SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE - explores for the purpose of

knowing. It is the search for knowledge.
Science and technology studies, or science,
technology and society studies is the study of TECHNOLOGY - explores for the purpose of
how society, politics and culture affect scientific making something useful from the knowledge.
research and technological innovation, and how
these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture. SCIENCE is theory. TECHNOLOGY is practice.

SCIENCE (Theory is basis for practice. When science is

• Came from the Latin word “Scientia” applied there is technology)
meaning knowledge.
• An organized body of knowledge We apply knowledge into a series of procedures
attained using scientific method to make something useful to help us in our daily
• Scientific method refers to a system o lives.
acquiring knowledge which uses
systematic observation and (ex. Coal – water = steam. Steam train)
experimentation.
• There’s a difference between Facts and SOCIETY
Non- facts. • Latin word “Societas” meaning friend, ally
• Facts – were processed in a series of or interaction between people.
systematic studies. • A Society is a group of individuals, which
is characterized by common interest and
How did Science came about? may have distinctive culture and
• Curiosity triggers our hunger for institution.
knowledge. • Life of society becomes more convenient
• The human attempt to understand the because of technology. Science is applied
natural world. With or without concern to make technology, and Technology is
for practical uses. invented to make the lie of society easier
• Curiosity, after a series of systematic and more convenient.
observation and experimentation, we • We need to unlock new bodies of
established this body of knowledge. knowledge, we need to learn more.
• Society demands more from Science an
TECHNOLOGY technology.
• came from two Greek word: TEHCNE • Hindi makakapag imbento ng bago kung
meaning art, craft, or skill. LOGOS hindi nag demand o kinailangan ng
meaning to speak of simply the practical society.
application of techne. (to study) • Science and Technology affects society.
• is the application of scientific knowledge The present condition of society
to the practical aims of life. influences Science and technology.
• We are using the knowledge we acquire
to use in our life in a very practical way. Technology makes life easier for society, so
• Technology involves: Tool and Devices, society benefits from technology. Society isn’t
Procedures and Techniques. stagnant, and science will always seek to
improve our way of life, and when we encounter 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD “New Stone”
more problems, we demand more from science
PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (OLD STONE)
and technology.
• Longest phase of human history (2.5
mya10,000 BC)
1. ANCIENT AGE: THREE-AGE SYSTEM • Humans Evolve from an ape-like
creature to a true Homo sapiens.
• The three-age system • They were hunter-gatherers.
was introduced in the • They used tools made of stones, flints,
early 19th century by bones, and even antlers.
Christian Jurgensen • They used to live in small bands and were
Thomsen. either nomadic or semi nomadic,
• It was originally depending on food availability.
formulated to classify artifacts in the
possession of the museum based on the
materials from which they were made. LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
• Three chronologically successive • It is the earliest Paleolithic period, which
prehistoric periods: Stone Age, Bronze was characterized by the development of
Age, and Iron Age. simple tools, including stone choppers,
believed to have been made more than a
STONE AGE (2.5 MYA–3000 BC) million years ago by one of our earliest
ancestors, Australopithecus.
• The period of weapons made of stone, • The tools used either of the core
wood, bone, or some other material aside (achieved by chipping stones to form a
from metal. cutting edge) or flake (struck off stone
• John Lubbock: Divided the Stone Age fragments) types.
into the Paleolithic and Neolithic
periods, representing tools from chipped MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
to polished stones.
• In 1883, De Mortillet suggested a • This period involved the early human
transitional period between these two ancestor, the Neanderthal man.
after the discovery of many stone tool • Neanderthals were cavemen known to
deposits overlying those from the use fire, stone tools of flake types for
Paleolithic Period. hunting, and bone implements for
• The termed Mesolithic by John Allen sewing body coverings made of fur and
Brown in 1892. skin.
• Evidence of painting of the dead before
burial also suggests religious practice
during this period.

UPPER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD

• Homo sapiens cultures dominated

STONE AGE during this time period.
• This period was known for communal
1. PALEOLITHIC PERIOD “Old Stone”
hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural
- LOWER Paleolithic Period
beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting,
- MIDDLE Paleolithic Period
and making personal ornaments out of
- UPPER Paleolithic Period
bones, horns, and ivory.
2. MESOLITHIC PERIOD “Middle Stone”
 • Pit houses, known as the first man-made smelting) and melting and pouring it
dwellings, were built during this time. into a mold for shaping.
• During this period, Paleolithic art arose ➢ Smelting was originally done with
after cave walls were decorated with copper, a soft metal. However, it was
carvings and paintings. discovered by Sumerians that a harder
and stronger one could be made by
blending copper and tin. This
MESOLITHIC PERIOD (MIDDLE STONE)
knowledge began in Southwest Asia and
slowly radiated in different parts of the
• Occurring between the end of the world.
Paleolithic Period and the beginning
of the Neolithic Period (Transitional
IRON AGE (1500 BC – 450 AD)
Period), the Mesolithic period involved a
gradual change in the way humans lived
➢ Iron age included those materials made
that could be attributed to the retreat of
of iron. This began when smelting pits
glaciers and the growth of forests and
made of sufficient advancement to
deserts in different parts of the world.
produce higher temperatures that
• People began to make pottery and use
could smelt iron ore.
bows.
• Food gathering to food production,
produce their own food.
2. MIDDLE AGE
• They made use of stone tools known as
microliths, which were smaller and more
• Subdivided into two smaller ages, Dark
delicate than the Paleoliths.
and high middle.
• Major developments in Science and
NEOLITHIC PERIOD (NEW STONE) Technology were done during this
period. These are the following:

• This stage was based primarily on

agriculture. It is characterized by wide
domestication of plants and animals,
use of stone tools, and pottery and
weaving in numerous settled villages.
Agriculture continued to expand across
inhabited regions of the world
3. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
giving rise to a variety of urban
civilizations.
• The end of this period is This period refers to the great scientific and
marked by the introduction of intellectual achievements that led to radical
metal tools in these cultures changes (new idea) in scientific inquiry. Some
• Learn to settle in one of the important contributions to this scientific
place. revolution are the following:

BRONZE AGE (3000 BC -1200 BC)

1. HELIOCENTRIC MODEL by Nicholas
Copernicus
➢ Tools made with copper or bronze.
➢ This was achieved through metal ■ This model describes the sun as the center of
extraction from ore (a process known as the universe and says that all the planets
revolve around it in circles. This also suggests
that the distance from the Sun determines the Law of Acceleration It
arrangement of planets. states that
acceleration is
produced when a
■ Before the idea of Copernicus, people believed force acts on a mass.
in GEOCENTRISM, an earth-centered belief,
which was supported by Ptolemy. Ptolemy had
this idea because of Aristotle’s four-element Law of Interaction
theory. This states that for
every action, there is
an equal and an
2. LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION by opposite reaction.
Johannes Kepler

• This states that all

planets revolve
around the sun in an
elliptical, not a circular LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION by Isaac
orbit, and that closer Newton
planets to the sun move faster than the
This law states that a particle in the universe
others.
attracts every other universal particle using a
force that is directly proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely to the square of
3. WORK OF MOTION by Galileo Galilei
the distance between their centers.
This involves the discovery of the relations
among distance, velocity, and acceleration
using a new scientific approach. 4. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A. Definition of concepts
➢ It is the period that covers the complex
B. Expression of the relationship of
technological innovation that led to the
concepts
substitution of machines and inanimate
C. Giving a precise hypothesis
power for human skill and human and
D. Deduction of consequences from a
animal forces.
hypothesis E. Experimentation to test the
➢ Some of these technological
consequences
advancements are steam ship, Bunsen
F. Analysis in terms of an abstract and
burner, telephone, radio, cotton gin, and
ideal situation
fly-shuttle

LAW OF MOTION by Isaac Newton

5. 18TH-19TH CENTURY
Law of Inertia It states that
an object at rest stays at
➢ During this era, the connection between
rest and an object in
science and technology was very
motion stays in motion
minimal. This gradually shifted to the
with the same speed and in
developmental stage during the 19th
the same direction unless acted upon
century, when science, technology, and
by an unbalanced force.
industry united under a common ground
and cause.

Significant scientific advances are as follows:

 • Most of the books that were printed first
were religious texts and medical books.
• The books were initially written in Latin,
but as time passed, other materials were
written in the local language. Movable
6. 20TH CENTURY TO DATE type printing was created by Johannes
Gutenberg, a German publisher. ◦During
this period, information could be passed
➢ During the 20th century, science and
on to every individual, but access was
technology had structurally and
expensive.
methodologically changed. A number of
scientific theories were introduced and POST-GUTENBERG WORLD
influenced technological works in this
• This era can be described as the
century.
emergence of the internet and the world
➢ Some of the important inventions that
wide web.
were based highly on various scientific
• This paved the way for the possible
theories are the following: biogas, cellular
uploading and downloading of all forms
phones, atomic bombs, calculators, test
of media instruments, such as video,
tubes, babies, airplanes, etc.
audio, and images.
Significant advances in scientific knowledge • During this era, passing and publishing
during the 20th century include the following: information were faster and easier

TECHNOLOGY IN DIGITAL AGE

COMPUTERS
7. INFORMATION AGE Discovered by Charles Babbage, known
as the “Father of Computers.”
➢ Information age is the period that Designed for computation and
described the change from traditional calculation and simple decision-making
industry to an economy based on capabilities.
information computerization.
➢ It is also known as the “digital age” and INTERNET
the “new media age.” Created in California, United States, in the
➢ It is coupled with the birth of personal late 1960s by Vinton Cerf and Robert
computers and considered the era of Kahn
easy access to information. It was a government-controlled project
PRE-GUTENBERG WORLD until 1984.

• During this time, books were written and WORLD WIDE WEB
produced by hand. Created by Tim Berners-Lee.
• Hand-produced books and other reading It is basically for commercial purposes.
materials were restricted only to those Home pages were made by companies in
elite groups of people. order to promote and sell their products.
• Some information was only relayed to
ELECTRONIC MAIL OR E-MAIL
others through word-of-mouth channels

GUTENBERG REVOLUTION Created by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai

E-mail is an avenue by which messages
• Books printed using presses were called are exchanged between people from
"incunabula,” which means “cradle or different locations at a faster rate.
birthplace.”
GOOGLE • A mathematician and an astronomer who
proposed the heliocentric theory.
A research project created by Larry Page
and Sergey Brin in 1996. • Heliocentric theory proposed that the sun
It is known as the most used search was stationary in the center of the universe
engine on the world wide web. and the earth revolved around it.
• Before the work of Copernicus, the principles
FACEBOOK
of classical astronomy involving the four
A social networking website where elements were followed.
people could contact one another and • Because of this principle, Earth was put at the
share each other’s thoughts, photos, and center of the universe, which is known as
experiences, created by Mark geocentric theory. Geocentric Theory, or
Zuckerberg. Earth Theory, was the idea of Ptolemy.
The membership was first limited to
• Aristotle believed that the Earth is the true
Harvard students, but later, students in
center of all the orbs and that all motions are
Boston Area, Ivy League College, and
uniform and unchanging.
Stanford University were allowed to get
• Between 1508 and 1514, Copernicus
access to the website.
adopted the heliocentric model, but this
MESSENGER concept was considered a radical idea during
It was originally developed as Facebook that time.
Chat in 2008 but changed its messaging • The concept was so radical that his essay
service in 2010. This can be used to send “On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres”
messages to other people through (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) was
written messages, voice calls, or video only published before his death in 1543 and
calls. while he was on his deathbed.
TWITTER CHARLES DARWIN
• Charles Darwin is a British naturalist who is
One of the most visited websites and
known as the “Father of evolution”.
created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz
• His famous idea “Evolution of Man”
Stone, and Evan Williams.
explaining that humans came from monkeys
SMS of the internet“
and as the time goes by, we adapt and evolve
Messages on Twitter are called "tweets.”
and become sapiens
YOUTUBE • Darwin’s theory of evolution believed that all
The largest online destination was living organisms are related and have
created by Chad Hurley and Steve Chen. descended from a common ancestor.
Third most visited website where videos • Complex creatures evolve from more
can be shared. simplistic ancestors naturally over time and
INSTAGRAM these changes occur because they aid
survival, known as “natural selection.”
A fun photography application that was
(Adaptation: short term adjustment),
created by Kevin Systrom and Mike
(evolution: the adaptation is longer than
Krieger in 2010.
usual and has changes in physical
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION characteristics.)
Pre- Socratic – about their nature NATURAL SELECTION
Non-theological – non-religious • The theory of natural selection was posited
First Philosophy - by Charles Darwin who described it as
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS ‘survival of the fittest’.
• According to this theory, it is not necessarily composed of people’s internalized ideals
the strongest or most intelligent that acquired from their parents and society.
survives, but the ones most responsive to (right and wrong)
change.
FIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
• If you can adapt to the changes of your
environment, you have a high chance of ORAL - mouth (birth – 1 year) Erogenous zone:
survival Mouth
ANAL – toilet training (1-3 years) Erogenous
Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control
PHALLIC – genitals (3-6 years old) Erogenous
Zone: genitals
• Oedipus Complex (son is jealous in his father
because of the attention from his mother)
• Elektra Complex (daughter is jealous in his
father because of the attention from his
• Darwin figured out that variations in a father)
population helps in survival. LATENCY – peers, schoolworks and hobbies (6-
• Some variations are better suited for the puberty libido inactive)
environment, and they increase the GENITAL – intimate relationship (puberty to
organism’s ability to survive and reproduce. death, maturing sexual interests)
• Organisms that survive are better adapted,
and the better adapted a species is, the more PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND
fitted it is to reproduce. TECHNOLOGY AGENDA
• This reproduction rate refers to “survival of
the fittest.” Science plays an integral part in human
SIGMUND FREUD (Field of Psychology) development and society because it puts an end
• One of the 20th century’s most influential to ignorance, increases perception of a fact or a
thinkers who is known as the “Father of situation, and awakens the ability to use all
Psychoanalysis’” resources.
• He believed that when people explain their
behavior, they rarely give a true account of HARMONIZED NATIONAL RESEARCH AND
their motivation, not because they are DEVELOPMENT AND AGENDA
deliberately lying but because they are more - Agenda prepared by the Department of
adept at self-deception. Science and technology (DOST) in
THREE COMPONENTS OF THE MIND collaboration with the government and
• ID (pleasure principle): satisfy needs, urges, other private agencies and institutions
and desires. It is the only part of the toward the realization of the social and
personality that is present at birth. economic benefits of Science and
• EGO (reality principle): mediates the Technology.
demands of the id, superego, and reality. It - The agenda of HNRDA is in line with
prevents people from acting on their basic AMBISYON NATIN 2040: “Matatag,
urges (Id) and works to achieve a balance Maginhawa, at Panatag na buhay para sa
between moral and idealistic standards lahat.” It has 3 pillars.
(Superego). 1. MALASAKIT (enhancing the social fabric)
• SUPEREGO (morality principle): suppress the – greater trust in public institution, people
urges of the id and try to make the ego centered, clean and efficient.
behave morally rather than realistically. It is
2. PAGBABAGO (Reducing inequality) – had research about mangrove organisms as
increase economic opportunities from a possible source of antibiotic) finding
domestic to international market and will possible source of product that we can use a
give attention to disadvantage subsectors. source of medicine. And study of rare
3. KAUNLARAN (increasing potential ecosystem for medicinal use.
growth) -adapt modern technologies for • ALERT PROGRAM (Alternative Energy
productions. Intervention in population Research Trend) – Clean energy – renewable
number. energy (easy to replenish) (Windmills Inlocos
Norte, Angat Hydroelectric powerplant in
Bulacan)
• SAKLAW PROGRAM (Saklolo sa Lawa) –
sustainable community – meeting of the
needs of the present without the
compromising the needs of the future.
Sustainable way of living.
• ATIN PROGRAM (Ang Tinig Natin) –
Inclusive Nation Building – indigenous art,
NATINAL INTEGRATED BASIC RESEARCH
culture, language and education system)
AGENDA (NIBRA)
• Focus on the basic principles of research to
HEALTH RESEARCHA ND DEVELOPMENT
support the Philippine Development Plan,
AGENDA
the National Security Plan, and the Science
AGENCIES
for Change program led by DOST.
• Philippine Council for Health Research and
• The National Research Council of the
Development (PCHRD)
Philippines (NRCP) is composed of
• National Unified Health Research Agenda
thousands of researchers and scientists who
(NUHRA)
promote and support basic research.

RESEARCH PRIORITIES
SIX PROGRAMS UNDER NIBRA
• Diagnostics
• TUBIG PROGRAM (Tubig ay Buhayin at
• Functional foods
Ingatan) – Water security – find alternative
• Drug discovery and development
water source (Project: Program Bundok –
• Hospital equipment & biomedical devices
rainwater program created in Benguet,
• Disaster risk reduction and climate change
collect rainwater, and inject to into their
adaptation
aquifer (area underground) to reduce flood
• Molecular technologies for health
and also to have water.)
• information And communication technology
• SAPAT PROGRAM (Saganang Pagkain para
for health, nutrition, food quality and safety
sa lahat) – Food and Nutrition Security – food
source and nutrients (Project: Fresh Farm –
AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC, AND NATURAL
program established in provinces of Laguna
RESOURCES
and Quezon wherein they aimed to detect
AGENCY:
parasites and potentially harmful bacteria
- Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic
and heavy metals in farm fresh produce
and Natural Resources Research and
samples, purpose is inspection)
Development (PCAARRD)
• LIKAS PROGRAM (Likas Yaman sa
Kalusugan) – Health sufficiency – Health
RESEARCH PRIORITIES
condition (Project: Bakawan, they study and
- Crops
- Agriculture and share their expertise for the acceleration of
- Farming education, techniques the scientific, agro-industrial, and economic
- Livestock (poultry, piggery,) development of the Philippines.
- Forestry
- Natural resources and environment IRRADIATED CARRAGEENAN FERTILIZER
- Technology transfer (technology in farming) - Fertilizer that is used in rice crops to increase
- Socioeconomics and policy research their productions.
- Derived from seaweeds and vitamins
INDUSTRY, ENERGY AND EMERGING A product by PNRI scientists produced nuclear
TECHNOLOGY and agriculturists to boost the resiliency of rice
AGENCY: plants, increasing the yield by 65 percent. It was
- Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and funded by PCAARRD. Scientists from PCAARRD
Emerging Technology Research and and UP Los Banos did the field trial in some parts
Development (PCIEERD) of the country, like Laguna, Nueva Ecija, and
IloIlo.
RESEARCH PRIORITIES
- Food and Nutrition Security ELECTRIC TRAIN PROJECT (Hybrid Electric
- Countryside development Train)
- Competitive industry - Completed in 2015
- Energy storage solutions and human security - It is locally made, and parts are locally
- Delivery of social services available. It is the first train to be built by
- Renewable energy Filipinos.
- It was created to enhance the efficiency of
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AN CLIMATE the public mass transport system, and it was
CHANGE ADAPTATION AGENCIES: adopted by the Department of
- Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Transportation and Communication.
Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and PROJECT NOAH (NATIONWIDE
Astronomical Services Administration OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HAZARD)
(PAGASA) Through the collaboration of three agencies,
such as PAGASA, PHIVOLCS, and ASTI
RESEARCH PRIORITIES (Advanced Science and Technology Institute),
- Improvement of monitoring and forecasting they developed a more accurate and responsive
(hazards, vulnerability and risk assessment) disaster prevention and mitigation system. This
- Warning and communication of information project was created in 2011. It is the primary
- Technology development and application disaster risk reduction and management
for climate change mitigation and program in the Philippines. It provides specific
adaptation and real-time warnings during disaster.
- Technology development and application
for disaster risk management and policy COMPONENTS:
A. Coastal Hazards and Storm Surge
MAJOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Assessment and Mitigation (CHASSAM)
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN THE B. Disaster Risk Exposure Assessment for
PHILIPPINES BALIK SCIENTIST PROGRAM Mitigation – Light Detection and Ranging
A program that was developed in 1975 and (DREAM- LIDAR) Project
launched to motivate well-trained overseas
Filipino experts in their own fields to come home
C. Distribution of Hydro meteorological devices plans, and programs for the development
in hard-hit areas in the Philippines of public and private higher education.
(HYDROMET)
D. Enhancing Geohazards Mapping through SCIENCE UNDER K-12 CURRICULUM
LIDAR technology • Science is one of the subjects taught in
E. Flood Information Network (FloodNET) elementary and secondary schools under
Project the K-12 program of DepEd.
F. Landslide sensors Development Project • It aims to develop learners ability to make
G. Local Development of Doppler Radar judgments and apply what they have
Systems (LaDDeRS) learned.
H. Weather Hazard Information Project (WHIP) • The curriculum presents the importance
of science and technology in everyday
DISASTER RISK EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR life. The K12 science curriculum provides
MITIGATION learners with a repertoire of
- A comprehensive mapping project launched competencies important in the world of
in 2012 that uses a three-dimensional (3D) work and in a knowledge-based society
mapping program and the LIDAR system to
measure critical flood elevation and depth THE SCIENCE CURRICULUM HAS THREE (3)
effectively and accurately. DOMAINS.
- It is one of the most extensive mapping 1. Understanding and applying scientific
systems in Southeast Asia, developed by knowledge in a local setting as well as in
Filipino scientists. a global context whenever possible.
2. Performing scientific processes and skills.
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE 3. Developing and demonstrating scientific
PHILIPPINES attitudes and values.
• There is a clear core learning standard set
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE for the science area for the entire K–12
• It is a way of life. basic education.
• It is intertwined with technology and • For grade level, the different topics of the
industry, which are the major areas of subject are divided and taught per
development being prioritized by the quarter. This is called the sequence of
government. domain or strands per quarter
• It enhances the learner’s questioning
skills, values, attitudes, and critical COMPARISON ON THE K-12 CURRICULUM
thinking skills.
BEFORE NOW
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE EDUCATION SYSTEM 1 branch per year 4 branches per year
• DepEd (Department of Education) - level. level
oversees the implementation of the Limited resources for Student-Centered
school curricula and school programs at experiment. Experiment
both the elementary and high school It uses chart, chalk, & Touch of technology
levels. books
• CHED (Commission on Higher Education) Teacher- Centered Student-Centered
- created as a separate entity under R.A. Additional 2 years
7722 (Higher Education Act of 1994). It (Senior High School)
oversees the system of higher education
in the country and formulates policies,
 to be prepared for • Classifying different types of soil for
college. planting
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL • Making wines and juices from fruits
• A specialized public high school system • Local methods of growing vegetables in
in the Philippines created under R.A. 8496 the yard Indigenous method of
and operates as an attached agency of calculating or estimating
the DOST. It has 16 campuses located • ·Knowledge on mineral resources found
nationwide. in the community
• The curriculum for PSHS was prepared by • Making products such as vinegar, cheese
the DOST. and nata de coco.
• Regarded as the "Top High School in the
Philippines“. INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY
• Best in the ASEAN region in 2016. • Processes or products that are the results
of studying indigenous science.
PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION
• Ratio of students to the teacher and ratio EXAMPLES OF PHLIPPINE INDIGENOUS
of students to the classroom. TECHNOLOGY
• Lack of science laboratories, science YOYO - Created by PEDRO
education facilities and equipment FLORES
• Teacher qualification - A toy consisting of an
• Limited scholarships and few programs axle connected to two
of the government. disks and a string.
- Used by people to
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND FIGHT AGAINST
TECHNOLOGY INTRUDERS AND
SPANIARDS.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE - American mass
• Product of indigenous knowledge produced.
perfected by people through life MEDICAL - Invented by FE DEL
experiences. INCUBATOR MUNDO.
• Traditional and non-scientific knowledge - First Asian student at
because it includes superstitious beliefs Harvard.
and practices. - Founded the FIRST
• Foundation of people's creativity, PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL
originality and inventiveness. IN THE PH.
- It used to regulate the
EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS SCIENCE body TEMPERATURE
• Knowledge in observing animal behavior OF NEWBORN
to predict weather conditions and BABIES.
seasons. ERYTHROMYCIN - 1994, DR. ABELARDO
• Traditional health habit practices AGUILAR
• Use of herbal medicines - It produced by bacteria
• Knowledge on preserving foods STREPTOMYCES
Preservation and selection of good seeds ERYTHREUS found in
for planting soil in IloIlo.
• Building irrigation system
 - He sent this to his CARCINOMA (Skin
employer is the US to cancer)
separate the strain, but - Called DeBCC cream
he did not get the - He won gold medal in
credit for discovery. International Inventor’s
PATIS/FISH - By REPERTA DAVID Forum in Nov. 2005.
SAUCE “Aling Tentay” - 3-4 months para
- 1940, Some of the mawala yung cancer.
salted fish in the jar
turned into fragments, MOLE REMOVER - By ROLANDO DELA
and turned into liquid. CRUZ in 2000.
- 1949 as Tentay Food - A cream to remove
and Sauces, Inc. warts and moles on the
BANANA - By MARIA OROSA skin.
CATSUP YLAGAN - 3-5 Days bago mawala.
- For FRIED FOOD
- Calamansi Nip,
Dessicated powder HUMANS, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE
- Soya-lac, Powdered EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY
preparation of soya.
- It save the prisoners
DEFINITION OF HUMAN
lives held by the
• A human refers to a man, woman, or child of
Japanese during WW2.
the species Homo sapiens, distinguished
from other animals by superior mental
16-BIT - By DIOSDADO
development, the power of articulate
MICROCHIP BANATAO
speech, and an upright stance.
- First single chip
• According to Aristotle, man is defined as a
graphical user interface
rational animal because he can think and use
accelerator
reason consistently. He is a creature whose
- This chip allows
destiny is to live in the spiritual and physical
computer users to
worlds. He is made up of a material body and
make graphical
a spiritual soul. Science and technology can
presentations using
be used to satisfy man’s material world (food
graphics for
production)
commands.
• According to Aristotle, the way human
- Data processing is
beings do things is by making rational
much quicker using
(pinag-isipan) choices.
small chip instead of
• Spiritual world through spiritual soul such
large board.
practice religion through worship and bible
study.
ANTI CANCER - By ROLANDO DELA
• Physical world interacts with material body.
CREAM CRUZ
• Individuals choose specific actions or
- From Cashew nuts and
scientific investigation that are most in line
other local herbs to
with their personal preferences, hence the
treat BASAL CELL
introduction of rational choice theory, which
is used to model decision making.
• Technology – refers of application of - As early as humans spread to different
scientific knowledge to solve problem. environments and changed their diet,
they evolved body shapes that helped
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN THAT
them survive in different climates.
EVOLVED OVER TIME
- Their body shapes adjusted to their
1. WALKING UPRIGHT environment.
- Early records showed that humans - plant-based food, which requires a large
evolved from four-legged species to digestive tract
walking upright individuals (bipedal) - long legs for them to travel longer
- Climbing trees and walking on the distances
ground to gather food and find shelter - narrow bodies to help them stay cool
helped humans become flexible. through the hot climate (Adipose tissue –
- The changes in the physical are found in hypodermis is thickest layer
characteristics of humans were brought of the skin, for thermal insulation)
about by adaptation to the changing - short, wide bodies to conserve heat in a
environment. colder climate
2. USE OF DIFFERENT TOOLS - In the present, human bones are smooth
- Early humans used stone, wood, bone, and weaker. Human activities become
ivory, and metals, and they also learned less physically demanding, and diets
to produce and use fire in order to change to cooked meat and other
survive. processed foods.
- These tools were used in hunting and
fishing to provide food supply. 5. COMPLEXITY OF THE BRAIN
- The development of agriculture, animal - The evolution of a larger and more
domestication, and the adoption of complex human brain that can process
permanent settlements has led to the and store information helped the early
utilization of metal. humans in their social interactions and
3. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS encounters with familiar habitats. The
- Early humans, who were hunter- ability of an organism to process
gatherers, started domesticating animals. information about its environment is a
They settled in one place, learned to tame driving force behind evolution.
animals, and domesticated them. - The more information the brain receives
- They raised animals for clothing, and the faster it can process the
medicine, and shelter. information, the more adequately it will
- The first animals to be domesticated were be able to respond to environmental
goats, followed by sheep, and then challenges and the better its chances of
chickens. survival.
- Larger animals, like oxen and horses,
were domesticated for plowing and 6. SOCIAL LIFE
transportation. These were also known as - Early humans also depended on social
beasts of burden. life, like sharing food, caring for infants,
- Domestication (pag-aalaga at and building social networks to help
pagpaparami ng hayop) them survive.
- A family can be defined as a socially
4. CHANGES IN HUMAN BODY recognized group (usually joined by
- Changes In human body are based on 3 blood, marriage, cohabitation, or
factors, 1. Diet, 2. Climate, 3. Activity adoption) that forms an emotional
 connection and serves as an economic consumption, and distribution (machines and
unit of society. factory)
- SOCIETY (Latin "Societas” meaning‘ a
THIRD WAVE SOCIETY - Described as the post-
friendly association with others’): Society
industrialized society after WWII, where people
is defined as a group of people who share
used modern technologies like computers and
common economic, social, and industrial
robotics.
infrastructure. It generates distinctive
cultural patterns and institutions, usually CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY
providing protection, security, continuity, ACCORDING TO PROCESS
and a national identity for its members. 1. Energy Technology - Involves processes
that could create, generate, convert, and
7. USE OF LANGUAGE AND SYMBOL distribute energy without causing negative
- During ancient times, people effects on humans or the environment.
communicated with each other using - Ex. oil, coal (fuel), wind turbine,
languages, symbols, or sounds. They geothermal heat pump, hydroelectric
used pigments, paintings, and carvings. turbine, solar panels, nuclear power
Some pieces of information were stored plants, solar panel (use to gather solar
in stone paintings, on the walls of caves, energy), windmills (generate wind
and in another canvas. energy)
- Modern humans used color, a printing
press, sounds, computers, and language 2. Equipment Technology - Involves the
to communicate. design, fabrication, and invention of
- These different communication tools instruments, tools, gadgets, and machines.
helped humans survive changes in the (processor)
environment. - Ex. Motor, engine, plow, mills, spinning
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIETY ACCORDING wheel, robots, lasers, fermenters,
TO TOFFLER computer-controlled machines,

ALVIN TOFFLER
3. Material technology - Concerned with the
• an American writer and futurologist who
extraction, fabrication, and synthesis of
focused his writing on technology expansion
materials specifically for the benefit of
and its impact on society, which he called
mankind. (materials for specific invention)
information overload. (advantage and
(parts and ingredients of invention)
application of technology)
- Ex. Steel, plastics, brass, iron, copper,
• He wrote the book “Third Wave,” in which he
ceramics, aluminum, polymers, and
classified societies based on the concept of
synthetics
waves. Each wave Propels the older societies
and cultures aside.
4. Information technology - Concerned with
THIRD WAVE tools and gadgets that manage, process, and
distribute information. (any technology that
FIRST WAVE SOCIETY - Replaced the hunter-
can share and generate information)
gatherer society after the agrarian revolution.
- Ex. Books, newspapers, television,
People used small-scale technologies through
telephones, cellphones, radios, and
trial and error. (agriculture)
printers, computer, social media sites,
SECOND WAVE SOCIETY - Period of the
industrial revolution; based on mass production,
5. Life Technology - The main purpose of this Materials used to build modern houses are more
technology is to benefit the human race in sophisticated. Equipment used for home
terms of health and food security. These are activities is automated and more versatile.
made primarily for the preservation,
CONVENIENCE IN EDUCATION IS NOT
maintenance, treatment, and reproduction
LIMITED TO CLASSROOM SETTINGS.
of living things.
- Ex. Animal breeding, herbal medicines, Online courses and web-based seminars are also
surgery, vaccines, antibiotics, artificial used to educate people.
and organ transplants, and genetic CONVENIENCE IN TRAVELING
engineering, hospital equipment
(treatment) Easy access to merchandise and tourists to other
countries are allowed by the modern day
TWO PROCESSES THAT CHANGE transport system.
TECHNOLOGIES
1. SUBSTITUTION - Happens when CHANGES IN THE HEALTH INDUSTRY
technologies that may have been used for a Technology has changed the structure of the
long period of time are replaced by a new medical field as it introduces more sophisticated
and better version, especially with respect to equipment for diagnosis and treatment.
performance.
EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY
- Ex. Replacement of stereo type radio with
cassette tape recorder, then with VHS Technology increases production and reduces
(Video Home System), and finally with labor costs.
DVD (Digital versatile disc)
INITIATES CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION.

2. DIFFUSION- Happens when technologies It provides entrepreneurs with an avenue for a

are being adopted by individuals even after more creative and innovative approach to
innovations come. The more individuals business.
adopt technological innovation, the greater
DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGIES
the measure of diffusion.
- Movement of molecules from high 1. Job loss and human displacement
concentration to low concentration 2. World destruction weapons
- Ex. E-bike, 3. Increased loneliness
4. Reduced human competency
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT TO
HUMAN SOCIETY BIODIVERSITY

ADVANTAGES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES BIO - “life” DIVERSITY – “variety”

IMPROVED COMMUNICATION, EASY • Biodiversity is composed of numerous

ACCESS TO INFORMATION, AND SOCIAL living organisms, from the minute to the
NETWORKING. largest creatures, and is composed of
several species or groups. These
Man has communicated with each other
organisms interact with one another and
differently, and communication tools were
with non-living things.
invented to make the transmission of
• Taxonomy and ecology are the two
information faster and easier.
fundamental sciences that generate
IMPROVED HOUSING, LIFESTYLE, AND information to fully understand the
ENTERTAINMENT importance of biodiversity for our
survival.
WHAT DO WE GET FROM BIODIVERSITY? and scientists to examine its natural
resources.
• sources of food and energy in addition
clean water and air.
➢ Allowing the public to observe our
• source of raw materials for industrial
treasures is an advantage to our local
activities
economy, but it can lead to the eventual
• natural services like water purification,
disturbance and exploitation of natural
soil fertility, waste disposal, pest control
resources, especially if they are not given
and aesthetic pleasure.
protection.
• discovery and use of plants as medicines,
microorganisms as sources of antibiotics
and marine animals for various THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
compounds of industrial use.
HABITAT_DESTRUCTION
THREE COMPONENTS OF BIODIVERSITY
Habitat destruction is a
1. GENETIC DIVERSITY
process where the natural
Genetic diversity refers to the variation in the habitat becomes
genes of a species. Genes are segments of incapable of supporting
DNA that dictate the traits of an organism. its native species. Urbanization, reconstruction

2. SPECIES DIVERSITY of the areas into a park, agricultural land

development, habitat fragmentation, river
Species diversity refers to the variation in the damming, deforestation, and the use of
number of species. This involves a pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer can cause
combination of species richness and species alteration or habitat destruction.
evenness in an area.
POLLUTION
3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety Pollution is a condition in

of biotic communities, habitats, and which there is an

ecosystems. An ecosystem is a self- unnatural increase in the

contained community of living organisms concentrations of

that interact with each other and with environmental

their physical environment. The two compounds such as agricultural waste, sewage,

classifications of ecosystems are aquatic and particulates that cause an unfavorable

ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. environment for the survival of organisms. Even
too much light can be a pollutant. Pollutants
The survival of organisms depends on a variety destroyed the habitats of different marine and
of non-living or abiotic factors, such as air, terrestrial organisms.
water, temperature, humidity, pH, light intensity,
and current. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES

PHILIPPINES BIODIVERSITY Invasive alien species

include exotic species
➢ The Philippines, being a introduced accidentally or
tropical and archipelagic deliberately to a place that
country, has very rich and is not part of their natural habitat. It can disrupt
diverse flora and fauna. It is the native ecosystem of the native organisms.
considered a biodiversity Alien species may infect, compete, eat, or mate
hotspot and attracts tourists with the native species.
GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE ➢ There are very few researches that focus
on the biodiversity of various organisms.
The gradual increase in the
➢ The sustainable use of biodiversity
world’s temperature also
should be given emphasis.
threatens biodiversity. This
➢ Education and awareness activities have
can alter environmental
started and are being done continuously.
conditions.
Community-based programs are also
Global warming entails the initiated to help conserve biodiversity.
meltdown of icebergs that leads to sea level rise, People involve themselves in
an increase in the amount of rainfall, too much conservation projects.
heat, frequent grass and forest fires, and ➢ Implementation of laws and orders to
changes in sea temperature. Some species may save biodiversity. These laws never forget
be lost if they are unable to adapt to these preserving the wellness and
changes. betterment of our nature.

BIODIVERSITY EXPLOITATION THE ROLE OF EVOLUTION IN BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity exploitation ➢ Evolution is how the genetic composition

refers to the of species changes over time.
unsustainable use or ➢ Evolution may be microevolution or a
harvesting of natural macroevolution.
resources. Any form of ➢ Microevolution is the evolution between
abuse of flora and fauna species levels, while macroevolution is
threatens biodiversity. the type that gives rise to new species or
Overexploitation may larger groups, such as new genera,
threaten their proliferation. Gathering these families, classes, or phyla.
endangered ones for trading is an act ➢ Evolution may happen through artificial
punishable by law. selection or natural selection.
➢ In artificial selection, humans determine

OVERPOPULATION which individuals breed, as exemplified

Human overpopulation by the specific crops that are bred and

poses the greatest threat varieties that come out.

to biodiversity. As the ➢ In natural selection, the environment

population increases, the determines which organisms survive and

demand for all human perpetuate. By natural selection,

needs and wants also individuals vary, and variations could be

increases. As demand inherited. The variations may confer

increases, the need for our natural resources advantages on the next generation so

also increases. We are at the point where we get that the individuals have better capacity

too much from the environment but do not to adapt and survive.

contribute to its replacement.

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

➢ Diversity loss can be prevented through

appropriate research, government
legislation, education and awareness, and
sustainable use of biodiversity.
EXTINCTION ➢ Burning fossil fuels generates the energy
needed for vehicles, houses, and
Extinction is the dying out
businesses. Using fossil fuels releases a
or termination of a
large amount of carbon, which
species. This occurs due
contributes to the heat-trapping gases
to environmental forces
present in the atmosphere. Increasing
like climate change,
greenhouse gases will lead to global
habitat fragmentation,
warming, and global warming will result
and overexploitation, or
in climate change.
because of evolutionary
changes in their members Climate change describes the long-term
like inbreeding, poor reproduction, superior changes in climate due to continuous warming
competition, and a decline in the population. of the Earth.

POSSIBLE THREATS TO EXTINCTION NUCLEAR WAR AND NUCLEAR

CONTAMINATION
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION THROUGH CFCS
➢ Nuclear war involves the use of nuclear
➢ The ozone layer,
weapons, which will cause radiation
found in the
contamination. Nuclear war may affect
stratosphere,
thousands of people, resulting in cancer,
protects the Earth
birth defects for pregnant individuals,
against harmful
and ARS (Acute radiation syndrome). It
ultraviolet radiation
also destroys infrastructure and may
from the sun. Ozone depletion refers to
contaminate and ecosystem for a long
the thinning of Earth’s ozone layer
period of time.
caused by the release of ozone-depleting
substances such as CFCs. Ozone PLASTICS
depletion increases the risks of skin
cancer, eye cataracts, and a weak immune
system.
➢ The Montreal Protocol is a global
agreement that addresses the
destruction of the ozone layer. It cuts
down on the production and usage of
ozone-depleting substances in order to
➢ Plastic marine debris can smother
lessen their amount in the atmosphere,
wildlife, restricting the flow of oxygen
thus protecting the Earth's ozone layer.
and greatly impacting these deep-water
environments. Large debris such as
USAGE OF FOSSIL FUELS LEADING TO shipping containers can also crush
GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE habitats and leave lasting damage, not
only from the physical destruction but
➢ Global warming refers to the rise in also from releasing toxins into the
Earth's temperature. Global warming is sediment.
primarily caused by human activities,
specifically the burning of fossil fuels. PETROLEUM-BASED FERTILIZER
Fossil fuel refers to coal, crude oil, and ➢ The use of petroleum-based fertilizer
natural gas that were formed from the may lead to eutrophication.
fossilized remains of organisms. Eutrophication is a process that occurs
 in bodies of water because of the
increasing nutrients (such as nitrogen
and phosphorus) that stimulate the
growth of algae and result in oxygen
depletion.
➢ Since aquatic organisms also need
oxygen in order to breathe, other
organisms that live in the water end up
dying because of too much algae.

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

➢ Habitat destruction occurs when a

natural habitat is no longer able to
support its native species. The organisms
once living there have either moved to
elsewhere or are dead, leading to a
decrease in biodiversity and species
numbers.