Grammar Reference Starter Grammar revision

Reference
A PRESENT & PAST TENSES EXERCISES 1–9, PAGES 2–4

1 We use the present simple for: 6 We use the present perfect simple for:
• facts and states. • past actions or states that started in the past
My brother works in a bank. and continue in the present. We often use for
• habits and repeated actions. or since.
We often go swimming on Saturday mornings. They’ve lived in this town for six years.
• stative verbs. • past actions that have an effect in the present.
I don’t understand this homework. My phone battery has died. (So I can’t call you.)
2 We use the present continuous for: • experiences. We do not say when we had them.
• actions in progress at the moment. They’ve visited Spain.
We’re having lunch in a pizza restaurant. We use the past simple, not the present perfect
• temporary situations. to give details about an experience.
I’m staying with my grandparents for the summer. We’ve been to London. We went there last summer.
3 We use the past simple for: 7 We use the present perfect continuous for:
• completed actions in the past. • focusing on the duration of an action that
started in the past and continues in the present.
Dad drove to work this morning.
He’s been working on his history essay for hours.
• states in the past.
• an action that stopped recently and has an
We thought the film was excellent.
effect in the present.
• things that happened repeatedly in the past.
The children have been baking cakes.
She entered many cycling races when she
(There’s flour all over the kitchen worktop.)
was younger.
We use the present perfect simple, not the
4 We use the past continuous for:
continuous form, to say how many times an
• actions in progress at a specific time in action has been done or completed recently.
the past.
They have watched this film three times.
We were walking in the park at 10.30 a.m.
8 We use used to for:
• past actions which are interrupted by
• repeated actions in the past.
other actions.
He used to play computer games for hours.
She was running for the bus when she tripped
• past states which are not true now.
and cut her leg.
She used to hate eggs when she was younger.
5 We use the past perfect for:
9 We use would + infinitive for:
• an action that happened before another
action in the past. • repeated actions in the past, but not past states.
By the time she arrived, Paul had already left. On New Year’s Day, we would wrap up warm and
(First Paul left. Then she arrived.) go for a walk.
• an action or state before a specific past time:
It was midnight, and everyone had gone to bed.

B FUTURE FORMS EXERCISES 10 & 11, PAGE 4

1 We use will for: 2 We use be going to for:

• general facts about the future. • plans and intentions.
Sunrise will be at 6.13 a.m. tomorrow. I’m going to get a part-time job this summer.
• general predictions about the future. • predictions about the future based on evidence
I think the exhibition will be really interesting. we have now.
• promises, offers and warnings. Dan’s just crashed Mum’s car. She isn’t going to
Don’t worry. I won’t forget to call you tomorrow. be happy.
• decisions that you make as you are speaking.
You know what? I think I’ll come with you.

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 C PRESENT CONTINUOUS & PRESENT SIMPLE FOR FUTURE EXERCISE 12, PAGE 4

1 We use the present continuous for definite 2 We use the present simple for future events that
plans and arrangements in the future. are part of a timetable.
We’re meeting at the cinema at seven o’clock. Our train arrives at ten o’clock.
Be careful! We can use be going to + infinitive
or the present continuous to talk about plans.
I’m going to meet him later. (I plan to do this,
but I don’t know when.)
I’m meeting him at ten o’clock. (This is already
arranged.)

D FUTURE CONTINUOUS & FUTURE PERFECT

1 We use the future continuous for: 2 We use the future perfect for:
• actions or events that will be in progress in • actions or events that will be complete by a
the future. certain time in the future.
This time next week, I’ll be relaxing on a By the time you arrive, I’ll have finished my
beach. I can’t wait! homework.

E QUESTION FORMS EXERCISE 13, PAGE 4

1 Object questions ask about the object of an 3 We can create negative questions by using the
action. The verb is in the standard question negative form of an auxiliary or modal verb.
form: We use negative questions:
question word + auxiliary verb + subject + • when we want confirmation of what we are
main verb saying.
Where does Maria live? (She lives next door to me.) Isn’t that painting beautiful?
2 Subject questions ask about the person or thing • when we are surprised because something we
which does an action. The question word is the assumed was true might not be true.
subject of the question and the verb is not in Can’t you swim?
the standard question form. The word order is:
question word + verb
Who lives next door to you? (Maria lives next door
to me.)

Practice
PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE & PAST CONTINUOUS

1 Choose the correct options. 2 Complete the text with the past simple or past
I can’t talk now because I eat / ’m eating my dinner. continuous form of the verbs in the box.
1 It snows / It’s snowing at the moment. be beat focus grow up see start study
2 It snows / It’s snowing every year in Siberia.
3 Do you know / Are you knowing Jessica?
Penelope Cruz was (be) born in 1974 in Madrid, Spain.
4 Does it rain / Is it raining now? When she (1) …, she had no ambition to be an actor and
5 You can have the newspaper – I don’t read / ’m not (2) … on dance instead. She (3) … Pedro Almodóvar’s film
reading it. Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down! when she was a teenager, and
6 I don’t understand / ’m not understanding – could then she (4) … to take an interest in acting. While she
you speak more slowly? (5) … in high school, she attended casting calls, and got
her big break in 1989, when she (6) … 300 other girls to
win an audition at a talent agency.

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 PAST SIMPLE & PAST PERFECT 6 Write sentences using the prompts. Use the
present perfect simple or present perfect
3 Complete the second sentence using the past continuous.
simple and past perfect form of the verbs in the You look tired. you / play / football / all day?
first sentence.
You look tired – have you been playing football
We ate the cake. Mum came in. all day?
After we had eaten the cake, Mum came in. 1 Please can we stop and rest? we / walk / for
1 Alex ran past the goalkeeper. Then he scored a goal. hours.
After Alex … past the goalkeeper, he … a goal. 2 Eric is very excited. he / never / visit / Cyprus /
2 All the students arrived. Then the lesson began. before.
By the time the lesson … , all the students … . 3 you / see / Tom Cruise’s new film yet?
3 The bird saw the cat. Then the bird flew away. 4 Where’s the watch I lent you? what / you / do /
The bird … away because it … the cat. with it?
4 Stephen finished his popcorn. Then the film began. 5 Your face is red. what / you / do?
Stephen … his popcorn before the film … .
7 Complete the text with the correct form of
5 Liz broke her toe. Then she went to the hospital.
the verbs in brackets.
Liz … to the hospital because she … her toe.
Andrés Iniesta is (be) a Spanish footballer.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS
He usually (1) … (play) in midfield and he
(2) … (score) many goals for Barcelona since he
4 Order the words to form sentences.
(3) … (start) playing for them in 2002. Before that,
for / hours! / been / I’ve / waiting / three / over he (4) … (be) in the Barcelona Youth Academy.
I’ve been waiting for over three hours! Nowadays he regularly (5) … (make) a valuable
1 studying / you / How / here? / long / been / have contribution as part of the Spanish national team.
2 the / three / been / years. / has / Ethan / guitar /
learning / for PAST SIMPLE & PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
3 working / for / Olivia / long. / been / hasn’t / here
4 well / week. / I / been / haven’t / feeling / this 8 Complete the text with the past simple or
5 all / They’ve / playing / computer / on / day. / present perfect simple form of the verbs in
been / the brackets.

5 Correct the error in the sentences. One sentence Since the early 2000s, Spaniards have dominated
is correct. (dominate) a large number of sports –
I’ve working as a waitress for fifteen years. worked Fernando Alonso (1) … (win) two Formula One
1 Diana has forgot her homework. Championships in 2005 and 2006. The Spanish
2 I don’t want to come because I already saw that film. football team (2) … (be) successful in the 2010
World Cup, as well as the 2008 and 2012 UEFA
3 Cristina and Elena have just arrived home.
Cups. In tennis, Rafael Nadal (3) … (become) the
4 Alex has been losing his watch.
youngest player ever to win the four Grand
5 Pedro haven’t been bungee jumping before. Slam tournaments. All this sporting success
6 Did you eaten anything since yesterday? (4) … (have) a positive effect on young
Spanish people today, and they (5) … (never /
have) access to such excellent facilities and
training before.

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 USED TO & WOULD 4 I joined the company last June. By next June,
I will have worked / will be working here for a year.
9 Write sentences using the prompts and the 5 Every morning, Jane leaves the house at 8 a.m.,
correct form of used to or would + infinitive. Both and it takes her half an hour to cycle to work.
may be possible. Tomorrow at 8.10 a.m., she will have cycled /
Mr Patel / take / his dog / for / walk / every day. will be cycling to work.
Mr Patel used to / would take his dog for a walk 6 I won’t be here at 4 p.m. because I will be walking /
every day. will have walked the dog.
1 Every summer / Julia / go / holiday / Lanzarote. 7 In the future, do you think robots will be
2 Gonzalo / work / supermarket? performing / will have performed more and more
3 I / live / Greece / when / I / be / child. tasks for humans?
4 When / he / be / teenager, / he / not like / fruit. 8 Your train arrives at 11.30 a.m., but Jayne has
5 100 years ago / people / not have / televisions. planned to go cycling at 10 a.m. She will be
leaving / will have left by the time you get here.
6 you / play / street / when / you / be / young?
12 Complete the text with the verbs in the box,
FUTURE FORMS
using the present simple, present continuous or
WILL & BE GOING TO be going to + infinitive.

10 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box arrive go leave see show stay take
and will or be going to.
Hi Sam,
be drive miss call (x2) not rain watch
Guess what! I’m going to Rome tomorrow morning!
You’re late – we’re going to miss the start of the film. My plane (1) … at 10.15 and (2) … at 12.30. I (3) …
1 Sorry, I can’t come over tonight – I … a film with my Aunty Sofia, who lives near the city. She
with Jack. (4) … me the sights, and my cousin Thomas (5) … me
2 I’m sure it … on your wedding day! clubbing! I’ve already bought tickets for the opera,
too. We (6) … La Bohème on Tuesday evening. I’m so
3 Look at that clear sky – it … a beautiful day.
excited!
4 I’m leaving now – I … you home if you like.
Love,
5 ‘It’s Claire’s birthday today.’
Annie
‘Really? Oh, I … her then.’
6 ‘It’s Claire’s birthday today.’
QUESTION FORMS
‘Yes, I know. I … her later.’
13 Complete the sentences with the words and
FUTURE CONTINUOUS & FUTURE PERFECT
phrases in the box.
11 Choose the correct options. didn’t do how long play
My guitar lesson starts at 10 a.m. It’s half an hour playing weren’t when who
long, so by 10.35 a.m., it will have finished /
What video game were you playing last night?
will be finishing.
1 ‘What … you want?’ ‘I want a dog.’
1 Tomorrow morning, Tony is playing tennis
2 ‘… have you been a teacher?’ ‘For ten years.’
between 11 a.m. and 12 p.m. At 11.30 a.m. he
will have played / will be playing tennis. 3 … usually wins the football league?
2 I’m going to Portugal on Tuesday morning. 4 … you at school in Derby in 2018?
By Tuesday evening, I will have arrived / I remember you.
will be arrived in Portugal. 5 ‘What game do you … ?’ ‘Chess.’
3 I’m trying to save for my holiday, but I keep 6 ‘… did she leave?’ ‘She left late.’
spending all my money. By the time I go on 7 … they bring a present to the party? That’s bad!
holiday, I will have spent / will be spending all
my money.

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 Grammar Reference Unit 1 Reported speech

Reference
A TENSE CHANGES EXERCISES 1–3, PAGES 6 & 7

1 We use reported speech to express what another person has said.

In formal language we use that to begin the reported speech clause, but we often omit it in informal speech.
‘I have a headache,’ said the woman.  The woman said (that) she had a headache.
2 When we change direct speech into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it
one step further into the past.
‘The baby is sleeping.’  She said that the baby was sleeping.

Direct speech Reported speech

Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
Past simple Past perfect simple
Past perfect simple Past perfect simple
am / is / are going to was / were going to

We don’t change the past perfect simple in reported speech.

‘They had visited.’  He said that they had visited.
3 Most modal and semi-modal verbs (such as should, could, would, might) do not change tense in reported speech.
‘You could help him.’  She said that I could help him.
However, will, can and must all change in reported speech.

Direct speech Reported speech

will would
can could
must had to

‘I will buy it.’  She said that she would buy it.

OTHER CHANGES
4 When we change direct speech into reported speech, we must also change words which refer to
who the speaker is talking about. This includes both pronouns and possessive adjectives.
‘We have already eaten,’ he said.  He said that they had already eaten.
‘Our house is quite big,’ she said.  She said that their house was quite big.
We must also change words or expressions which relate to when the speaker is speaking.

Direct speech Reported speech

now then, at that time
today that day
tonight that night
this (morning / week / month / year) that (morning / week / month / year)
yesterday the day before
last (week / month / year) the (week / month / year) before
(two days / a year) ago (two days / a year) earlier
tomorrow the next / following day
next (week / month / year) the next / following (week / month / year)

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 B REPORTING VERBS & STRUCTURES EXERCISES 4–6, PAGE 7

Reporting verbs give more meaning to a reported 2 With the verbs tell (+ object), promise (+ object), say,
statement. We use different structures after announce, deny and admit, we use verb + that
them. Some verbs can be followed by more than + clause.
one structure. ‘I’ll call you.’  She told me that she would call me.
1 With the verbs offer, promise, agree, tell (+ object), ‘I like it.’  He said that he liked it.
ask (+ object), advise (+ object), order (+ object),
warn (+ object) and remind (+ object), we use verb + 3 Some verbs are followed by a preposition + verb
to + infinitive. For negative sentences, we use + -ing: apologize for, accuse (+ object) of, and
verb + not + to + infinitive. congratulate (+ object) on.
‘Shall I drive you?’  He offered to drive us. ‘I’m sorry I broke it.’  He apologized for breaking it.
‘Stay for dinner.’  She asked me to stay for dinner. ‘You stole it.’  He accused me of stealing it.
‘I wouldn’t drive if I were you.’  He advised me not 4 With the verb suggest, we use verb + -ing. We can
to drive. also use verb + -ing with admit and deny.
‘Don’t do it.’  He ordered me not to do it. ‘Let’s go to the park.’  He suggested going to
the park.
‘I didn’t tell Jan your secret!’  She denied telling
Jan my secret.

C REPORTED QUESTIONS EXERCISE 7, PAGE 7

1 Reported questions have a different word 2 If a direct question uses a question word, we repeat the
order from direct speech questions. The question word in the reported question.
verb is not in the standard question form. ‘What’s the time?’  She asked me what the time was.
• (question word +) auxiliary/modal verb 3 If a direct question doesn’t use a question word, we use
+ subject + main verb (direct speech) if or whether in the reported question instead.
‘Where are you going?’ she asked. ‘Are you happy?’ he asked her. 
• (question word +) + subject + verb He asked her if / whether she was happy.
(reported speech)
She asked me where I was going.

Practice 2 Correct the error in the second sentence of each pair.

One sentence is correct.
1 Read the article. Then complete the summary, Joe said, ‘I saw Ana yesterday.’
rewriting the bold verbs in reported speech. Joe said that he had seen Ana yesterday. the day before
A recent study by the Keck School of Medicine 1 Tom said, ‘I’m going to the cinema tonight.’
shows how teenagers who (1) see photographs Tom said that he had been going to the cinema
on social networking sites of their friends doing that night.
something dangerous (2) are more likely to try 2 My aunt said, ‘I’ll check my messages before we leave.’
it themselves. The study’s main investigator said, My aunt said that she would check my messages
‘Our study (3) shows that adolescents (4) can be before we left.
influenced by their friends’ online pictures.’ 3 ‘We must wait for your brother to arrive,’ said Mum.
I read an article that said that a recent study Mum said that we have to wait for my brother
showed how teenagers who (1) … photographs to arrive.
on social networking sites of their friends doing 4 ‘I didn’t see him yesterday,’ said Sarah.
something dangerous (2) … more likely to try it Sarah said that she haven’t seen him the day before.
themselves. The study’s main investigator said 5 ‘I hadn’t visited the site until today,’ said Stephen.
that their study (3) … that adolescents (4) … be Stephen said that he hadn’t visited the site until
influenced by their friends’ online pictures. that day.

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 3 Rewrite the sentences. Use reported speech. 5 Your teacher talked to you about staying safe on the
‘I check my Facebook page every ten minutes,’ internet. Rewrite what he said in reported speech.
Sarah said. ‘You must take internet safety seriously.’
Sarah said that she checked her Facebook page He ordered us to take internet safety seriously.
every ten minutes. 1 ‘Learn how to use the privacy features of any social
1 Lucy said, ‘I spoke to my friend on a video networking site that you use.’
call yesterday.’ He told us …
2 ‘I’ll take a photo of you,’ said Max to me. 2 ‘I’m happy to recommend some safe websites.’
3 ‘You must tell me if you change your email He offered …
address,’ said my mother. 3 ‘Never give any personal information about yourself such
4 ‘You’ve been online for too long, Peter,’ as your phone number, address or school.’
said Dad. He advised us …
5 ‘We’ve never used this website before,’ 4 ‘Some people lie about their identities online.’
they said. He accused some people of …
6 Stephanie said, ‘I’m going to look it up on 5 ‘I’ll help you to sort out any problems you have online.’
the internet to find out more.’
He promised …
4 Read the direct speech. Then choose the
6 Read the dialogue. Then complete the reported questions.
correct option in the reported speech.
‘Don’t do that again,’ said his teacher. Ana: Hey, Nat, what are you doing on here so late?
His teacher ordered / promised him not to do Nat: Just checking my messages. (1) Did you see where
it again. Marco checked in on Facebook?
1 ‘You’ve broken my phone, Marta,’ Ana: No, I didn’t. Where (2) is he?
said Manuel. Nat: He’s at the Pavello Olimpic de Badalona.
Manuel suggested / accused Marta of Ana: Really? What (3) ’s he doing there?
breaking his phone. Nat: He’s going to the concert tonight! (4) Did you know
2 Miriam said, ‘I’ll take a photo of you.’ he was going?
Miriam offered / apologized to take a photo Ana: No, I didn’t! Why (5) didn’t he tell us?
of them. Nat: I don’t know. We’ll have to ask him tomorrow!
3 ‘I don’t think it’s a good idea to use your
real name online,’ he said. Ana asked Nat what he was doing on there so late.
He advised / asked her not to use her real 1 Nat asked Ana if … where Marco had checked in on
name online. Facebook.
4 ‘I’m sorry I didn’t call you,’ said Claudia. 2 Ana asked Nat where … .
Claudia ordered / apologized for not 3 Ana asked Nat what … there.
calling me. 4 Nat asked Ana whether … that he was going to
5 ‘The test has been cancelled,’ said the concert.
the teacher. 5 Ana asked Nat why … them.
The teacher announced / suggested that
7 Write reported questions for these answers.
the test had been cancelled.
Beatriz told Silvia, ‘I’m eating my dinner now.’
6 ‘I didn’t know that he was a member,’
said Stella. Silvia asked Beatriz what she was doing at that time.
Stella denied / promised knowing that he 1 ‘My birthday is on 16 July,’ Harriet told Alex.
was a member. 2 ‘I’m crying because I’m cutting an onion,’ Lucy told Joe.
3 ‘The tall boy is my brother,’ Victor told Raul.
4 ‘Yes, I like carrots,’ Julia told Ruben.
5 ‘I had a sandwich for lunch,’ Tomas told Sonia.
6 ‘No, I’m not a member of friends.com,’ Caroline told Fran.

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 Grammar Reference Unit 2 Relative clauses

Reference
A RELATIVE PRONOUNS & ADVERBS EXERCISES 1 & 2, PAGE 9

We use relative pronouns and adverbs to add • We use which or that to refer to things.
a relative clause to a sentence. I only watch sports which / that interest me.
• We use who or that to refer to people. • We use where to refer to places.
The player who / that scored the goal is happy. This is the gym where he used to exercise.
• We use whose to express possession. • We use when to refer to time.
That’s the man whose racket I borrowed. October is the month when I start university.

B DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES EXERCISES 3 & 4, PAGE 9

1 Defining relative clauses give essential 3 Non-defining relative clauses give extra, non-
information about the noun they follow. essential information about the noun they follow.
Without the relative clause, the sentence would be If we remove the relative clause, the sentence still
incomplete and would not make sense. Compare: makes sense. Compare:
That’s the athlete. World Cup tickets are on sale now.
That’s the athlete who won the gold medal. World Cup tickets, which cost €200, are on sale now.
2 We can omit who, when, where, which or that if 4 We always use commas to separate a non-
it is the object of a defining relative clause, but defining clause from the rest of the sentence.
we cannot omit whose. This is very common in We cannot omit who, which, when or where from
spoken English. a non-defining relative clause, nor can we start
These are the trainers (which / that) he wore when one with that.
he broke the world record. His football kit, which his dad bought, was expensive.

C THAT, WHICH & WHAT EXERCISES 5 & 6, PAGE 9

1 We can create defining relative clauses with the 2 We use which in non-defining relative clauses to
following structures + that: refer to a whole clause.
• all + that We won the match today, which was exciting.
All that he wants is to win this race. 3 We can use what to mean the thing that.
• everything, something, anything, nothing + that I couldn’t believe what he was saying.
Don’t believe everything that you read.
• superlatives + that
Do the best that you can.

D RELATIVE CLAUSES IN FORMAL STYLE EXERCISE 7, PAGE 9

1 In informal style, prepositions in relative clauses 2 In formal style, prepositions in relative clauses go
go after the verb. before which and whom.
Use the kit (which / that) you’ve been provided Please use the kit with which you have been provided.
with. Jesse Owens is the athlete about whom we heard in class.
Jesse Owens is the athlete (who / that) we heard 3 In formal style, we can also use whom instead of who
about in class. to refer to the object of a relative clause.
Pele, whom I never saw playing, was one of the greatest
football players in the world.

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 Practice
1 Choose the correct options. 5 Complete the sentences with that,
The hospital who / where I was born no longer exists. which or what. Write the pronoun in
1 The students where / who passed their exams celebrated. brackets if it can be omitted.
2 The man who’s / whose laptop was stolen called the police. Yoga is something (that) I do every day.
3 Football is a sport that / where many people enjoy. 1 I did a ten-kilometre run yesterday, …
4 18 June is when / that I had my first karate lesson. was tiring.
5 This is the swimming pool that / where I go every week. 2 Kate is the girl … we were talking
about yesterday.
2 Complete the text with relative pronouns or adverbs. 3 Let me see … you bought at the
shops today.
The 1980s and 1990s were times when teenagers regularly used 4 This is the hardest workout … I have
to win men’s tennis Grand Slams. Paris was the place (1) … the ever done.
youngest man ever won a Grand Slam – Michael Chang won 5 Do you remember … the teacher
the French Open, aged seventeen, in 1989. Today, however, the told you to do?
game is dominated by men in their 30s, such as Novak Djokovic,
(2) … experience and strength are too much for younger players. 6 Correct the error in the sentences.
Boris Becker, (3) … was only seventeen when he first won One sentence is correct. In which
Wimbledon, thinks this is caused by poor coaching. Others sentences can the pronoun
believe it is due to the increased physical requirements of the be omitted?
game today, (4) … mean that men have to train for years to Is there anything what I can do for you?
become strong enough to compete. that
1 This is the football what I used when
3 Add commas to the sentences where necessary. Cross out I was a child.
the relative pronoun if it can be omitted. 2 I go running three times a week, that
Tom’s friend, who lives in Dubai, is an architect. keeps me fit.
1 That’s the bike that my parents bought me last week. 3 Here’s something what you can wear
2 The race which is five kilometres long is in London. if you get cold.
3 Usain Bolt who is the fastest man in the world ran in the 4 I didn’t hear that he said.
London Olympics. 5 This is the highest mountain which
4 My little sister was born on 7 November which is also he has ever climbed.
my birthday.
7 Join the sentences in two ways
5 We met him on Sunday when we were visiting friends.
(informal and formal) using
4 Complete the second sentence with a defining or non- relative pronouns.
defining relative clause. Add commas where necessary. This is the event. We’ve been preparing
Isa lives in New York. She went to see the US Open final. for it all year.
Isa, who lives in New York, went to see the US Open final. Informal: This is the event (which / that)
we’ve been preparing for all year.
1 Miguel is very tall. He’s good at basketball.
Formal: This is the event for which we
Miguel … is good at basketball.
have been preparing all year.
2 Sam is a footballer. He scored the most goals last year.
1 These are the main problems.
Sam is the footballer … last year.
We need to concentrate on them.
3 Rafael Nadal comes from Majorca. He’s won twenty-two
a Informal: These are the main
Grand Slam titles.
problems …
Rafael Nadal … has won twenty-two Grand Slam titles.
b Formal: These are the main
4 The Thames is a river in London. A famous boat race is held problems …
there every year.
2 Seville is the city. We were talking
The Thames is the river in London … is held there every year. about it yesterday.
5 This is my tennis racket. I used it when I won the final. a Informal: Seville is the city …
This is the tennis racket … the final. b Formal: Seville is the city …

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 Grammar
GrammarReference
ReferenceUnit
Unit3 3The
Thepassive
passiveand
andthe
the
causative
causative

Reference
A ACTIVE & PASSIVE FORMS EXERCISES 1–3, PAGES 11 & 12

1 We form the passive voice with be + past 4 We use the passive to emphasize the action
participle. We use be in the same tense that we (the verb) rather than who or what (the
would use in the active sentence. agent) did the action. Compare:
Consumers buy many products online. (Active)  I bought a new phone last week. (Active: It is
Many products are bought online by consumers. important to say who bought it: I bought it.)
(Passive) Thousands of new phones are bought every day.
2 The present simple passive is formed as follows: (Passive: It isn’t important to say who buys new
phones:; it is obvious that people buy them.)
Affirmative / Negative / Question 5 In active sentences, the subject of the verb is
I am (’m) also the agent (the person doing the action).
You / We / They are (’re) past participle When we change an active sentence into the
He / She / It is (’s) passive, the object of the active sentence
becomes the subject. We add by + agent if we
I am not (’m not)
want to say who is doing the action.
You / We / They are not (aren’t) past participle
He / She / It is not (isn’t)
active  passive
Am I
Are you / we / they past participle ? Dior designed this coat.
Is he / she / it subject (agent) verb (active) object

3 When we form the passive in other tenses,

we use be in the same tense as we would in
the active sentence: This coat was designed by Dior.
subject verb (passive) by + agent
Active Passive
Present continuous We can omit by + agent from a passive sentence:
am / is / are eating am / is / are being eaten • when the agent is unknown.
Present perfect My bag has been stolen. (I don’t know who
has / have eaten has / have been eaten stole it.)
Past simple • when the agent is obvious or not important.
ate was / were eaten The thief was arrested. (The agent – the police –
is obvious.)
Past perfect simple
had eaten had been eaten • if we do not want to name the agent.
The mirror was broken while we were moving it.
will
will eat will be eaten (We don’t want to say who broke it.)
It’s not always possible to omit by + agent.
be going to
Some sentences need an agent because it
am / is / are going am / is / are going to be
gives important information.
to eat eaten
The book was written by Charles Dickens.
Modal verbs
can / must / should eat can / must / should be eaten

See Irregular verbs list on pages 125–126

of the Student’s Book

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 B SENTENCES WITH TWO OBJECTS EXERCISES 4 & 5, PAGE 12

Some verbs, such as give, sell, bring can have two subject verb direct indirect
objects in an active sentence: a direct object (the object object
thing which is given, sold, brought) and an indirect
Active They gave the present to Sophia.
object (the person who the object is given, sold
or brought to). Either the direct object or the Passive The present was given to Sophia.
indirect object can become the subject of a passive
sentence. In the passive, we use to + indirect object subject verb indirect direct
after the verb. object object
Active They gave Sophia the present.
Passive Sophia was given the present.

C IMPERSONAL & INFINITIVE FORMS EXERCISES 6 & 7, PAGE 12

1 News reports often use the following passive 2 We can also use perfect and continuous infinitives,
constructions with the verbs believe, consider, depending on the action.
think, rumour, report, say: They say that she is writing another book. 
Active: People think that the review is a fake. She is said to be writing another book.
Passive: It + be + past participle + that clause They say that she wrote her first book when she was
It is thought that the review is a fake. sixteen.  She is said to have written her first book
Passive: Subject + be + past participle + to when she was sixteen.
infinitive + rest of the sentence They say that she has written a book about her
The review is thought to be a fake. experiences.  She is said to have written a book
about her experiences.
They say she was writing a book when she died. 
She is said to have been writing a book when she died.

D THE CAUSATIVE EXERCISES 8 & 9, PAGE 12

1 We use have or get + object + past participle 2 We use have + object + past participle when a
when a person does a task for us. person does something bad to us.
I have / get my grocery shopping delivered. I’ve had my Facebook account hacked.

Practice
1 Complete the second text with the verbs in the correct passive forms.

Helping homeless teens Helping homeless teens

There are about 1,100 homeless teenagers who High schools in Clark County, Nevada (1) … by about
(1) attend high schools in Clark County, Nevada. 1,100 homeless teenagers. Homeless young people
Project 150 is an organization that (2) is helping (2) … by an organization called Project 150. Every
homeless young people. Every August, they (3) hold August, a Back-to-School Teen Shopping Day (3) …
a Back-to-School Teen Shopping Day. Organizers . A room (4) … with a wide range of clothes, which
(4) set up a room with a wide range of clothes, (5) … by the local community. Teenagers (6) … a bag
which the local community (5) have donated. They when they walk in and they (7) … to take whatever
(6) give teenagers a bag when they walk in and they they need.
(7) tell them to take whatever they need.

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 2 Write passive sentences using the prompts. 5 Rewrite the sentences in the passive in two
Omit by + agent if it is not necessary. different ways. Omit the agent.
more than / 500 books / buy / people / yesterday. He gave a €20 note to the shop assistant.
More than 500 books were bought yesterday. The shop assistant was given a €20 note.
1 the shoplifter / arrest / someone / this morning. A €20 note was given to the shop assistant.
2 shoppers / offer / discounts / someone / 1 They showed the dress to the girl.
next week. 2 Someone gave some money to Naomi.
3 the ring / steal / someone / from / the shop / 3 The shop offered me a refund.
last week. 4 Someone has sent a letter to Simone.
4 the new shopping centre / open / mayor /
tomorrow? 6 Order the words to form sentences.
5 this shirt / wear / Mohamed Salah / next season? rumoured / there / It / be / is / problems. / that / will
It is rumoured that there will be problems.
3 Correct five more errors in the use of passives in
1 reported / away. / Consumers / staying / be /
this text.
are / to
spent 2 cheaper. / online / believed / It / that / is / are / sales
More time is spending by Americans in shopping
malls than anywhere else (except home and work). 3 rumoured / be / The / fake. / watches / to / are
The largest mall in the USA was been opened in 4 are / that / It / satisfied. / is / customers / thought
1992 in Minnesota.
7 Rewrite the sentences using impersonal and
• More than 500 stores, 50 restaurants, fourteen
infinitive passive forms.
cinema screens and an amusement park have
found there. They think that recycling is a good idea.
• It is visit by over 40 million people each year. It is thought that recycling is a good idea.
• More than 5,000 weddings have being performed Recycling is thought to be a good idea.
there. 1 They report that organic items are popular.
• Over 400 other events are being held inside the 2 They think that a personal shopper is a luxury.
mall every year. 3 They think that buying items from this website
is risky.
4 Write passive sentences. 4 They believe that this shopkeeper is dishonest.
He told the children the truth.
8 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
a The children were told the truth. the verbs in the box.
b The truth was told to the children.
break into deliver fix paint refund smash
1 He gave the waiter a tip.
a A tip … I’m going to get my car fixed tomorrow.
b The waiter … 1 They’re having their new sofa … today.
2 Someone passed the ball to Ramirez. 2 Carlos had his car … last night and the stereo
a Ramirez … was stolen.
b The ball … 3 Rita got her bedroom … purple last month.
3 Someone sent three texts to Mario. 4 My neighbours had their window … with a brick.
a Mario … 5 Rachel had her money … by the bank.
b Three texts … 9 Correct the error in the sentences. One sentence
4 He brought us the bill. is correct.
a The bill … I got my house burgled yesterday. had
b We … 1 They had a photo taking yesterday.
5 She taught them French. 2 I had my leg been bitten by a dog.
a French … 3 Theo always has his hair cut by his mother.
b They … 4 Sandra got her purse stolen in the city centre.
5 The shoppers had their bags pack.

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 Grammar
GrammarReference
ReferenceUnit
Unit4 4Conditionals,
Conditionals,wishes
wishes&&
regrets
regrets

Reference
A CONDITIONALS & MODALS
We can use modals instead of will in the result clause
of a first conditional sentence:
EXERCISES 1–4, PAGE 15
• to show possibility.
1 Conditional sentences have two clauses: If you vote for him, he may / might win the election.
a conditional clause (which starts with if) and • to show permission.
a result clause. If you fill out the form, you can vote immediately.
2 We can change the order of the two clauses, but • to show obligation.
when the conditional clause comes first, we follow If you agree with his policies, you must vote for him.
it with a comma. • to make a suggestion.
If you’re interested in politics, you should vote.
Conditional clause Result clause
Second conditional
If the train times change, I’ll text you.
if + past simple, would + infinitive
Result clause Conditional clause
would + infinitive if + past simple
I’ll text you if the train times change.
If I had a lot of money, I’d set up a charity.
3 There are several types of conditionals, which I’d set up a charity if I had a lot of money.
vary according to the degree of probability We use the second conditional:
they express. • to discuss imaginary situations in the present.
Zero conditional If I was the president, I would make the country a
better place for all its citizens.
if + present simple, present simple • to discuss imaginary or improbable events in
present simple if + present simple the future.
I’d study economics if I went to Harvard University.
If it rains, the ground gets wet. We can use were instead of was with I, he, she and
The ground gets wet if it rains. it in the conditional clause. We use if I were you to
We use the zero conditional when a result give advice.
always happens. I wouldn’t do that if I were you.
If people eat unhealthy food, they become overweight. We can use modals instead of would in the result
clause of a second conditional sentence:
First conditional
• to show ability.
if + present simple, will + infinitive If he had time, he could help in the community.
will + infinitive if + present simple • to show possibility.
If he won €1 million, he might give it all to charity.
If you do the race, I’ll sponsor you. We can use could in the conditional clause of a
I’ll sponsor you if you do the race. second conditional sentence:
We use the first conditional: • to show ability.
• to discuss possible or probable future events. If I could speak Mandarin, I would help at the
If we all take part in the protest, we’ll make community centre.
a difference. • to show possibility.
• to make promises and give warnings. If you could have any job, what would you do?
You won’t make a difference if you don’t take • to give permission.
part in the protest. If we could wear our own clothes, then we would be
We can’t use will in the conditional clause. happy to come to school.

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 Third conditional B AS LONG AS, EVEN IF, PROVIDED THAT, UNLESS
if + past perfect, would have + past EXERCISES 5 & 6, PAGE 16
participle
1 Conditional clauses usually start with if. In some
would have + past if + past perfect
situations we can replace if with unless, provided
participle
that or as long as.
2 We can use unless to mean if … not. Compare:
If you had applied, you would have got an interview.
We’ll be late if we don’t leave now.
You would have got an interview if you had applied.
We’ll be late unless we leave now.
We use the third conditional to discuss hypothetical
past events (which didn’t happen). 3 We can use even if instead of if to show that the
result will not be affected by the condition.
We wouldn’t have missed the bus if we’d got up early.
Compare:
(We didn’t get up early, so we missed the bus.)
The workers won’t strike if their wages are increased.
We can use modals in the result clause of a third
(The workers will strike, but if their wages are
conditional sentence:
increased, they won’t strike.)
• to show ability.
The workers will strike even if their wages are
If I had posted my form in time, I could have voted increased. (The workers will strike if their wages are
in the election. increased and if their wages are not increased.)
• to show possibility. 4 We can use provided that or as long as (usually in
If they had known about the election, they might first conditional sentences) to mean but only if.
have voted. Compare:
We can use could + perfect infinitive in the Crime levels will continue to fall, but only if we keep
conditional clause of a third conditional sentence to the same number of police officers.
show ability. Crime levels will continue to fall as long as we keep
If he could have voted, he would have done. the same number of police officers.
Crime levels will continue to fall provided that we
keep the same number of police officers.

C MIXED CONDITIONALS
EXERCISES 7 & 8, PAGE 16

We can use mixed conditionals:

• to imagine how a change in the past would have a
result in the present.
Form: if + past perfect, would + infinitive
If I had finished all of my homework last night,
I would be able to go to the cinema now.
• to imagine how a different situation in the present
would mean that the past was different too.
Form: if + past simple, would have + past participle
If I didn’t like pizza, I wouldn’t have gone to the
Italian restaurant yesterday.

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 D WISHES & REGRETS
• to talk about a past situation that you regret.
EXERCISES 9 & 10, PAGE 16 Form: I wish / If only + past perfect
If only I had known you needed help.
We use I wish and If only in a number of ways: (I didn’t know you needed help.)
• to talk about a present situation that you regret • to talk about a present situation that you are
or dislike. annoyed about and want to stop.
Form: I wish / If only + past simple Form: I wish / If only + would + infinitive
I wish I had more friends. I wish he would stop making that noise!
(I don’t have a lot of friends.) (He’s making a noise, and I want him to stop.)

Practice
1 Order the words to form sentences, adding 3 Complete the second sentence so that it means
punctuation where necessary. Then write which the same as the first sentence.
conditional form is used in each sentence. The jury didn’t find him guilty because there wasn’t
millionaire / donate / charity / If / I / I / to / would / enough convincing evidence.
was / a / $500,000 If there had been enough convincing evidence, the jury
If I was a millionaire, I would donate $500,000 to charity. would have found him guilty.
Second conditional 1 I haven’t got enough time to learn Spanish.
1 football. / it / If / play / I / rains / won’t If I …
2 overslept / have / If / would / him. / hadn’t / you / 2 A fire burns wood.
you / seen If you put …
3 If / babies / cry. / they / hungry / are 3 Icy roads are the only thing that will stop us from
4 me / would / If / had / you / come. / I / invited / have making the journey tomorrow.
If the …
2 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of 4 The dog might be hungry later. Will you feed her?
the verbs in brackets.
Will you …
If you had brought your umbrella, you wouldn’t have
5 John broke the law, so he went to prison.
got (get) wet.
If John …
1 If the police had had more money, they … (put)
more officers on the street. 4 Choose the correct options.
2 I’ll call you if I … (get) lost.
3 … you … (go) fishing if it rains? Have you ever imagined what it would be like if you
4 If you won the lottery, what … you … (do)? must / could alter the past and change the course of
history? If you’re interested in this subject, then you
5 If you leave ice in the sun, it … (melt).
(1) might / should read Making History by Stephen
Fry – he imagines what (2) might / should have
happened in a world where Adolf Hitler had never
been born. He showed that if Hitler hadn’t been in
power, another ruthless leader (3) can / could have
emerged in his place. If this alternative leader had
been more effective than Hitler, then Germany
(4) could / couldn’t have developed nuclear bombs.
What’s more, if Germany had had nuclear bombs,
then they (5) had to / might have been able to destroy
the Soviet Union and dominate Europe. If you
(6) could / must change the course of history, would
you do it?

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 5 Choose the correct options. 8 Complete the mixed conditional sentences with the
John wouldn’t vote unless / provided that he was correct form of the verbs.
required to by law. If Sarah enjoyed (enjoy) studying biology, she would have
1 There shouldn’t be any trouble even if / got (get) better results in her exam.
provided that the protesters don’t break any 1 If we … (not argue) yesterday, we … (still / be) friends.
laws. 2 I … (be) relaxing on the beach now if I … (not miss)
2 The area will continue to be dangerous if / even my flight.
if CCTV cameras are installed. 3 Tobias … (chat) to my cousins at the party yesterday
3 The problem won’t be solved unless / if the if he … (speak) French.
community doesn’t do something to help.
4 The mayor will stand for re-election as long as / 9 Match 1–4 with A–E.
even if we all support him. I wish we could … B
1 I wish she would … A fly like a bird.
6 Rewrite the sentences using the phrases 2 I wish I could … B go on holiday together.
in bold.
3 I wish I hadn’t … C eaten all that cake.
He’ll come to the party, but only if Sandra invites 4 I wish it wouldn’t … D rain all day.
him. (as long as)
E be quiet and go to sleep.
He’ll come to the party as long as Sandra invites him.
1 Rafaella is determined to join the club. 10 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
It doesn’t matter if her parents don’t approve. similar meaning to the first sentence. Use four or
(even if) five words, including wish.
2 We won’t be able to take part in the I can’t play the cello. I wish I could play the cello.
demonstration if we don’t leave immediately. 1 I should never have shouted at Oscar.
(unless) I … at Oscar.
3 They’ll stay in the caravan as long as there is 2 Cara misses her fiancé.
electricity. (provided that) Cara … here.
4 The judge won’t give him a fine if he agrees to 3 Hassan can’t speak French. He really wants to.
do community service. (as long as) Hassan … French.
4 Hannah feels really bad about lying to her friend.
7 Complete the second sentence so that it
means the same as the first. Use a modal verb. Hannah … to her friend.
5 My neighbour is making a noise and I can’t sleep.
It’s possible that I would join a gym if I had
more money. I … quiet.
If I had more money, I might join a gym.
1 It’s possible that he’ll take a gap year if he
doesn’t get into college.
If he doesn’t get into college, he … a gap year.
2 It would be a good idea to study biology if you
want to become a doctor.
If you want to become a doctor, you … biology.
3 I can’t sing, so I can’t join my local choir.
If I … sing, I would join my local choir.
4 If they had known you were ill, it’s possible
that they wouldn’t have come.
If they had known you were ill, they … .
5 If you live in this country, it’s the law to pay
taxes.
If you live in this country, you … taxes.

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 Grammar Reference Unit 5 Modal verbs

Reference
A FUNCTIONS OF MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 1, PAGE 19

1 We use modal verbs with a main verb to add extra meaning, e.g. ability, permission,
prohibition, obligation, lack of obligation, advice, possibility, deduction.
2 Modal verbs share the following characteristics: Affirmative / Negative / Question
• We use an infinitive without to after most
I / You / He / She / It /
modal verbs. modal verb infinitive
We / They
She should learn Greek.
I / You / He / She / It / modal verb +
• Modals do not take -s in the third person. infinitive
We / They not (n’t)
I can play the drums. He can play the drums, too.
I / you / he /
• We do not use the auxiliary do / does to form
Modal verb she / it / we / infinitive ?
negatives, questions or short answers.
they
She shouldn’t wear that skirt.
Can I speak now? I can sing. I mustn’t sing. Should you sing?
• We can use short forms in the negative.
They should not visit.  They shouldn’t visit.
3 Have to and need to are semi modals: they have Affirmative / Negative / Question
the function of a modal verb, but form the
negative and question like standard verbs. I / You / We / They have
to infinitive
He / She / It has
I / You / We / They don’t
have to infinitive
He / She / It doesn’t
Do I / you /
we / they
have to infinitive?
Does he /
she / it

He has to go. He doesn’t have to go. Does he have to go?

B ABILITY, PERMISSION & PROHIBITION EXERCISE 2, PAGE 19

1 We use can and be able to to talk about general 4 We use couldn’t when we weren’t able to do
ability. The negatives are can’t and not be able to / something general or specific in the past.
be unable to. I couldn’t ride a bike when I was younger.
I can ride a bike. / I can’t ride a bike. I couldn’t get hold of the new handbag by Dior.
I’m able to attend the fashion show. / I’m not able to 5 We use can and be allowed to to talk about
attend the fashion show. permission.
2 We use could to talk about general ability in the past. We can wear whatever we like to the party.
I could ride a bike when I was a child. The children are allowed to eat chocolate today.
3 We use was / were able to and managed to when we 6 We use mustn’t or can’t to talk about prohibition.
were able to do something specific in the past. The You mustn’t wear trainers in this restaurant.
negative forms are wasn’t / weren’t able to and didn’t Students can’t borrow more than four books at
manage to. a time.
He was finally able to get to the next level. /
He wasn’t able to get to the next level.
I managed to get hold of the new bag by Dior. /
I didn’t manage to get hold of the new bag by Dior.

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 C OBLIGATION & LACK OF OBLIGATION EXERCISE 3, PAGE 19

1 In affirmative sentences, we can use must, 2 In negative sentences, we use don’t need to /
need to and have to to talk about obligation. needn’t and don’t have to when there is no
We must take our passports. obligation.
You need to have this vaccination. We don’t need to / needn’t buy a ticket.
We have to wear smart clothes. You don’t have to wear trainers.

D ADVICE EXERCISE 4, PAGE 19

1 We use should, ought to to give advice. 3 We can also use had better (not). It implies negative
You should go to that meeting. consequences if the advice is not followed.
You shouldn’t wear that dress. They’d better wear a coat or they’ll be cold.
2 Ought to is more formal than should. You’d better not be late or you’ll miss your exam.
He ought to think about retiring.
They ought not to behave like that.

E POSSIBILITY EXERCISES 5 & 6, PAGE 19

1 We can use may, might or could to talk 2 We can use may not or might not in the negative.
about possibility. I may not wear that purple dress.
I may wear that purple dress. He might not study fashion.
He might study fashion.
It could be fun.

F DEDUCTION: PAST & PRESENT EXERCISES 5 AND 6, PAGE 19

1 We use must / can’t / may (not ) / might (not) / 2 We use must / can’t / may (not ) / might (not) /
could + infinitive (without to) to make deductions could + have + past participle to make deductions
about things in the present. about things in the past.
We use must when we are sure that something He must have been sad when he heard the news.
is true. I reminded her about the appointment this morning.
It must be time for dinner because I’m hungry. She can’t have forgotten about it!
We use can’t when we are sure that something They weren’t at home last night. They may /
isn’t true. might / could have gone to see their grandparents.
That can’t be the end already!
We use may (not), might (not) or could when it is
possible that something is or is not true.
Jon is late. He might still be at work.

G OTHER MODAL PERFECTS EXERCISES 5 AND 6, PAGE 19

1 We can use could have + past participle 2 We can use should / shouldn’t have + past
when something was possible in the past, but participle to say that something happened or
didn’t happen. didn’t happen, and we think it was a bad idea or
I went to the party alone. You could have come regret it.
with me. You should have studied for the test.
We can use couldn’t have + past participle when I shouldn’t have stolen the money.
something wasn’t possible in the past.
I couldn’t have come to the party with you. I was ill.

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 Practice
1 Choose the correct options. 4 Complete the text with the verbs in the box and
should or shouldn’t.
Fashion blog
find ignore make seize take undersell
Don’t know what clothes you should / needn’t be
wearing this season? You (1) must / needn’t worry The craze for colourful satchels
because we (2) don’t have to / can give you lots
of ideas … Successful businesswoman Julie Deane of
• Burgundy (3) might / managed to be this season’s Cambridge Satchels has some words of advice for
must-have colour because it was all over the young entrepreneurs:
catwalks at Paris and London Fashion Weeks. • you should seize any opportunities that come
• You (4) ’d better / mustn’t start growing your hair your way.
because it looks as though hippie style (5) could / • you (1) … risks.
can’t be back! You (6) mustn’t / ought to look out • you (2) … the most of the opportunities to market
for long, floral skirts and flared trousers. online.
• Remember that you (7) must / don’t have to • you (3) … your customers. Get to know your
spend a fortune to look great – you (8) should / audience really well so that you can meet their
shouldn’t look in second-hand shops because you needs.
(9) ’d better / may find amazing vintage items for • you (4) … your product.
low prices. • you (5) … partners who you can work with to
enhance your brand.
2 Complete the sentences with the phrases in
the box. 5 Complete the sentences with may, might, could,
can’t come couldn’t speak managed to find must or can’t.
mustn’t use ’re allowed to spend was able to buy We may come to the party – we’re not sure yet.
1 That … be Kiera’s brother because he looks just
You can’t come into this restaurant without a tie.
like her.
1 I … those new shoes I wanted.
2 I don’t know where Leo is – he … be in the garden.
2 We … our money on whatever we like.
3 He’s just finished the marathon – he … be feeling
3 She … French at all when she arrived here.
tired, but very proud.
4 You … my lipstick again.
4 Rob’s been fired from his job? That … be right
5 I … my keys after hunting for three hours. because he’s just got a promotion and a pay rise.
3 Rewrite the school rules, using appropriate 6 Complete the second sentence so that it
modal verbs. means the same as the first sentence, using an
It’s necessary for students to wear school uniform at appropriate modal perfect.
all times. I’m sure that her jeans were really expensive.
Students must wear school uniform at all times. Her jeans must have been really expensive.
1 Year 10 students are obliged to take exams 1 It’s possible that he won the award last night.
every term.
He … the award last night.
2 Year 8 students are obliged to be at school
2 It was a bad idea for her to stay up all night
by 7.45.
studying.
3 Students are not obliged to eat in the
She … up all night studying.
school canteen.
3 There’s absolutely no way that he enjoyed
4 Bachillerato students are not obliged to study art.
that film.
He … that film.
4 It was a mistake that I didn’t eat breakfast.
I … breakfast.
5 We’ve definitely missed the train by now.
We … the train by now.

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 Grammar Reference Unit 6 Verb structures

Reference
A GERUNDS & INFINITIVES EXERCISES 1 & 2, PAGE 21

1 We use gerunds: 2 We use to + infinitive:

• as the subject or object of a verb. • after adjectives.
Reading is a great way to relax. I’m very sad to leave you.
• after prepositions. • to give a reason or show purpose.
Shakespeare is famous for writing plays and poetry. He went to the shops to buy a coat.
• after be / get used to.
I’m used to driving long distances.
You’ll soon get used to speaking French.

B VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE EXERCISES 1 & 2, PAGE 21

1 When we use two verbs together, the second 3 Some verbs (e.g. begin, hate, like, love, prefer,
verb will be either a gerund or an infinitive. start) can be followed by a gerund or to +
They enjoy playing tennis. (verb + gerund) infinitive with no change in meaning.
They want to play tennis. (verb + to infinitive) I love playing the violin. / I love to play the violin.
These are some common verbs that are followed 4 However, there are some verbs, such as forget,
by a gerund. (We form the negative by adding go on, mean, regret, remember, stop and try,
not to the first verb.) which can be followed either by a gerund or to +
infinitive, but with different meanings. Compare:
admit avoid can’t help can’t stand consider
remember + to infinitive = not forget
deny discuss dislike don’t mind enjoy
feel like finish give up imagine involve keep I must remember to buy a card for Harriet.
miss recommend suggest remember + gerund = have a memory of
something
I can’t help watching this show.
I remember buying a card for Harriet last year.
He didn’t finish tidying his bedroom.
2 These are some common verbs that take to +
infinitive. (We form the negative by putting not
before to + infinitive.)
afford agree appear arrange attempt
choose decide demand deserve expect fail
help hesitate hope intend learn manage
mean need offer prepare pretend promise
refuse seem threaten want wish
would hate would like would love would prefer

I refuse to give up hope.

She didn’t want to leave her job.

C VERB + OBJECT + TO + INFINITIVE EXERCISES 3 & 4, PAGE 21

1 These verbs are followed by object + to infinitive: 2 These verbs can be followed either by to +
infinitive or by object + to + infinitive:
advise ask beg dare enable force invite
order persuade remind teach tell warn expect help want would hate would like
would love would prefer
He reminded me to pay.
They forced him to go. I would love to come to the party.
I would love you to come to the party.

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 D PARTICIPLE CLAUSES EXERCISES 5 & 6, PAGE 21

Present participle: e.g. walking, going

Past participle: e.g. walked, gone
Perfect participle: e.g. having walked, having gone
1 We can use participle clauses to describe two 3 We can use a past participle clause to describe a
actions that have the same subject. They use passive action together with another action.
fewer words to express the same idea in two Brought up in the countryside, he wasn’t used to life in
separate clauses. a city. (He was brought up in the countryside, so he
She was crying when she left the room.  Crying, wasn’t used to life in a city.)
she left the room. 4 We can use a perfect participle clause to describe
He felt scared, so he ran as fast as he could.  an action that happens before another.
Feeling scared, he ran as fast as he could. Having made her first great scientific discovery, she
2 We can use a present participle clause to say was offered a position at a leading British university.
that two things happened at the same time, or (First she made a great scientific discovery. Then
that one happens because of the other. she was offered a position at a leading British
Walking up the stairs, he tripped. (While he was university.)
walking up the stairs, he tripped.) 5 We can use a present participle clause with verbs of
Knowing how you felt about the subject, I didn’t perception such as see, watch, hear, feel and notice.
tell you. (Because I knew how you felt about the In these cases, the clause has a different subject.
subject, I didn’t tell you.) I noticed the people leaving.

Practice 3 Order the words to form sentences.

remain / here. / would / to / I / prefer
1 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets I would prefer to remain here.
in the gerund or infinitive.
1 him / warned / stay / She / to / away.
Getting (get) a job is not easy these days. 2 to / He / me / not / disagree. / expected
Yusuf Hameed has been trying (1) … 3 boss / staff / work / to / The / persuaded /
(find) work for some time. He was shocked overtime. / his
(2) … (discover) that it’s his tattoos that have 4 stay / night? / Did / Sara / invite / to / you / the
prevented him from (3) … (find) a job. Potential
employers decided (4) … (not offer) him a 4 Complete the second sentence, using either to +
position because they felt his tattoos did not infinitive or object + to + infinitive, so that it means
fit the company image. Hameed now regrets the same as the first sentence.
(5) … (have) so many tattoos. ‘You must eat your vegetables,’ his mum told him.
His mum forced him to eat his vegetables.
2 Write sentences using the prompts. 1 ‘Please, please, please let us go,’ Sara asked her mum.
James / enjoy / work / animals. Sara begged … them go.
James enjoys working with animals. 2 ‘I’d like to eat some cake,’ said Olivia.
1 Kay’s interview / seem / go / well / yesterday. Olivia wanted … some cake.
2 Apply / jobs / be / always / time-consuming. 3 ‘I knew I was going to win the award,’ said Pete.
3 Josh / be used to / attend / job interviews. Pete had expected … the award.
4 Angela / be / happy / see / her friends / 4 ‘I really don’t want to lose touch with him,’ she said.
last night. She would like … touch with him.

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 5 Correct the error in the sentences. One sentence 6 Join the sentences using a present participle or
is correct. perfect participle.
Having saying goodbye to his friend, he hung up. said I paid for my ticket. Then I went into the cinema.
1 Looked out of the window, he thought of France. Having paid for my ticket, I went into the cinema.
2 I saw the thief ran away. 1 I was hungry. I ate a snack.
3 Smiling, he closed the book. 2 Freya bought some stamps. Then she posted
4 Having spoke to her boss, she went home. the card.
5 Having had watched the match, he went to bed. 3 He felt cold. He put on a jumper.
4 Leo had already eaten. He didn’t go to
the restaurant.
5 She didn’t want to watch the film. She read
a book.

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