toilets- 2kN/m
c. Balconies- 4kN/m
d. Roof slab (Access Provided) -1kN/m

2) Dead Load Applicable –

a. Partition wall -5.73kN/m
b. Floor finishes (Rooms) – 1kN/m
c. Floor Finish (Roof)- 0.5kN/m
d. Weight of Slab- 3.75kN/m ( From the design of Slab)

43
4.2 Design and Detailing of Beams
4.2.1 Top floor Beams

Long T Beam (Room-Secondary)

1 Input Data
effective Length 4.92 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
thickness of slab 150 mm Compression steel 25 mm
fck 20 (N/mm2) tensile steel 20 mm
fy 415 (N/mm2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 328 mm
effective depth (d) 330 mm
overall depth (D) 380 mm
depth of rib 230 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1970 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 7.875 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 18.2 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 1.4375 kN/m

44
 Total Load (w) 20.38 kN/m

4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces

Moment at span 61.7 kNm
Moment at support 49.3 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 50.1 kN

5 Main Reinforcements
xu,max = 0.48d 158.4 mm
is xu,max>Df Yes
Assuming neutral axis to be located at xu=Df 150 mm

Mur 568.0692 kNm

is Mur>Mu Yes Hence the neutral axis is located within the flange (xu<Df)

Hence the T-section is designed as a singly reinforced rectangular section with bf= b 1970 mm
and d= 330 mm
Area of steel at span
Moment at span 4.92 kNm

Area of steel at span 526.35 mm2

No. of bars 2
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 20
Provided Steel mm2 628

45
 Area of steel at support
Moment at support 49.16 kNm
Area of steel at support 419.62 mm2
No. of bars 1
Detailing 1
no. of bars of dia (mm) 25
Provided Steel mm2 491

provide 2 bars of 20 mm dia giving Ast = 628 mm2 on the tension side
1 hanger bars of 25 mm diameter on the compression side

6 Shear reinforcements
Design shear force Vu 50.125725 kN
Nominal shear stress τv 0.608 N/mm2

if 1 bars of 20 mm diameter are bent up near the supports the remaining

bars provide an area Ast = 628 mm2

percentage of steel pt 0.76 β 3.048727

τc 0.56 N/mm2
Shear reinforcement Required

Shear carried by bent bars is given by

Vus 160.41 kN
providing nominal shear reinforcements using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups.

spacing of stirrups sv 363 mm

46
47
 Short T Beam (Room-Secondary)

1 Input Data
effective Length 3.72 m width of room 4.92 m
width (b) 250 mm width of lobby 2.52 m
thickness of slab 150 mm Dia of bars
fck 20 (N/mm2) Compression steel 20 mm
fy 415 (N/mm2) tensile steel 16 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 248 mm
effective depth (d) 250 mm
overall depth (D) 300 mm
depth of rib 150 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1770 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 1 7.875 kN/m2
factored load from slab 2 10.125 kN/m2
slab load transferred to beam 16.0 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.9375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 17.38 kN/m

4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces

48
 Moment at span 30.1 kNm
Moment at support 24.1 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 32.3 kN

5 Main Reinforcements
xu,max = 0.48d 120 mm
is xu,max>Df No
Assuming neutral axis to be located at xu=Df 150 mm

Mur 357.4692 kNm

is Mur>Mu Yes Hence the neutral axis is located within the flange (xu<Df)

Hence the T-section is designed as a singly reinforced rectangular section with bf= b 1770 mm
and d= 250 mm
Area of steel at span
Moment at span 3.72 kNm

Area of steel at span 338.55 mm2

No. of bars 2
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 16
Provided Steel mm2 402

Area of steel at support

Moment at support 23.98 kNm

49
 Area of steel at support 269.96 mm2
No. of bars 1
Detailing 1
no. of bars of dia (mm) 20
Provided Steel mm2 314

provide 2 bars of 16 mm dia giving Ast = 402 mm2 on the tension side
1 hanger bars of 20 mm diameter on the compression side

6 Shear reinforcements
Design shear force Vu 32.334525 kN
Nominal shear stress τv 0.517 N/mm2

if 1 bars of 16 mm diameter are bent up near the supports the remaining

bars provide an area Ast = 402 mm2

percentage of steel pt 0.64 β 3.608815

τc 0.53 N/mm2
Shear reinforcement Not Required

Shear carried by bent bars is given by

Vus 102.66 kN
providing nominal shear reinforcements using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups.

spacing of stirrups sv 363 mm

50
51
 T Beam (Lobby-Secondary)

1 Input Data
effective Length 2.5 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm width of lobby 2.52 m
thickness of slab 150 mm Dia of bars
fck 20 (N/mm2) Compression steel 16 mm
fy 415 (N/mm2) tensile steel 16 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 166.67 mm
effective depth (d) 170 mm
overall depth (D) 220 mm
depth of rib 70 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1566.67 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 1 6.375 kN/m2
slab load transferred to beam 8.0 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.4375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 8.63 kN/m

4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces

Moment at span 6.7 kNm

52
 Moment at support 5.4 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 10.8 kN

5 Main Reinforcements
xu,max = 0.48d 81.6 mm
is xu,max>Df No
Assuming neutral axis to be located at xu=Df 150 mm

Mur 181.044 kNm

is Mur>Mu Yes Hence the neutral axis is located within the flange (xu<Df)

Hence the T-section is designed as a singly reinforced rectangular section with bf= b 1566.667 mm
and d= 170 mm
Area of steel at span
Moment at span 2.50 kNm

Area of steel at span 110.75 mm2

No. of bars 1
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 16
Provided Steel mm2 402

Area of steel at support

Moment at support 5.38 kNm
Area of steel at support 88.44 mm2

53
 No. of bars 1
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 16
Provided Steel mm2 402

provide 2 bars of 16 mm dia giving Ast = 402 mm2 on the tension side
2 hanger bars of 16 mm diameter on the compression side

6 Shear reinforcements
Design shear force Vu 10.78125 kN
Nominal shear stress τv 0.254 N/mm2

if 1 bars of 16 mm diameter are bent up near the supports the remaining

bars provide an area Ast = 402 mm2

percentage of steel pt 0.95 β 2.453994

τc 0.61 N/mm2
Shear reinforcement Not Required

Shear carried by bent bars is given by

Vus 102.66 kN
providing nominal shear reinforcements using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups.

spacing of stirrups sv 363 mm

54
55
 Long L Beam (Room)

1 Input Data
effective Length 4.92 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
Compression
thickness of slab 150 mm steel 20 mm
(N/mm
fck 20 2) tensile steel 16 mm
(N/mm
fy 415 2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 328 mm
effective depth (d) 330 mm
overall depth (D) 380 mm
depth of rib 230 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1970 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 7.875 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 9.1 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 1.4375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 11.27 kN/m

56
4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces
Moment at span 11.4 kNm
Moment at support 22.7 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 27.7 kN

5 Effective Flange width

i) bf 1110 mm
ii) bf 1860 mm
using minimum of
the two
hence bf 1110 mm

6 Torsional Moments at support section

total self weight of rib 6.1 kN/m
total ultimated load on L-beam 44.8 kN
Factored shear force Vu 22.41 kN
Torsional moment Tu 9.64 kN

7 Equivalent Bending Moment and Shear force

Mt 14.28 kNm
Mu 22.73 kNm
Equivalent B.M. Mel 37.01 kNm

Equivalent shear force Ve 84.08 kN

8 Main Longitudinal Reinforcement

At the support section (considered as

57
 rectangular)
Mu 37.01 kNm
Area of steel 339.7 mm2
no. of bars 2

mm diameter
provide 2 bars of 20 Ast= 628 mm2 at top of support section.

At the center of span section

Mu 11.4 kNm
Area of steel 97.78 mm2
checking for minimum reinforcement as per clause 26.5.1.1 of IS:456-200
Ast 168.98 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 on the tension side at

provide 2 bars of 16 Ast= 401.92 centre of
span section

9 Shear reinforcement
Equivalent shear force Ve 84.08 kN
N/mm
Nominal shear stress τv 1.02 2
percentage steel 0.761 β 3.051
N/mm
τc 0.563 2
Requir
Shear reinforcement ed

using 8 mm diameter two legged stirrups with side 25mm and bottom covers of 50mm

58
b1 200 mm
d1 280 mm
spacing sv 210.09 mm
Also sv 318.16 mm
taking spacing 210 mm at support
spacing 370 mm at centre

59
 Short L Beam (Room)

1 Input Data
effective Length 3.72 m width of room 4.92 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
Compression
thickness of slab 150 mm steel 20 mm
(N/mm
fck 20 2) tensile steel 16 mm
(N/mm
fy 415 2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 248 mm
effective depth (d) 250 mm
overall depth (D) 300 mm
depth of rib 150 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1770 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 7.875 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 7.3 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.9375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 8.73 kN/m

60
4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces
Moment at span 5.0 kNm
Moment at support 10.1 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 16.2 kN

5 Effective Flange width

i) bf 1010 mm
ii) bf 2460 mm
using minimum of
the two
hence bf 1010 mm

6 Torsional Moments at support section

total self weight of rib 4.9 kN/m
total ultimated load on L-beam 27.2 kN
Factored shear force Vu 13.62 kN
Torsional moment Tu 5.18 kN

7 Equivalent Bending Moment and Shear force

Mt 6.70 kNm
Mu 10.07 kNm
Equivalent B.M. Mel 16.77 kNm

Equivalent shear force Ve 46.75 kN

8 Main Longitudinal Reinforcement

At the support section (considered as

61
 rectangular)
Mu 16.77 kNm
Area of steel 198.9 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter
provide 1 bars of 20 Ast= 314 mm2 at top of support section.

At the center of span section

Mu 5.0 kNm
Area of steel 56.84 mm2
checking for minimum reinforcement as per clause 26.5.1.1 of IS:456-200
Ast 128.01 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 on the tension side at

provide 2 bars of 16 Ast= 401.92 centre of
span section

9 Shear reinforcement
Equivalent shear force Ve 46.75 kN
N/mm
Nominal shear stress τv 0.75 2
percentage steel 0.502 β 4.622
N/mm
τc 0.479 2
Requir
Shear reinforcement ed

using 8 mm diameter two legged stirrups with side 25mm and bottom covers of 50mm

62
b1 200 mm
d1 200 mm
spacing sv 279.33 mm
Also sv 540.19 mm
taking spacing 280 mm at support
spacing 490 mm at centre

63
 Short L Beam (Lobby)

1 Input Data
effective Length 2.5 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
Compression
thickness of slab 150 mm steel 20 mm
(N/mm
fck 20 2) tensile steel 16 mm
(N/mm
fy 415 2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 166.6667 mm
effective depth (d) 170 mm
overall depth (D) 220 mm
depth of rib 70 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1566.667 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 6.375 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 4.0 kN/m
load from Partition
factored
wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.4375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 4.64 kN/m

64
4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces
Moment at span 1.2 kNm
Moment at support 2.4 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 5.8 kN

5 Effective Flange width

i) bf 908.3333 mm
ii) bf 1860 mm
using minimum of
the two
hence bf 908.3333 mm

6 Torsional Moments at support section

total self weight of rib 2.7 kN/m
total ultimated load on L-beam 10.0 kN
Factored shear force Vu 4.98 kN
Torsional moment Tu 1.64 kN

7 Equivalent Bending Moment and Shear force

Mt 1.81 kNm
Mu 2.42 kNm
Equivalent B.M. Mel 4.23 kNm

Equivalent shear force Ve 15.47 kN

8 Main Longitudinal Reinforcement

65
 At the support section (considered as
rectangular)
Mu 4.23 kNm
Area of steel 71.4 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 at top of support

provide 1 bars of 20 Ast= 314 section.

At the center of span section

Mu 1.2 kNm
Area of steel 19.88 mm2
checking for minimum reinforcement as per clause 26.5.1.1 of IS:456-200
Ast 87.05 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 on the tension side at

provide 2 bars of 16 Ast= 401.92 centre of
span section

9 Shear reinforcement
Equivalent shear force Ve 15.47 kN
N/mm
Nominal shear stress τv 0.36 2
percentage steel 0.739 β 3.143
N/mm
τc 0.557 2
Not
Shear reinforcement Required

66
using 8 mm diameter two legged stirrups with side 25mm and bottom covers of 50mm
b1 200 mm
d1 120 mm
spacing sv 529.10 mm
Also sv 752.85 mm
taking spacing 265 mm at support
spacing 460 mm at centre

67
4.2.2 Ground Floor, First Floor and Second Floor Beams

Long T Beam (Room-Secondary)

1 Input Data
effective Length 4.92 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
thickness of slab 150 mm Compression steel 25 mm
fck 20 (N/mm2) tensile steel 20 mm
fy 415 (N/mm2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 328 mm
effective depth (d) 330 mm
overall depth (D) 380 mm
depth of rib 230 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1970 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 10.125 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 23.4 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 8.595 kN/m
self weight of rib 1.4375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 34.18 kN/m

68
4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces
Moment at span 103.4 kNm
Moment at support 82.7 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 84.1 kN

5 Main Reinforcements
xu,max = 0.48d 158.4 mm
is xu,max>Df Yes
Assuming neutral axis to be located at xu=Df 150 mm

Mur 568.0692 kNm

is Mur>Mu Yes Hence the neutral axis is located within the flange (xu<Df)

Hence the T-section is designed as a singly reinforced rectangular section with bf= b 1970 mm
and d= 330 mm
Area of steel at span
Moment at span 4.92 kNm

Area of steel at span 893.48 mm2

No. of bars 3
Detailing 3
no. of bars of dia (mm) 20
Provided Steel mm2 943

Area of steel at support

69
 Moment at support 82.24 kNm
Area of steel at support 710.52 mm2
No. of bars 2
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 25
Provided Steel mm2 982

provide 3 bars of 20 mm dia giving Ast = 943 mm2 on the tension side
2 hanger bars of 25 mm diameter on the compression side

6 Shear reinforcements
Design shear force Vu 84.075525 kN
Nominal shear stress τv 1.019 N/mm2

if 2 bars of 20 mm diameter are bent up near the supports the remaining

bars provide an area Ast = 943 mm2

percentage of steel pt 1.14 β 2.032485

τc 0.65 N/mm2
Shear reinforcement Required

Shear carried by bent bars is given by

Vus 240.61 kN
providing nominal shear reinforcements using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups.

spacing of stirrups sv 363 mm

70
71
 Short T Beam (Room-Secondary)

1 Input Data
effective Length 3.72 m width of room 4.92 m
width (b) 250 mm width of lobby 2.52 m
thickness of slab 150 mm Dia of bars
fck 20 (N/mm2) Compression steel 20 mm
fy 415 (N/mm2) tensile steel 16 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 248 mm
effective depth (d) 250 mm
overall depth (D) 300 mm
depth of rib 150 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1770 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 1 9.375 kN/m2
factored load from slab 2 10.125 kN/m2
slab load transferred to beam 17.2 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 8.595 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.9375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 27.23 kN/m

4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces

72
 Moment at span 47.1 kNm
Moment at support 37.7 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 50.6 kN

5 Main Reinforcements
xu,max = 0.48d 120 mm
is xu,max>Df No
Assuming neutral axis to be located at xu=Df 150 mm

Mur 357.4692 kNm

is Mur>Mu Yes Hence the neutral axis is located within the flange (xu<Df)

Hence the T-section is designed as a singly reinforced rectangular section with bf= b 1770 mm
and d= 250 mm
Area of steel at span
Moment at span 3.72 kNm

Area of steel at span 535.29 mm2

No. of bars 3
Detailing 3
no. of bars of dia (mm) 16
Provided Steel mm2 603

Area of steel at support

Moment at support 37.49 kNm

73
 Area of steel at support 425.99 mm2
No. of bars 2
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 20
Provided Steel mm2 628

provide 3 bars of 16 mm dia giving Ast = 603 mm2 on the tension side
2 hanger bars of 20 mm diameter on the compression side

6 Shear reinforcements
Design shear force Vu 50.645925 kN
Nominal shear stress τv 0.810 N/mm2

if 2 bars of 16 mm diameter are bent up near the supports the remaining

bars provide an area Ast = 603 mm2

percentage of steel pt 0.97 β 2.405877

τc 0.61 N/mm2
Shear reinforcement Required

Shear carried by bent bars is given by

Vus 153.99 kN
providing nominal shear reinforcements using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups.

spacing of stirrups sv 363 mm

74
75
 T Beam (Lobby-Secondary)

1 Input Data
effective Length 2.5 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm width of lobby 2.52 m
thickness of slab 150 mm Dia of bars
fck 20 (N/mm2) Compression steel 16 mm
fy 415 (N/mm2) tensile steel 16 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 166.67 mm
effective depth (d) 170 mm
overall depth (D) 220 mm
depth of rib 70 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1566.67 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 1 8.625 kN/m2
slab load transferred to beam 10.8 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.4375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 11.44 kN/m

4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces

Moment at span 8.9 kNm

76
 Moment at support 7.1 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 14.3 kN

5 Main Reinforcements
xu,max = 0.48d 81.6 mm
is xu,max>Df No
Assuming neutral axis to be located at xu=Df 150 mm

Mur 181.044 kNm

is Mur>Mu Yes Hence the neutral axis is located within the flange (xu<Df)

Hence the T-section is designed as a singly reinforced rectangular section with bf= b 1566.667 mm
and d= 170 mm
Area of steel at span
Moment at span 2.50 kNm

Area of steel at span 147.28 mm2

No. of bars 1
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 16
Provided Steel mm2 402

Area of steel at support

Moment at support 7.13 kNm
Area of steel at support 117.55 mm2

77
 No. of bars 1
Detailing 2
no. of bars of dia (mm) 16
Provided Steel mm2 402

provide 2 bars of 16 mm dia giving Ast = 402 mm2 on the tension side
2 hanger bars of 16 mm diameter on the compression side

6 Shear reinforcements
Design shear force Vu 14.296875 kN
Nominal shear stress τv 0.336 N/mm2

if 1 bars of 16 mm diameter are bent up near the supports the remaining

bars provide an area Ast = 402 mm2

percentage of steel pt 0.95 β 2.453994

τc 0.61 N/mm2
Shear reinforcement Not Required

Shear carried by bent bars is given by

Vus 102.66 kN
providing nominal shear reinforcements using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups.

spacing of stirrups sv 363 mm

78
79
 Long L Beam (Room)

1 Input Data
effective Length 4.92 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
Compression
thickness of slab 150 mm steel 20 mm
(N/mm
fck 20 2) tensile steel 16 mm
(N/mm
fy 415 2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 328 mm
effective depth (d) 330 mm
overall depth (D) 380 mm
depth of rib 230 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1970 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 10.125 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 11.7 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 8.595 kN/m
self weight of rib 1.4375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 22.46 kN/m

80
4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces
Moment at span 22.7 kNm
Moment at support 45.3 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 55.3 kN

5 Effective Flange width

i) bf 1110 mm
ii) bf 1860 mm
using minimum of the
two
hence bf 1110 mm

6 Torsional Moments at support section

total self weight of rib 13.5 kN/m
total ultimated load on L-beam 99.9 kN
Factored shear force Vu 49.96 kN
Torsional moment Tu 21.48 kN

7 Equivalent Bending Moment and Shear force

Mt 31.84 kNm
Mu 45.31 kNm
Equivalent B.M. Mel 77.16 kNm

Equivalent shear force Ve 187.44 kN

8 Main Longitudinal Reinforcement

At the support section (considered as

81
 rectangular)
Mu 77.16 kNm
Area of steel 814.5 mm2
no. of bars 3

mm diameter mm2 at top of support

provide 3 bars of 20 Ast= 942 section.

At the center of span section

Mu 22.7 kNm
Area of steel 200.26 mm2
checking for minimum reinforcement as per clause 26.5.1.1 of IS:456-200
Ast 168.98 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 on the tension side

provide 2 bars of 16 Ast= 401.92 at
centre of span section

9 Shear reinforcement
Equivalent shear force Ve 187.44 kN
Nominal shear stress τv 2.27 N/mm2
percentage steel 1.142 β 2.034
τc 0.653 N/mm2
Requir
Shear reinforcement ed

using 8 mm diameter two legged stirrups with side 25mm and bottom covers of 50mm
b1 200 mm
d1 280 mm

82
spacing sv 94.24 mm
Also sv 89.61 mm
taking spacing 90 mm at support
spacing 160 mm at centre

83
 Short L Beam (Room)

1 Input Data
effective Length 3.72 m width of room 4.92 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
Compression
thickness of slab 150 mm steel 20 mm
(N/mm
fck 20 2) tensile steel 16 mm
(N/mm
fy 415 2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 248 mm
effective depth (d) 250 mm
overall depth (D) 300 mm
depth of rib 150 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1770 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 10.125 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 9.4 kN/m
factored load from Partition wall 8.595 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.9375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 19.42 kN/m

84
4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces
Moment at span 11.2 kNm
Moment at support 22.4 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 36.1 kN

5 Effective Flange width

i) bf 1010 mm
ii) bf 2460 mm
using minimum of
the two
hence bf 1010 mm

6 Torsional Moments at support section

total self weight of rib 12.0 kN/m
total ultimated load on L-beam 67.0 kN
Factored shear force Vu 33.50 kN
Torsional moment Tu 12.73 kN

7 Equivalent Bending Moment and Shear force

Mt 16.47 kNm
Mu 22.39 kNm
Equivalent B.M. Mel 38.87 kNm

Equivalent shear force Ve 114.98 kN

8 Main Longitudinal Reinforcement

At the support section (considered as

85
 rectangular)
Mu 38.87 kNm
Area of steel 520.6 mm2
no. of bars 2

mm diameter
provide 2 bars of 20 Ast= 628 mm2 at top of support section.

At the center of span section

Mu 11.2 kNm
Area of steel 129.63 mm2
checking for minimum reinforcement as per clause 26.5.1.1 of IS:456-200
Ast 128.01 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 on the tension side at

provide 2 bars of 16 Ast= 401.92 centre of
span section

9 Shear reinforcement
Equivalent shear force Ve 114.98 kN
N/mm
Nominal shear stress τv 1.84 2
percentage steel 1.005 β 2.311
N/mm
τc 0.624 2
Requir
Shear reinforcement ed

using 8 mm diameter two legged stirrups with side 25mm and bottom covers of 50mm

86
b1 200 mm
d1 200 mm
spacing sv 113.58 mm
Also sv 119.34 mm
taking spacing 110 mm at support
spacing 190 mm at centre

87
 Short L Beam (Lobby)

1 Input Data
effective Length 2.5 m width of room 3.72 m
width (b) 250 mm Dia of bars
Compression
thickness of slab 150 mm steel 20 mm
(N/mm
fck 20 2) tensile steel 16 mm
(N/mm
fy 415 2) Stirrups 8 mm
Cover for comp. (d'c) 50 mm
Cover for tension (d't) 50 mm

2 Depth
Effective depth of beam 166.6667 mm
effective depth (d) 170 mm
overall depth (D) 220 mm
depth of rib 70 mm
width of rib 250 mm
effective flange width (bf) 1566.667 mm

3 Loads
factored load from slab 8.625 kN/m
slab load transferred to beam 5.4 kN/m
load from Partition
factored
wall 0 kN/m
self weight of rib 0.4375 kN/m
Total Load (w) 6.05 kN/m

88
4 Factored Moment and Shaer forces
Moment at span 1.6 kNm
Moment at support 3.1 kNm
Vu=0.5*w*L 7.6 kN

5 Effective Flange width

i) bf 908.3333 mm
ii) bf 1860 mm
using minimum of
the two
hence bf 908.3333 mm

6 Torsional Moments at support section

total self weight of rib 3.6 kN/m
total ultimated load on L-beam 13.5 kN
Factored shear force Vu 6.74 kN
Torsional moment Tu 2.22 kN

7 Equivalent Bending Moment and Shear force

Mt 2.45 kNm
Mu 3.15 kNm
Equivalent B.M. Mel 5.60 kNm

Equivalent shear force Ve 20.93 kN

8 Main Longitudinal Reinforcement

89
 At the support section (considered as
rectangular)
Mu 5.60 kNm
Area of steel 95.8 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 at top of support

provide 1 bars of 20 Ast= 314 section.

At the center of span section

Mu 1.6 kNm
Area of steel 25.99 mm2
checking for minimum reinforcement as per clause 26.5.1.1 of IS:456-200
Ast 87.05 mm2
no. of bars 1

mm diameter mm2 on the tension side at

provide 2 bars of 16 Ast= 401.92 centre of
span section

9 Shear reinforcement
Equivalent shear force Ve 20.93 kN
N/mm
Nominal shear stress τv 0.49 2
percentage steel 0.739 β 3.143
N/mm
τc 0.557 2
Not
Shear reinforcement Required

90
using 8 mm diameter two legged stirrups with side 25mm and bottom covers of 50mm
b1 200 mm
d1 120 mm
spacing sv 391.07 mm
Also sv 2258.24 mm
taking spacing 195 mm at support
spacing 340 mm at centre

91
5. Design of Columns

92
Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that
transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. In other words, a column is a compression member. For the purpose of wind or
earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression
members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are
frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.

5.1 Types of Columns

1) Based on shape – Rectangle, Square, Circular, Polygon

2) Based on slenderness ratio - Short column, < 12 , Long column, > 12
3) Based on type of loading - Axially loaded column, A column subjected to axial load and
uniaxial bending, A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
4) Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement - Tied columns, Spiral columns
i) Minimum eccentricity: Emin > l/500 + D/30 >20
Where, l = unsupported length of column in ‘mm’ D = lateral
dimensions of column
5) Types of Reinforcements for columns and their requirements
a) Longitudinal Reinforcement
i) Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must be atleast 0.8% of gross
section area of the column.
ii) Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the
gross cross-section area of the column.
iii) The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter.
iv) Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and 6
in circular column. Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a
column should not exceed 300mm.

93
 b) Transverse reinforcement

i) It may be in the form of lateral ties or spirals.

ii) The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.
iii) The pitch of lateral ties should not exceed Least lateral dimension 16 x diameter
of longitudinal bars (small) 300mm

c) Helical Reinforcement
i) The diameter of helical bars should not be less than 1/4th the diameter of largest
longitudinal and not less than 6mm
ii) The pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is allowed); 75mm 1/6th of
the core diameter of the column
iii) Pitch should not be less than, 25mm 3 x diameter of helical bar Pitch should not
exceed (if helical reinforcement is not allowed)
iv) Least lateral dimension 16 x diameter of longitudinal bar (smaller) 300mm

The Design of the Columns is done according to norms detailed in IS code 456-2000, Cl-25.

For Simplification, columns are grouped together according to the Length of the columns and
load applicable on the columns. Therefore for each floor, the different columns have been
grouped together as follows:

Thus the values of the loads taken are as follows-

1) Live Load Applicable on the structure

a. Room Floors – 2kn/m
b. Baths & toilets- 2kN/m
c. Balconies- 4kN/m
d. Roof slab (Access Provided) -1kN/m
2) Dead Load Applicable –
a. Partition wall -5.73kN/m
b. Floor finishes (Rooms) – 1kN/m
c. Floor Finish (Roof)- 0.5kN/m
d. Weight of Slab- 3.75kN/m ( From the design of Slab)

94
5.2 Design & Detailing of Columns

Design of Column C1.a-GF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm 6 mm
D 400 mm at c/c
fck 20 N/mm2 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load 862.37 kN
Bending Moment My 6.47 kNm
Bending Moment Mz 0.9 kNm
Diameter of bar 20 mm

2 Eccentricity check
In y-direction
Eccentricity in y direction 7.50 mm
min eccentricity in y dir 20 mm
emin/D 0.05 Equal or less to 0.05 6 bars
In Z-direction dia (mm) 20
eccentricity in z direction 1.04 mm
min eccentricity in z dir 20 mm
emin/B 0.00 Equal or less to 0.05

The minimum eccentricity ratio is equal to 0.05 in both directions, and

hence the column can be designed as Axially loaded columns

3 Calculation of area of steel

Area of steel required 1827.64 mm2
Min area of Longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8%
Min area of steel 800 mm2
Hence As, 1827.64 mm2
No. of bars required 6
Provided bars 6 of dia 20 mm
provided area of steel 1884 mm2

4
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 320 mm

95
 iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of Column C1.b-GF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm 6 mm
D 400 mm at c/c
fck 20 N/mm2 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load 908.01 kN
Bending Moment My 6.42 kNm
Bending Moment Mz 0.94 kNm
Diameter of bar 20 mm

2 Eccentricity check
In y-direction
Eccentricity in y direction 7.07 mm
min eccentricity in y dir 20 mm
emin/D 0.05 Equal or less to 0.05 8 bars
In Z-direction dia (mm) 20
eccentricity in z direction 1.04 mm
min eccentricity in z dir 20 mm
emin/B 0.00 Equal or less to 0.05

The minimum eccentricity ratio is equal to 0.05 in both directions, and

hence the column can be designed as Axially loaded columns

3 Calculation of area of steel

Area of steel required 2081.15 mm2
Min area of Longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8%
Min area of steel 800 mm2
Hence As, 2081.15 mm2
No. of bars required 7
Provided bars 8 of dia 20 mm
provided area of steel 2512 mm2

4
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm

96
 Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 320 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of Column C1.c-GF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm 6 mm
D 400 mm at c/c
fck 20 N/mm2 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load 543.57 kN
Bending Moment My 4.71 kNm
Bending Moment Mz 14.9 kNm
Diameter of bar 20 mm

2 Eccentricity check
In y-direction
Eccentricity in y direction 8.66 mm
min eccentricity in y dir 20 mm
emin/D 0.05 Equal or less to 0.05 4 bars
In Z-direction dia (mm) 20
eccentricity in z direction 27.41 mm
min eccentricity in z dir 20 mm
emin/B 0.08 to 0.05

The minimum eccentricity ratio is equal to 0.05 in both directions, and

hence the column can be designed as Axially loaded columns

3 Calculation of area of steel

Area of steel required 56.86 mm2
Min area of Longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8%
Min area of steel 800 mm2
Hence As, 800.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 20 mm
provided area of steel 1256 mm2

97
4
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 320 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of Column C1.d-GF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm 6 mm
D 400 mm at c/c
fck 20 N/mm2 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load 602.21 kN
Bending Moment My 4.04 kNm
Bending Moment Mz 14.22 kNm
Diameter of bar 20 mm

2 Eccentricity check
In y-direction
Eccentricity in y direction 6.71 mm
min eccentricity in y dir 20 mm
emin/D 0.05 Equal or less to 0.05 4 bars
In Z-direction dia (mm) 20
eccentricity in z direction 23.61 mm
min eccentricity in z dir 20 mm
emin/B 0.08 to 0.05

The minimum eccentricity ratio is equal to 0.05 in both directions, and

hence the column can be designed as Axially loaded columns

3 Calculation of area of steel

Area of steel required 382.58 mm2
Min area of Longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8%
Min area of steel 800 mm2
Hence As, 800.00 mm2

98
 No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 20 mm
provided area of steel 1256 mm2

4
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 320 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of Column C1.e-IF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm 6 mm
D 400 mm at c/c
fck 20 N/mm2 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load 606.33 kN
Bending Moment My 9.01 kNm
Bending Moment Mz 1.61 kNm
Diameter of bar 20 mm

2 Eccentricity check
In y-direction
Eccentricity in y direction 14.86 mm
min eccentricity in y dir 20 mm
emin/D 0.05 Equal or less to 0.05 4 bars
In Z-direction dia (mm) 20
eccentricity in z direction 2.66 mm
min eccentricity in z dir 20 mm
emin/B 0.01 to 0.05

The minimum eccentricity ratio is equal to 0.05 in both directions, and

hence the column can be designed as Axially loaded columns

3 Calculation of area of steel

Area of steel required 405.46 mm2

99
 Min area of Longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8%
Min area of steel 800 mm2
Hence As, 800.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 20 mm
provided area of steel 1256 mm2

4
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 320 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of Column C1.f-IF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm 6 mm
D 400 mm at c/c
fck 20 N/mm2 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load 652.31 kN
Bending Moment My 9.01 kNm
Bending Moment Mz 1.61 kNm
Diameter of bar 20 mm

2 Eccentricity check
In y-direction
Eccentricity in y direction 13.81 mm
min eccentricity in y dir 20 mm
emin/D 0.05 Equal or less to 0.05 4 bars
In Z-direction dia (mm) 20
eccentricity in z direction 2.47 mm
min eccentricity in z dir 20 mm
emin/B 0.01 to 0.05

The minimum eccentricity ratio is equal to 0.05 in both directions, and

hence the column can be designed as Axially loaded columns

100
3 Calculation of area of steel
Area of steel required 660.86 mm2
Min area of Longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8%
Min area of steel 800 mm2
Hence As, 800.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 20 mm
provided area of steel 1256 mm2

4
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 320 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of column C2.a-IF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 30 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 431.01 kN
Bending Moment M 22 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.34
mu 0.05
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.02 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.6
Area of steel 375 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2

101
 No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of column C2.b-IF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 30 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 384.11 kN
Bending Moment M 23.6 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.31
mu 0.05
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.01 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.3
Area of steel 187.5 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm

102
 Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

Design of column C2.c-IIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 352.03 kN
Bending Moment M 9.12 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.42
mu 0.03
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.02 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.4
Area of steel 250 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

103
 Design of column C2.d-IIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 398.91 kN
Bending Moment M 9.51 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.48
mu 0.03
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.04 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.8
Area of steel 500 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

104
 Design of column C2.e-IIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 258.63 kN
Bending Moment M 21.7 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.31
mu 0.07
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.02 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.4
Area of steel 250 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

105
 Design of column C2.f-IIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 222.7 kN
Bending Moment M 23.95 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.27
mu 0.08
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.04 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.8
Area of steel 500 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

106
 Design of column C2.g-IIIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 97.63 kN
Bending Moment M 22.4 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.12
mu 0.07
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.03 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.6
Area of steel 375 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

107
 Design of column C2.h-IIIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 146.98 kN
Bending Moment M 9.5 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.18
mu 0.03
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
lies within range<0 ,
p/fck providing of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0 minimum steel
Area of steel 0 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

108
 Design of column C2.i-IIIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 85.66 kN
Bending Moment M 24.36 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.10
mu 0.08
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.02 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.4 minimum steel
Area of steel 250 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

109
 Design of column C2.i-IIIF

1 Input Data
Length of column 3 m
Size of column Breadth 250 mm
D 250 mm 6 mm
fck 20 N/mm2 spacing 250
fy 415 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Axial Load P 60.41 kN
Bending Moment M 23.02 kNm
Diameter of bar 16 mm

2 Reinforcement Calculation
effective cover d' 46 mm
d'/D 0.184 mm
pu 0.07
mu 0.07
from interaction chart 33 4 bars
p/fck 0.02 of dia (mm) 16
percentages steel 0.4 minimum steel
Area of steel 250 mm2
Min area of steel 500 mm2
Hence As, 500.00 mm2
No. of bars required 3
Provided bars 4 of dia 16 mm
provided area of steel 803.84 mm2

3 Spacing of stirrups
using stirrups of diameter 6 mm
Spacing
i) least lateral dimension 250 mm
ii) 16*dia of main bar 256 mm
iii) 300 mm 300 mm

provide stirrups of dia 6 mm @ spacing 250 mm

110
6. Design of Staircase

111
 Design of Staircase ( Dog- Legged)
1 Input Data
vertical distance H 3 m
Length of hall 4.8 m
Breadth of hall 3 m
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
Live load 2.5 kN/m2
Diameter of bars 10 mm

2 General Arrangement of stair

Let riser R 150 mm
Tread T 250 mm
width of each flight 1.4 m
Height of each flight 1.5 m
No.of risers 10 in each flight
No. of treads 9 in each flight
Space occupied by treads 2.25 m
taking width of Landing 1.275 m
Space left for passage 1.275 m

3 Computation of design constants

xu,max/d 0.48
Ru 2.762

4 Computation of loading & Bending Moment

Let bearing of th landing slab in the wall (mm) 160
Effective span 3.6 m
let thickness of waist slab 200 mm
Weight of slab w' on slope 5 kN/m2
kN/m2
5.831
Dead weight on horizontal area w1
Dead weight on steps w2 1.875 kN/m2

Total dead weight per meter 7.706 kN/m2

weight of finishing 0.1 kN
Live Load 2.5 kN/m2
Total w 10.306 kN/m
Ultimate Load 15.459 kN/m
Bending Moment Mu 25.11307659 kNm

5 Design of waist slab

depth 95.35 mm

112
 adopting overall depth D 150 mm
depth d 125 mm

6 Computation of reinforcement
Since d provided is more than the required for B.M., we have an under
reinforced section for which
Ast 620.67 mm2
using 10 mm dia bars having Area 78.5 mm2
no. of bars required in width 1.4 m
12 bars
Spacing of bars 110 mm
Distribution steel Asd 180 mm2
diamter of bar 8 mm
Spacing of bars of 8mm 270 mm

tread 250 mm

Riser 150 mm

8 mm @ 270 mm c/c

10mm @ 110 mm c/c

113
3

1.275

2.25

1.4 m 0.2 m

114
7. Design of Footing

115
 Design of Footing F1

1 Input Data
Length 3 m
cross section of column
B 250 mm
D 400 mm
Axial Load Pu 1028.671 kN
Moment in x dir 74.35 kNm
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
safe bearing capacity 120 kN/m2
dia of bars 16 mm

2 Size of footing
W 1028.671 kN
W' 102.8671 kN
M 74.35 kNm
Area of footing 9.43 m2
taking width B 3.1 m
Length 3.1 m
eccentricity 72.28 mm
P0 107.04 kN/m2

3 Design of footing
Cantilever length 1.497 m
Bending Moment M 371.95 kNm
Mu 557.93 kNm
depth d 899 mm
Taking depth d 900 mm
Depth D 960 mm

m
effective depth available for the second (inner) layer 884 m

at the ends D 480 mm

d 420 mm

4 Check for shear

Two way shear section situated at d/2 from column face all round.
b0 1150 mm
Shear force Fu 1330.66 kN
τv=ks x τc 1.118 N/mm2
d0=Fu/(4*b0*τv) 259 mm

116
 m
at distance d/2 from column face availabe effective depth = 753.35236 m
in punching
is provided depth > d0 Safe shear

one way shear

from the column
critical section at a distance 900 mm face
0.5972777
cantilever length 3 m
297.29142
shear force Vu 3 kN

Section will be trapezoidal in shape

width b at the top 2815 mm
706.69330
effective depth d' 8 mm

For under reinforced section xu/d =

0.4
282.67732
xu 3 mm
width of Section at N. A
bn 3096.01 mm
τv 0.136 N/mm2
which is less than the permissible shear stress of 0.384N/mm2 at pt=0.3% corresponding to an
under reinforced section

5 Steel reinforcement
For an under reinforced section
2140.3336
Ast 1 mm2
using bars of dia 16 mm
number of bars required = 11
spacing 280 mm

using the same reinforcement in the perpendicular dimension.

6 Check for the development length

Ld=47*φ 752 mm
1490
using side cover of 60mm available length mm
provided Ld < La Yes

117
 Design of Footing F2

1 Input Data
Length 3 m
cross section of column
B 250 mm
D 400 mm
Axial Load Pu 1125.84 kN
Moment in x dir -64.34 kNm
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
safe bearing capacity 120 kN/m2
dia of bars 16 mm

2 Size of footing
W 1125.84 kN
W' 112.584 kN
M -64.34 kNm
Area of footing 10.32 m2
taking width B 3.3 m
Length 3.3 m
eccentricity -57.14844 mm
P0 103.38 kN/m2

3 Design of footing
Cantilever length 1.468 m

118
 Bending Moment M 367.53 kNm
Mu 551.30 kNm
depth d 894 mm
Taking depth d 900 mm
Depth D 960 mm

m
effective depth available for the second (inner) layer 884 m

at the ends D 480 mm

d 420 mm

4 Check for shear

Two way shear section situated at d/2 from column face all round.
b0 1150 mm
Shear force Fu 1483.67 kN
τv=ks x τc 1.118 N/mm2
d0=Fu/(4*b0*τv) 288 mm

m
at distance d/2 from column face availabe effective depth = 721.7125 m
in punching
is provided depth > d0 Safe shear

one way shear

from the column
critical section at a distance 900 mm face
cantilever length 0.56785156 m
shear force Vu 290.595455 kN

Section will be trapezoidal in shape

width b at the top 2995 mm
effective depth d' 692.568749 mm

For under reinforced section xu/d =

0.4
xu 277.027499 mm
width of Section at N. A
bn 3304.99 mm
τv 0.127 N/mm2
which is less than the permissible shear stress of 0.384N/mm2 at pt=0.3% corresponding to an
under reinforced section

5 Steel reinforcement
For an under reinforced section
Ast 2106.77112 mm2

119
 using bars of dia 16 mm
number of bars required = 11
spacing 300 mm

using the same reinforcement in the perpendicular dimension.

6 Check for the development length

Ld=47*φ 752 mm
1590
using side cover of 60mm available length mm
provided Ld < La Yes

Design of Footing F3

1 Input Data
Length 3 m
cross section of column
B 250 mm
D 400 mm
Axial Load Pu 738.74 kN
Moment in x dir -37.77 kNm
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
safe bearing capacity 120 kN/m2
dia of bars 16 mm

120
2 Size of footing
W 738.74 kN
W' 73.874 kN
M -37.77 kNm
Area of footing 6.77 m2
taking width B 2.7 m
Length 2.7 m
eccentricity -51.127596 mm
P0 101.34 kN/m2

3 Design of footing
Cantilever length 1.174 m
Bending Moment M 188.51 kNm
Mu 282.77 kNm
depth d 640 mm
Taking depth d 650 mm
Depth D 710 mm

m
effective depth available for the second (inner) layer 634 m

at the ends D 355 mm

d 295 mm

4 Check for shear

Two way shear section situated at d/2 from column face all round.
b0 900 mm
Shear force Fu 984.99 kN
τv=ks x τc 1.118 N/mm2
d0=Fu/(4*b0*τv) 245 mm

m
at distance d/2 from column face availabe effective depth = 523.93725 m
in punching
is provided depth > d0 Safe shear

one way shear

from the column
critical section at a distance 650 mm face
cantilever length 0.5238724 m
215.00305
shear force Vu 6 kN

Section will be trapezoidal in shape

width b at the top 1842.5 mm

121
 480.97470
effective depth d' 4 mm

For under reinforced section xu/d =

0.4
192.38988
xu 1 mm
width of Section at N. A
bn 2729.58 mm
τv 0.164 N/mm2
which is less than the permissible shear stress of 0.384N/mm2 at pt=0.3% corresponding to an
under reinforced section

5 Steel reinforcement
For an under reinforced section
1488.3699
Ast 7 mm2
using bars of dia 16 mm
number of bars required = 8
spacing 340 mm

using the same reinforcement in the perpendicular dimension.

6 Check for the development length

Ld=47*φ 752 mm
1290
using side cover of 60mm available length mm
provided Ld < La Yes

122
 Design of Footing F4

1 Input Data
Length 3 m
cross section of column
B 250 mm
D 400 mm
Axial Load Pu 641.42 kN
Moment in x dir 47.4 kNm
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
safe bearing capacity 120 kN/m2
dia of bars 16 mm

2 Size of footing
W 641.42 kN
W' 64.142 kN
M 47.4 kNm
Area of footing 5.88 m2
taking width B 2.5 m
Length 2.5 m
eccentricity 73.8985376 mm
P0 102.63 kN/m2

3 Design of footing
Cantilever length 1.199 m
Bending Moment M 184.39 kNm
Mu 276.58 kNm
depth d 633 mm
Taking depth d 640 mm
Depth D 700 mm

m
effective depth available for the second (inner) layer 624 m

at the ends D 350 mm

d 290 mm

4 Check for shear

Two way shear section situated at d/2 from column face all round.
b0 890 mm
Shear force Fu 840.19 kN
τv=ks x τc 1.118 N/mm2
d0=Fu/(4*b0*τv) 211 mm

123
 m
at distance d/2 from column face availabe effective depth = 545.7859 m
in punching
is provided depth > d0 Safe shear

one way shear

from the column
critical section at a distance 640 mm face
cantilever length 0.55889854 m
shear force Vu 215.09322 kN

Section will be trapezoidal in shape

width b at the top 1690 mm
effective depth d' 485.614488 mm

For under reinforced section xu/d =

0.4
xu 194.245795 mm
width of Section at N. A
bn 2494.33 mm
τv 0.178 N/mm2
which is less than the permissible shear stress of 0.384N/mm2 at pt=0.3% corresponding to an
under reinforced section

5 Steel reinforcement
For an under reinforced section
Ast 1482.64791 mm2
using bars of dia 16 mm
number of bars required = 8
spacing 310 mm

using the same reinforcement in the perpendicular dimension.

6 Check for the development length

Ld=47*φ 752 mm
1190
using side cover of 60mm available length mm
provided Ld < La Yes

124
125
8. Elevated Water Tank (Intz Type)

126
INTRODUCTION

A water tank is used to store water to tide over the daily requirement. In the construction of
concrete structure for the storage of water and other liquids the imperviousness of concrete is
most essential .The permeability of any uniform and thoroughly compacted concrete of given
mix proportions is mainly dependent on water cement ratio .The increase in water cement
ratio results in increase in the permeability .The decrease in water cement ratio will therefore
be desirable to decrease the permeability, but very much reduced water cement ratio may
cause compaction difficulties and prove to be harmful also. Design of liquid retaining
structure has to be based on the avoidance of cracking in the concrete having regard to its
tensile strength.Cracks can be prevented by avoiding the use of thick timber shuttering which
prevent the easy escape of heat of hydration from the concrete mass the risk of cracking can
also be minimized by reducing the restraints onfree expansion or contraction of the structure.

WATER DEMAND

Water Quantity Estimation: The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the
water supply scheme hasto be designed requires following data:Water consumption rate (Per
Capita Demand in litres per day per head)Population to be served. Quantity= Per demand x
Population

Water Consumption Rate: It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water
demanded by the public, sincethere are many variable factors affecting water consumption.

Factors affecting per capita demand:

• Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared tothat for
smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.

• Presence of industries.

• Climatic conditions.

• Habits of economic status.

127
• Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ people and their . Medically safe, the
consumption will increase as people will not resort to privatewells, etc.

• Pressure in the distribution system.

• Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and services;and un

authorised use of water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.

• Cost of water.

• Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two different ways on the
basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.

WATER TANKS

CLASSIFICATIONS:

Classification based on under three heads:

1. Tanks resting on ground

2. Elevated tanks supported on stagging

3. Underground tanks

. Classification based on shapes

1. Circular tanks

2. Rectangular tanks

3. Spherical tanks

4. Intze tanks

5. Circular tanks with conical bottom

128
Design of Intz Tank
1) Number of people = 2000
Daily requirement = 1350lpcd
Total water required = 2000*135*2= 540klpcd= 540cu.m
Designing for 350cu.m, with refilling twice a day.

Capacity =350 cu.m

Height of supporting tower=16m
No. of columns=8
Depth of foundation=1 m below GL.

Permissible Stresses:-
M20 Grade Concrete: N/mm2, cb =1.7 N/mm2 ; m= 13
ct =1.2
2 2
cc =5 N/mm , σcbc =7 N/mm
Fe-415 Grade Steel: σst = 150N/mm2

2) Dimensions:-

Let Inside Diameter of the tank = D

Assuming average depth=0.75D

( ) = 350

Diameter (D) =8.5m

Height of cylindrical portion = 6.2m
Depth of conical dome = 1.7m
Spacing of bracings = 4m
Dia. of supporting tower = 5m

3) Design of top Dome

Assume thickness of dome slab =100mm

Live load on dome =1.5 kN/m2
Self wt. = 2.4 kN/m2
Finishes = 0.1 kN/m2
Total load,w = 4 kN/m2

Central rise, r =1.7m

Radius of dome,R: r(2R-r) =(0.5D)2
R=6.2m

129
 cosϴ =cos(36.24) =0.8

Meridional Thrust,T1 = = 13.80 kN/m

Circumferential force,T2 = * + = 6.06 kN/m

Meridian Stress = = 0.138 N/mm2 < 5N/mm2
Hoop Stress = = 0.0606N/mm2 < 5N/mm2

Stresses are within safe limits, providing nominal reinforcement of 0.3%,

Ast = = 300 mm2
Provide 8mm dia. bars at 160mm c/c on both faces.

4) Design of Top ring beam:

ϴ
Hoop tension,Ft = = 46.92 kN

Ast = = = 313 mm2

Provide 4 bars of 12mm dia. (Ast = 452 mm2)
If Ac is cross-sectional area of ring beam, =1.2

Ac =33224 mm2

Provide 200mm*200mm size top ring beam, with 4 bars of 12mm dia. as main
reinforcement and 6 mm dia. stirrups at 200mm c/c.

Shear force along the edge =T1sinϴ =8.21kN

Shear stress along the edge =0.0821` N/mm2 – very low

5) Design of cylindrical wall:

Maximum hoop tension at the base of wall, Ft = , where, w =unit wt. of water=10kN/m3
h=height of water
Ft =263.5 kN/m

Tension reinforcement per metre of height

Ast = = = 1757 mm2/m height.

Provide 6-20mm dia. bars @180mm c/c on each face.( Ast = 1885mm2)

130
Ast required at 1.7m below top =482 mm2
Provide 10-10mm bars @180mm c/c on each face.

Let, t =thickness of side wall at bottom

=1.2

t =195 mm
Adopt 250mm thick wall at bottom gradually reducing to 200mm at top.

Distribution steel:
At bottom, Ast =0.2% of cross-sectional area =500mm2
Provide 6-10mm dia. bars at 200mm c/c.

At top, 0.2% of cross-sectional area =400mm2

Provide 10mm dia. bars at 250mm c/c.

6) Design of bottom ring beam:

Load due to top dome = T1sinϴ =8.21kN/m

Load due to top ring beam =0.2*0.2*24 =0.96kN/m
Self wt. of ring beam (assuming 1.2m*0.6m*24kN/m3) =17.28kN/m
Load due to cylindrical wall = = 33.48kN/m
Total vertical load V=60kN/m

Hoop tension due to vertical loads, Hv = = 255kN

Hoop tension due to water pressure,Hw = = 158.1kN
Total hoop tension = Hv + Hw = 413.1kN
Ast = 2754mm2
Provide 9 bars of 20 mm dia.( Ast = 2828mm2)
Maximum tensile stress = =0.55 N/mm2 <1.3 N/mm2

Provide ring beam 1200mm wide and 600mm deep with 9-20mm dia bars and distribution
bars of 10mm dia from cylindrical wall taken round the main bars as stirrups at 180mm c/c
spacing.

7) Design of conical dome:

Average dia = m

Average depth of water = 6.2+

131
Weight of water above conical dome

= π×6.75×7.05×1.7× 10 = 2451.50 KN

Assuming 600mm thick slab,

Self weight of slab = π×2.30×6.75×0.6×24 = 702.33 KN

Load from top dome, top ring beam, cylindrical wall and bottom ring beam

= π×8.5×60

= 1602.21 KN

Total load at base of conical slab =2451.50+702.33+1602.21= 4756 KN

Load/ unit length, KN/m

Meridian thrust = T =

= 244.2×cosec 45ᵒ= 345.35 KN

Meridional stress = N/

Hoop tension in conical dome will be maximum at the top of the conical slab since diameter
is maximum at this section.

Hoop tension (H) = (p*cosecθ + q*cosecθ)*D/2

Water pressure, p=10×6.2= 62 KN/

Weight of conical dome slab / ,

q = 0.6×24=14.4

θ= 45ᵒ, D= 8.5 m

H= (62×cosec45ᵒ + 14.4×cot45ᵒ) 8.5/2

= 433.85 KN

= 2892.33

Provide 6-25mm υ bars @ 180mm c/c

On both faces of slab

Distribution steel:

Provide 10mm υ at 130mm c/c on both faces along the meridions.

132
Max. tensile stress =

= 0.68<1.3(safe)

8) Design of bottom spherical dome:-

Thickness of dome slab (assume) = 300mm

Diameter at base = 5m

Central rise = 1/5 ×5= 1m

Radius of dome R, (2R-r)r =

R= = 3.625m= 3.7m

Self weight of dome slab

= 2π×3.7×1×0.3×24 = 167.38 KN

Volume of water above the dome

=π× × (6.2+1.7) – ( – = 144.12

Weight of water = 1441.2 KN

Total load on dome = 167.38+1441.2= 1608.58 KN

Load/ unit area = = 81.92 KN/

Meridional thrust, T=

Cosθ 0.724

θ = 44.5ᵒ

= 175.8 KN/m

Meridional stress=

=0.586(safe)

Circumference force = wR (cosθ- )

= 81.92×3.7(0.724-1/1.724)

133
 = 43.63 KN/m

Hoop stress= =0.145 N/ (safe)

Provide nominal reinforcement of 0.3%,

=900

Provide 12mm υ bars @ 120 mm c/c circumferentially and along the meridions.

9) Design of bottom circular Girder

Thrust from conical dome, = 244.2 KN/m

Thrust from spherical dome, = 175.8 KN/m

Net horizontal force on ring beam

= (244.2×0.707-175.8×0.713) = 47.3 KN

Hoop compression in beam = = 118.25 KN

Assuming the size of girder as 600 mm wide and 1200 mm deep

hoop stress = = 0.164

Vertical load on ring beam = 244.2×0.707+175.8×0.70

= 295.7 KN/m

Self weight of beam = 0.6×1.2×24 = 17.28 KN/m

Total load = 295.7+17.28 = 313KN/m

Total design load on ring girder

W= πDw = π×5×313

= 4916.6KN

The circular girder is supported on 6 columns using the moment coefficient

Maximum –ve BM at support section = 0.0142wR

= 0.0142×4916.6×2.5

= 174.5kN-m
maximum +ve BM at mid span section
134
 =0.0075wR

= 0.0075×4916.6×2.5

= 92.2kN-m

Torsional moment = 0.0015wR

= 0.0015×4916.6×2.5

= 18.4kN-m

Shear force @ support section

V= = = 307.3kN

Shear force at section of maximum torsion

307.3 - = 133.2kN

10) Design of support section:

M = 102kN-m
V=307.3kN
kb =0.39
jb =0.87, Q=0.897
d= = 570 mm

Effective depth (d)= 600 mm (taking cover of 50 mm, D= 600+50= 650mm)

Ast = = 2162 mm2

Providing 7-20mm diameter bars (Ast= 2199mm2 )

τv = = 0.85 N/mm2

= =0.61
τc =0.27N/mm2
τc < τv , hence shear reinforcement required

Shear taken by concrete = = 97.2kN

Balance shear =307.3- 97.2=210kN

Using 12mm diameter 4 legged stirrups, spacing

135
sv = = 193 mm ; Adopt 12mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at 190mm c/c near
supports.

b) Design of mid span

Maximum positive moment= 92.2kN-m

2
Ast= = 1138.3mm

But minimum area of reinforcement in the section

=( ) = 1170mm2

Providing 6 bars of 16mm diameter at mid span section and 4-legged stirrups of 10mm
diameter at 300mm c/c.

c) Design of section subjected to maximum torsion

T= 18.4kN-m D= 650mm

V= 133.2kN b= 600mm

M=0 d= 600mm

⁄
Mt= T*( ) = 18.4*( ) = 22.6kN-m

Therefore Me1= (M + Mt) = (0 + 22.6) = 22.6kN-m

Ast= ( = 279mm2

But minimum area of reinforcement

Ast= ( = 1170mm2

Provide 6 bars of 16mm diameter (Ast= 1206mm2)

Equivalent shear Ve = (V+1.6(T/b)) = (133.2 + 1.6*18.4/0.6) = 182.3kN

τve = (Ve/bd) = 0.506N/mm2

= = 0.335

From Table 1.3B τc =0.24N/mm2

Since τv>τc, Shear reinforcements are required

136
Using 12mm diameter 4-legged stirrups with the side covers of 25mm and top and bottom
covers of 50mm, spacing

IS456:2000 Clause B-6.4.3 sv= = = 425mm

Adopt 12mm diameter 4-legged stirrups at 300mm c/c.

11) Design of Column of supporting tower

The supporting tower comprises 6 equally spaced columns on a circle of 5m diameter.

Loads on Columns

Vertical Load on each column: 4916.6/6 = 819.43kN

Self-weight of column of height 16m and diameter 650mm= = 127kN

Self-weight of bracing (3no.s at 4m interval)(size 500mmx500mm) = = 47kN

Total vertical Load on each column = 819.3 + 127+ 47= 993.3kN

Wind Forces on column

Intensity of wind pressure = 1.5 kN/m2 . Reduction coefficient for circular shape = 0.7

Wind force on Top Dome and Cylindrical wall = (6.2+1.7/2)*0.7*1.5*8.5 = 62.92kN

Wind force on conical dome = 1.7*6.75*0.7*1.5 = 12.05kN

Wind force on bottom ring beam = 1.2*5*0.7*1.5 = 6.3kN

Wind force on 4 columns = 4*0.65*16*0.7*1.5 = 43.68kN

Wind force on bracings = 0.5*5*3*1.5 = 11.25kN

Total horizontal wind force = 62.92+12.05+6.3+43.68+11.25 = 136.2kN

Assuming contra flexure points at mid height of columns and fixity at base due to raft
foundations the moment at the base of the columns is computed as

M = 136.2*2.5*0.5 = 170.25kN-m

M1= moment at the base of the column due to wind loads

= 62.92*25.6+ 12.05*17.7+ 6.3*16+ 3.75*12+ 3.75*8+ 3.75*4 = 2014.84kN-m

And V = reaction developed at the base of exterior columns

137
M1= ƩM +V/r1*(Ʃr2)

2014.84 = 170.25 + V/2.5 *(2* 2.52+ 2*(2.5/ )2)

V = 245.95kN

Therefore load on leeward column at base = 993.3+ 245.95 = 1239.2kN

Moment in each column at base = 170.25/6 = 28.375kN-m

Axial Load P = 1239.2kN

Bending Moment M = 28.38kN-m

Eccentricity e = (M/P) = (28.38*106/1239.2*103) = 23mm

Since eccentricity is small direct stresses are predominant.

Using 8 bars of 32mm diameter and lateral ties of 10mm diameter at 300mm c/c.

Asc = 8*804 = 6432mm2

Equivalent area of composite section Ae = ( = 0.45*106mm2

Equivalent second Moment of Area of composite section = Ie

= ( )

= 13.48*109mm4

Direct compressive stress = = 2.75N/mm2

Bending stress = = = 0.68N/mm2

IS: 456-200, Clause B-4.1

0.5<1

Stress is within safe limits.

12) Design of bracings

Moment in brace = (2*moment in column* ) = 2*28.375* = 80.3kN-m

Section of brace = 500mmx500mm

b= 500mm; d= 450mm

138
Moment of resistance of section M1= 0.897*500*4502 = 91kN-m

Ast = = 862mm2

Provide 4 bars of 20mm diameter (Ast =1260mm2 ) at the top and bottom since wind direction
is reversible.

Length of brace L = (2*2.5*sin30o) = 2.5m

Maximum shear force in brace = Moment in brace / (1/2 *Length of brace)

= 80.3/(0.5*2.5) = 64.24kN

v = 64.24*1000/ (500*450) = 0.286N/mm2

(100Ast/bd) = = 0.56

IS: 456-2000 Clause B-5.4 and Table 23 c= 0.31N/mm2

Since v< c, Shear reinforcements are not required.

139
9. Estimation

140
 Bar Bending Schedule of Columns
Column C1 a GF
Input
Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.4 m 20
depth 0.25 m Number of bars
No. of elements 12 6

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

1 A Straight bars 6 3.98 20 707.56

2 B stirrups 20 1.076 6 57.387
total 764.942
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 328
A 138
Length of stirrups 1.08

Column C1 b GF
Input Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.4 m 20
depth 0.25 m Number of bars
No. of elements 12 8

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

1 A Straight bars 8 3.98 20 943.41

2 B stirrups 20 1.076 6 57.387
total 1000.794
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 328
A 138
Length of stirrups 1.08
Column C1 c GF
Input Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.4 m 20
depth 0.25 m Number of bars
No. of elements 4 4

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

1 A Straight bars 4 3.98 20 157.23

2 B stirrups 20 1.076 6 19.129
total 176.363
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 328
A 138

141
 Length of stirrups 1.08

Column C1 d GF
Input Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.4 m 20
depth 0.25 m Number of bars
No. of elements 4 4

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

1 A Straight bars 4 3.98 20 157.23

2 B stirrups 20 1.076 6 19.129
total 176.363
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 328
A 138
Length of stirrups 1.08

Column C1 e IF
Input
Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.4 m 20
depth 0.25 m Number of bars
No. of elements 12 4

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

1 A Straight bars 4 3.98 20 471.70

2 B stirrups 20 1.076 6 57.387
total 529.090
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 328
A 138
Length of stirrups 1.08

Column C1 f IF
Input
Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.4 m 20
depth 0.25 m Number of bars
No. of elements 12 4

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

142
 1 A Straight bars 4 3.98 20 471.70
2 B stirrups 20 1.076 6 57.387
total 529.090
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 328
A 138
Length of stirrups 1.08

Column C2 a IF
Input
Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.25 m 16
depth 0.25 m Number of bars
No. of elements 4 4

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

1 A Straight bars 4 3.784 16 95.67

2 B stirrups 20 0.776 6 13.796
total 109.470
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 178
A 138
Length of stirrups 0.78

Column C2 b IF
Input
Data Length 3 m Dia of bars(mm)
width 0.25 m 16
depth 0.3 m Number of bars
No. of elements 4 4

Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16

Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg

1 A Straight bars 4 3.784 16 95.67

2 B stirrups 20 0.876 6 15.573
total 111.248
No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
E 178
A 188
Length of stirrups 0.88
As all the above columns are similar to the above column , therefore total steel
steel rquired by columns for floor II and III 7119.85936 kg
therefore total steel required by
columns 42.069 tons

143
 BBS of Beams of ground floor, Ist Floor and IInd Floor
T Beam Long
Input Data Length 4.8 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 20 3
depth 0.38 m 25 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 360
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 5.008 20 12.37
2 B Straight bars upper 2 5.286 25 40.78703704
3 C Bent 2 5.82 20 28.74
4 E stirrups 10 1.004 8 3.966
total 85.859
E 138
A 268 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 1
T Beam Short
Input Data Length 3.72 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 3
depth 0.3 m 20 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 360
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 3.848 20 9.50
2 B Straight bars upper 2 4.036 20 19.9308642
3 C Bent 2 4.63 20 22.85
4 E stirrups 10 0.844 8 3.334
total 55.614
E 138
A 188 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.84

T Beam Lobby
Input Data Length 2.5 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2

144
 depth 0.22 m 16 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 360
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 2.548 20 6.29
2 B Straight bars upper 2 2.648 16 8.36899
3 C Bent 1 3.29 20 8.13
4 E stirrups 10 0.684 8 2.702
total 25.495
E 138
A 108 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.68

L Beam Long
Input Data Length 4.92 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2
depth 0.38 m 20 3
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 125
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 5.128 20 12.66
2 B Straight bars upper 3 5.396 20 39.97037
3 C Bent 1 5.94 20 14.67
4 E stirrups 40 1.004 8 15.866
total 83.164
E 138
A 268 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 1

L Beam Short
Input Data Length 3.72 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2
depth 0.3 m 20 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 150
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 3.848 20 9.50
2 B Straight bars upper 2 4.036 20 19.93086
3 C Bent 1 4.63 20 11.42
4 E stirrups 30 0.844 8 10.003

145
 total 50.859
E 138
A 188 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.84

L Beam Lobby
Input Data Length 2.5 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2
depth 0.22 m 20 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 150
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 2.548 20 6.29
2 B Straight bars upper 2 2.656 20 13.11605
3 C Bent 1 3.29 20 8.13
4 E stirrups 20 0.684 8 5.404
total 32.944
E 138
A 108 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.68

BBS of Beams of top floor

T Beam Long
Input Data Length 4.8 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 20 3
depth 0.38 m 25 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 360
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 5.008 20 12.37
2 B Straight bars upper 2 5.286 25 40.78703704
3 C Bent 2 5.82 20 28.74
4 E stirrups 10 1.004 8 3.966
total 85.859
E 138
A 268 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 1
T Beam Short
Input Data Length 3.72 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 3
depth 0.3 m 20 2
stirrups mm 8

146
 Spacing(mm
) 360
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 3.848 20 9.50
2 B Straight bars upper 2 4.036 20 19.9308642
3 C Bent 2 4.63 20 22.85
4 E stirrups 10 0.844 8 3.334
total 55.614
E 138
A 188 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.84

T Beam Lobby
Input Data Length 2.5 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2
depth 0.22 m 16 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 360
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 2.548 20 6.29
2 B Straight bars upper 2 2.648 16 8.36899
3 C Bent 1 3.29 20 8.13
4 E stirrups 10 0.684 8 2.702
total 25.495
E 138
A 108 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.68

L Beam Long
Input Data Length 4.92 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2
depth 0.38 m 20 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 290
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 5.128 20 12.66
2 B Straight bars upper 2 5.396 20 26.64691
3 C Bent 1 5.94 20 14.67
4 E stirrups 20 1.004 8 7.933
total 61.908
E 138

147
 A 268 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 1

L Beam Short
Input Data Length 3.72 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2
depth 0.3 m 20 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 150
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 3.848 20 9.50
2 B Straight bars upper 2 4.036 20 19.93086
3 C Bent 1 4.63 20 11.42
4 E stirrups 30 0.844 8 10.003
total 50.859
E 138
A 188 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.84

L Beam Lobby
Input Data Length 2.5 m Dia of bars Number of bars
width 0.25 m 16 2
depth 0.22 m 20 2
stirrups mm 8
Spacing(mm
) 150
Bar length Diameter Quantity=L*D2/16
Mark Bar Shape No. (m) (mm) 2 kg
1 A Straight bars 1 2.548 20 6.29
2 B Straight bars upper 2 2.656 20 13.11605
3 C Bent 1 3.29 20 8.13
4 E stirrups 20 0.684 8 5.404
total 32.944
E 138
A 108 No. of stirrups= Length/Spacing +1
Length of stirrups 0.68

Total steel required in beams 46.604 tons

148
Bar bending Schedule of Slabs

149
Bar Bending Schedule of Staircase

150
Bar Bending Schedule of Footing

151
Therefore Total Quantity of steel required in the 4 blocks = 228 tons

Total cost of steel = Rs. 9.12 lakhs

152
 References

 University Grants commission; Construction of hostels for colleges during the twelfth
plan (2012-2017).

 Model Building Bye-laws, Town & country Planning Organization, Ministry of urban
development, GOI.

 IS code 456-2000, Plain And Reinforced concrete code of Practice.

 IS code1893-1984, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

◦ Part I- General provisions and buildings.

 IS code 875-1987; Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake) for
Building and structures.

◦ Part 1-Dead Loads –Unit weights of Building Materials and stored Materials.

◦ Part II- Imposed Loads

153