Comparative study on Traffic Actuated Signal System for

Traffic Management System

Trupti G. Dongarwar1, N. H. Pitale 2

1
M.Tech. (Transportation Engg.), G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
2
Assistant Professor, G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
Corresponding Author‟s E-mail – trupti.dongarwar.mtechts@ghrce.raisoni.net

ABSTRACT.
Traffic Engineering is a branch of Transportation Engineering which discuses planning geometric design and
traffic operation of roadway, highway, and street. One of the major fields of traffic Engineering is studying of traffic
flow, traffic volume and speed. As the community of the globe develops gradually so the fleet of automobiles also
increases. Traffic on the Road depends on peak hours. The traffic is heavy in morning time as compared to
afternoon. In rainy Season traffic jam occurs on road after rain has stopped. Due this Problem, the Traffic monitoring
is the system which helps to control congestion and avoid traffic accident. Due to traffic congestion,
environmental pollution, fuel waste, and waste of time are some of the problems which are faced by the users. Traffic
management is a major problem of traffic department in busy roads within the city. Due to traffic congestion during
rush hours in today's world, ambulances, fire brigade, and other emergency vehicles are stuck in traffic and unable to
reach their terminus in period, which results in the loss of human life, loss of property. This article discusses numerous
strategies used to improve the global transportation system.

KEYWORDS: Traffic Management, Emergency priority, Congestion, RFID, emergency vehicle

1. INTRODUCTION:
Road traffic is a complex problem in now a day because of various entities like truck, Buses, bicycles, pedestrian
etc. interact one each other, because of increasing population, the population is rapidly increases by
tremendous, so world facing with the managing of traffic. As the population of the world increasing day to day
so the number of vehicles also increasing. For These Reason We Need to implement traffic Management System
[1, 2]. Due to the rise of development, modernization, and migration, transport planning on the streets has
become one of many issues facing people all over the world. Congestion is the most significant barrier that has
been observed in many countries, including India [3]. The enlarged density of car in routes all over the world
makes it challenging for transportation. Also, in the existing busy world no one has the time to ask People
which way to pick out the reach a Precise Destination. So here the purpose is to resolve the problem at some
stage in transportation and ensuring the convenience of passenger. Currently Indian Government is trying to
develop smart cities and already announces which is nearly 60 cities are selected for better transportation
management. So naturally industry hope some eye on gaining something from it with developing some
interested of area to smart city structure and better transportation system and their management [4-5-6-
7]. Traffic Management is one of the biggest challenges we face in major cities the uses of vehicles cause
traffic congestion, which lead to wasted time due to waiting at traffic signal and increased transport cost due
to more fuel consumption [7-8]. Conventional signalized intersections systems are unable to regulate these
instances of overcrowding, and Transportation. Gridlock is not a good sign for our country and has created a
negative impact, from the economy to the norm.[6]. Due to traffic congestion during rush hours in today's
world, emergency vehicles are stack in jam and unable to reach their destinations in time, which causes people
die. [2-8]. the implementation of a manual traffic control system based on set time intervals reduces traffic
congestion. Due to an unequal distribution of traffic throughout the day, India's present traffic control system is
currently ineffective. Due to this vehicle have to wait for a long time even if the no vehicles at all [8-9]. Traffic
congestion increases as vehicle volume exponentially rises but road infrastructure cannot keep up. There are
various technologies available to detect traffic congestion and improve the effectiveness of congestion
management. But there are a number of issues with this technology [9]. It's challenging to coordinate the timing
and priority of emergency vehicles. The suggested strategy's major objective is to effectively manage
rush-hour traffic, clear way for emergency vehicles, and shorten the time it takes for people to reach their
destinations. In traffic management system, most of time use tri-color signalize system, in this system priority is
not given to EVS like ambulance, fire- fighters and police vehicle, which might cause the loss of lives and
vandalism. [6]. The suggested RFID-based system governs and maintains the flow of traffic system at the
junction as the EV arrives, by permitting the efficient flow available of rush-hour traffic congestion, where there
is now less concern on the issue of offering a clear solution [12].

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Biru Rajak et al. (2011) proposed RFID was utilized to create green lanes for rescue vehicles.
Additionally, they have used the GSM module, which sends emergency vehicles the route from source to
destination along with a copy to the congestion flow server, which appropriate turns every signal along that
path green. A vehicle with a specific Radio frequency identification (EV) begins to resume normal
operations as soon as it passes the signal. This approach is effective, and we developed our own system
based on it someplace with some added features like density calculations and screen presentation [5]. Suresh
Sharma, Alok Pithora, Gaurav Gupta (2013) proposed, it is highlighted how using RFID congestion
control might help prevent challenges related typically occur with traditional traffic control systems,
particularly those relating to laser interference and data analysis strategies. This Radio frequency identification
strategies is designed to manage traffic at multi- vehicle, multiple-lane, and multidirectional road
intersections. It offers an effective period organization strategy. that can be used in various settings The lack of
discussion of the channels of communication between the emergency services and the signalized intersections
controller is a drawback of this work. Hegde et al., Sali et al. Indira et al. (2013) proposed a Radio
frequency identification and global positioning system based instinctive track go-ahead scheme for
emergency vehicles. The core target of this research should be to bring down the duration ambulance crews
experience when travelling through traffic. By automatically clearing a lane before an intersection,
ambulances can reach hospitals faster. This system's limitation is that it requires complete information regarding
the traffic's beginning and ending points. It's possible that the ambulance won't be able to reach its destination if
there are obstacles in its way or if the starting point is unknown. It might not operate if the EVS want to change
its route for any purpose or if the starting location is unknown earlier [27]. R. Sundar, (2014) He is proposed a
green wave theory to give any EV passage through converting entirely of the red lights in its path to
green, so giving the targeted vehicle a full green wave. The main drawback of green waves is that if they
are disturbed, they can lead to traffic issues that can be made worse by coordination. When this happens, the
line of cars in the green wave gets so long that some of the cars can't make it to the intersections in time
and have to stop. Wang et al. (2011) he is proposed the (WSN) by using magnetic sensor All information given
to the system for managing traffic is accurate when vehicles are reliably recognized. This, in comparison to
conventional traffic signal systems, offers a better solution by decreasing more traffic, disadvantages of this
system are, it cannot handle dynamic traffic [10]. The system is proposed in [4] is based on dynamic traffic
control system using RFID technology. has utilized an RFID source and a microcontroller to alter the
green signal. For emergency vehicles, they have utilized specific RFIDs, which makes the signal green so
that the vehicle can pass when it is detected. However, no accommodations have been made for the
congestion between the two signalized intersections. Madhukar et.al (2017) by using ultrasonic sensor, Traffic
density can be determined using an ultrasonic sensor. but this system has consequence such as being
extremely sensitive to temperature changes and having trouble reading reflections from curved, soft,
thin, and small objects. It will also detect any object that enters its field of view, including people, animals, and
other objects. Naseer et al. [2018] created a stream of traffic light supervisor that, as soon as an EV
approaches the signal, grants priority to that vehicle. The shortest route for an EV can be found by the
controller. This study correspondingly intentions to improve traffic signal systems to ensure that controller may
automatically turn on the green light for the roadways when it detects the movement of EVs or pedestrians.
However, it is not stated whether a traffic signal will turn green if an EV approaches it without experiencing an
emergency. Keep in mind that EVs do not receive any preference when they aren't required to assist with
incident recovery [9]. Almuraykhi, Khalid M., and Muhammad Akhlaq (2019). The focus is on MQTT brokers
and mobile GPS that use and maintain the STMS location database. The route is transmitted to the ambulance
through the mobile app from source to destination, and the Arduino controller notifies the ambulance to clear
traffic on that side before reaching that point, since it has the current location and traffic light information
for the entire route in its database [27]. Prakash et al. (2020). Vehicle density-based System. This system can
open and close the gate mechanically. The buzzer sound suggests that the gate is closed. G. Mahesh Kumar,
Eelandula Kumaraswamy (2021) four-way roads based on traffic control blocks. EV reach their destination in
time [29].
3. STUDIES DONE WORLD WIDE / RELATED WORK:

3.1 Zigbee Technology:

Zigbee is a wireless technology. In order to handle emergency vehicles, wireless communication using Zigbee
modules is essential. It is connected to three parts of the control unit, vehicle and traffic light. Zigbee is also
known as trans-receiver. Because it transmits as well as receive the data. ZigBee technology complies with the
IEEE 802.15.4 physical ratio specification. The PIC microcontroller's Tx pins are connected to the Rx of the
Zigbee module's Rx pins, and vice versa. It operates in unlicensed bands worldwide between the
frequencies of 2.400 and 2.484 GHz, 902 and 928 MHz, and 868.0 and 868.6 MHz. 3.3volt power supply the
ZigBee module required may be done by lowering the voltage from 5 volts to 3.3 volts [11-12].

HARDWARE DESCIPTION:
PIC MICROCONTROLLER: Microcontrollers are manufactured using microchip technology. Based on
the PIC 1640 originally manufactured by general instruments microelectronics division. PIC controller speed is
3 million rules per second. On-chip devices such as SPI ADC I2C UART Simple Comparator Internal RC
Oscillator have built-in programmability. PIC microcontrollers are rapidly replacing PCs when it comes to
programming machines. The 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microcontrollers Microchip Smart Processor quickly
replaced by use of the acronym. At least 40 instructions are present on the microchip, and each one is executed
after four clock cycles. Classification of PIC Microcontrollers: Based on the instruction word length, three
major types of microcontrollers can be distinguished. Mainline microcontroller. 12-bit instruction word length.
Mid-range microcontroller. 14-bit word count for instructions. Advanced microcontroller.
Instruction word length in 16 bits [13]. PIC microcontroller programming is as follows When the user taps the
emergency button on the emergency vehicle, the Microcontroller controls the Zigbee protocol to deliver a signal.
In order to transfer data towards the traffic management unit using the Zigbee module and regulate the signal
traffic required in emergency scenarios, another Microcontroller is linked to the traffic light because the
traffic light is connected to the Radio frequency identification reader then performs some work there. One is
used to send and receive data as well as verify the data in the database as part of the control portion. [12-13].

3.2 Arduino UNO Technology:

A microprocessor display called Arduino UNO is made out of an ATmega328P controller chip. Hardware and
software for Arduino are both open-source. Arduino employed hardware in the form of an Arduino
development board and software in the form of an Arduino IDE to write code (integrated development
environment) [14].

HARDWARE: It serves as the primary controller for the digital system of street lighting as well as the
transportable control for EMV. The Arduino UNO has 14 electronic input/output pins. PWM is possible on 6
output pins. It's powered by a 16 MHz quartz crystal oscillator. it. It has a reset button, a USB port, a header,
and a power pin. Using a USB cable, the microcontroller board connects to a computer or laptop. The Arduino
Software Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used by the Arduino UNO board for programming
and user interface. One of the pioneers was the Arduino UNO and version 1.0 of the software IDE [15].

3 . 3 RASPBERRY-PI:
The most recent Model B from the current generation is quicker and more potent than its previous because
it is powered by the most recent Broadcom 2837 ARMv8 64bit CPU. with integrated Bluetooth and wireless
connectivity. Additionally, it features a video or audio jack, which is excellent for assessing how much traffic is
on the road at any given time. The Raspberry Pi controls each element both individually and collectively. There
are three Raspberry Pi generations. pi-1, pi-2, pi-3 Because the Raspberry Pi 3 is 50% quicker than other
Raspberry Pi models, the current operating system is incompatible with Raspberry Pi models 1 and 2, and
Raspberry Pi 3 is also the most recent model, we used it in our proposed solution. Broadcom SOC and GPU are
present. CPU frequency should be greater than 600 M Hz. RAM must be greater than 250 MB. It includes six
USB ports and an SD card with OS. [17-18]
 4. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED WORLD WIDE (FLOW CHART)

Technical overview of traffic monitoring [19-20]

Sr. No. Technology Advantages Disadvantage

Inductive Loop It is not sensitive to adverse weather Not specific with emergency vehicle
detector conditions like snowfall,
1 mist, or precipitation. give count data
high precision than other common
techniques.
RFID (Radio- Used to detect EV RFID only recognizes vehicles equipped at a point on
frequency the road.
2 identification) They did not survey whether the vehicle is an emergency
state or not
Microwave radar not influenced by climate speed Vehicle detection using continuous wave Doppler
3 evaluation sensors is not possible.
Several Track operations available
Acoustic In some models, multi-range operation is Low temperature can affect the accuracy of vehicle
4 possible. Manual detection. count.
Not sensitive to precipitation.
Magnetometer Not sensitive to precipitation. Maintenance and installation must close to lane.
5 Some model transmit data over a Pavement life span is decreased by poor
wireless RF connection. implementation.
Magnetic Insensitive to adverse meteorological During assembly, a road must be excavated.
conditions like snow, rain and storm.
6
It can be used when the loop is not
executable, e.g., bridge desk
Infrared based Multiple lane detection available. The objects could not be distinguished by the change in
7 detector their temperature. So inaccurate weather sensitive. Very
expensive.

(Table no. 1)

Overview of WCT (wireless communication technology )[20]

Technology Standard Frequency Range Feature

It is specified by the IEEE as Grade 1: 300feet Usable with reduced

per IEEE 802.15.1 Frequency of Bluetooth is 2.4 power model.
Bluetooth Grade 2: 33 feet
GHz
Grades 3: 3feet
It is specified by the IEEE as Very fast file
Ultra-wide per IEEE 802.15.3a Frequency range of UWB in transfer between server
UWB has range <30m
band between 3.1–10.6 GHz and portable device

It is specified by the IEEE

Frequency range is 5.8 GHz
Wi-Fi asper IEEE <100m High speed.
2.4 GHz
802.11a;802.11b/g/n
reliant upon the Excellent capacity and
GSM - 850/900/1800/1900 MHz
supplier transmission Quality.
 125 KHz, 13.56 MHz, 902 to reliant upon the Intensive resource use,
GPRS - a limited availability
928 MHz supplier
periods.
125 KHz, 13.56 MHz, 902 to RFID range equal to 3
RFID - Cheap in cost
928 MHz meters.
It is specified by the IEEE as There are many
per IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency of Zigbee is 2.4
ZigBee <75m protocols available for
GHz
mesh network
It is specified by the IEEE as
Frequency of Wi-MAX is 2– Wi-MAX has range many users served
Wi-MAX per IEEE 802.16
11 GHz <10 km with great Velocity.
It is specified by the IEEE as Programming skills,
Raspberry
per IEEE 802.11ac 1.5GHz <40km build hardware and
pi
software

It is specified by the IEEE as Programming skills,

Arduino AT Mega 328p 16MHz Above 40 km build hardware and
software

(Table no. 2)
 PRIORITY-BASED OVERVIEW [20]

Authors Reference Proposed Approach Technology used Point of view Outcome

Hussian et al. [21], established a transportation WSN Smooth passage of emergency vehicles Rate of traffic flow is smooth.
Nabeel et.al. [22] system
(2013)
(Wireless sensor network) Detection of stolen vehicles. Priority

to emergency vehicle Clearway.

Priority based on, less distance
Chakraborty et al. Actual traffic management RFID System based on, reach at a junction from the intersection point.
[23] Algorithm which is improved. Simultaneously, the green light is indicated
(2014) depending on how far the emergency vehicles efficient control over vehicles with
are from the junction. Priority will be given to a primary concerns
vehicle that is nearest to the intersection.
Priority-based signaling method
Farheena et al. [24] Techniques to regulate traffic signals and IR and global positioning Assessment of an emergency vehicle's trouble-free flow of traffic.
(2014)
minimize overcrowding are described. system category and congestion intensity.
Economical, fuel saving

Rajeshwari et al. [6] Implemented traffic control WSN Priority-based signal system and give priority to A clear way to the emergency vehicle.
(2015) System. EV and save lives, and property.

Smart Traffic Light Control PIC microcontroller, IR sensor Estimation of EV fixed in the overloaded streets Priority-based signal system
Bilal Ghazal (2016) System by using XBee wireless system, in emergency
mode and providing clearance to the path

Rajeshwari et al. implementing an automated RFID ZigBee, Both in traffic controller and vehicle ZigBee Any emergency vehicle passage by
[6] (2014) traffic management system to reduce RFID tag and buzzer are installed. Whenever an EV converting all of the red lights in its
path to green, so giving the targeted
gridlock, clear ambulances, and come in range, the buzzer gets on, and the light vehicle a full green wave.
identify stolen vehicles turns green

Nellore et.al. (2016) Based on optical sensing, RFID If more than one emergency vehicles arrived at Provide a Distance-based emergency
traffic management gives emergency a time at intersection then controller detect the vehicle d i s p a t c h i n g . Used f o r
vehicles preference. distance of EV is same from intersection or more than one emergency vehicles.
not. If they are in same distance then chosen
randomly or if not then arranged in ascending
order of reach as a priority.

Reddy et al. SVANET (Smart Vehicle Ad RFID, Hybrid communication is used to communicate System has less cost and more
Madhusudhan Hoc Network) communication from the vehicle to the entrance and back in the effectiveness comparing to V2V and
et al., Anumandla et optimization for traffic-related issues Arm7 microcontroller reverse direction. V2I
al. and Tiwari et with a security approach
al. [25]. (2017)
Sound sensor to find frequency of EV and
Iswarya, Gowram, Traffic-controlling audio ZigBee, RFID Predict its presence. The sound sensors No time wastage to arrive at
Bharath et al. and devices for emergency vehicles reader, Arduino communicate to Arduino using ZigBee destination for emergency vehicle
Reddy et al. [26]. module. Then accordingly, Arduino make
(2018) changes in the traffic light.
System of Intelligent Traffic The focus is on MQTT brokers and mobile
Almuraykhi, Khalid Signals for Emergency Arduino GPS that use and maintain the STMS location Priority to give emergency vehicle.
M., and Akhlaq controller. STMS
et al. [27] 2019 Response Vehicles database. The route is transmitted to the
ambulance through the mobile app from source
to destination, and the Arduino controller
notifies the ambulance to clear traffic on that
side before reaching that point, since it has the
current location and traffic light information
for the entire route in its database. .

Prakash et al. [28] Control of traffic congestion Infrared sensor, Vehicle density-based system. This system can detect the density of the vehicle. .
using an Arduino platform, including Radio frequency transmitter open and close the gate mechanically. The gate
stolen vehicle detection and and receiver, sole smart card closed suggestion is signified through buzzer EV can also permit smoothly.
automated signal clearance for (RFID tag), Arduino sound.
emergency vehicles.

G. Mahesh Smart Traffic Junction Using Raspberry Pi multiple lanes with obstacles for traffic EV reach their destination in time.
Kumar, Eelandula Raspberry Pi regulation.
Kumaraswamy
2021

(Table no. 3)
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

(Fig no.1) signal control system for Emergency vehicle [9, 29]

All emergency vehicle must be equipped with RFID tags. Each RFID tag having some id. This entire ID was stored in a traffic
control database. RFID readers are installed in the traffic signal section, that RFID reader used to received that the ID number.
Generally, RFID reader is used to detect the vehicle with embedded RFID tag. The main system can then check the tag's category
and priority in the database and execute the appropriate action when the RFID reader reads the unique ID present on the tag. For
that, the red signal is changed to a green signal.

(Fig no.2) Emergency vehicle clearance system [12],[29]

 In Fig no. 2 each emergency vehicle in this scenario, a ZigBee transmitter module is deployed, and a ZigBee receiver will be set up at the
traffic intersection. The buzzer will activate when the vehicles are needed for an emergency. As a result, the signal will be sent from the
ZigBee transmitter to the ZigBee receiver. As a result, the traffic light will turn green. Once the ambulance has passed and the receiver has
stopped receiving the ZigBee signal, the traffic light changes from green to red.

CONCLUSION: In this paper, various intelligent traffic management system was reviewed. Using an RFID reader and RFID tag, green
wave system, wireless communication features, and other technologies were utilized. disadvantage, advantage, priority based, have been
mentioned and summarized briefly in table 1 ,2 and 3. This paper represents the RFID methods for clearance of emergency vehicles. The
country's internal traffic situation is worse daily. The suggested solution is beneficial for use when technology and digitization get more
prominent. This paper introduces emergency vehicle detection in a proposed traffic control system that does not require human intervention.
Several people's lives are in danger if emergency vehicles are detained in traffic for an extended period of time. When traffic lights are
turned to green for emergency clearance, more people will arrive at their destinations on time and many lives will be saved.

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