AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
CLASS – XII
SESSION - 2024-25
TOPIC- TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE
INDICES-(A) .WATER (B).OIL BY USING
PLANE MIRROR AND EQUI-CONVEX
LENS.
SUBMITTED BY- SUBMITTED TO-
NAME: ATUL KASHYAP Mr Suraj Tiwari
ROLL NO : 08
SNO TOPIC PAGE NO

1 Certificate 1

2 Acknowledgement 2

3 Introduction to Python 3

4 Introduction to Python Pandas 6

5 Introduction to CSV 9

6 Hardware and Software Specification 11

7 Project Description 12

8 Source Code 14

9 Output Screens 28

10 Bibliography 48
 AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
VIRAJ KHAND, LUCKNOW

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ______________, a student of class XII has

successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project
under the guidance of Mrs. Cinderalla A Augustine (Teacher) during
the year 2024-25 in the partial fulfillment of Computer Science
practical examination conducted by CBSE , New Delhi.

Signature of Internal examiner Signature of External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure that I am penning down these lines to

express my sincere thanks to all those people who helped me in
completing this project.

The harmonious environment in our school provided the proper

atmosphere for preparing this project. It was a privilege to have
been guided by our Teacher Mrs. Cinderalla A Augustine and
our Principal Mrs. Rachna Mishra.

I am also grateful to my classmates who have helped me during

the finalization of this project with their constructive criticism
and advice.
 Introduction to Python
Python is a powerful multi-purpose programming language created by Guido van
Rossum.

Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-

level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented
programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its
interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application
development in many areas on most platforms.

The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in
source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python Web
site, https://www.python.org/, and may be freely distributed. The same site also
contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules,
programs and tools, and additional documentation.

The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types
implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also
suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.

Python is a cross-platform programming language, meaning, it runs on multiple

platforms like Windows, MacOS, Linux and has even been ported to the Java
and .NET virtual machines. It is free and open source.

Features of Python Programming

 A simple language which is easier to learn. Python has a very simple and elegant
syntax. ...
 Free and open-source. ...
 Portability. ...
 Extensible and Embeddable. ...
 A high-level, interpreted language. ...
 Large standard libraries to solve common tasks. ...
 Object-oriented

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Meaning, it supports different

programming approach.
 One of the popular approach to solve a programming problem is by creating
objects. This is known as Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).

An object has two characteristics:

 attributes
 behavior

Let's take an example:

Person is an object,

 name, age, color are attributes

 singing, dancing are behavior

The concept of OOP in Python focuses on creating reusable code. This concept is
also known as DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself).

In Python, the concept of OOP follows some basic principles:

A process of using details from a new class without modifying

Inheritance existing class.

Encapsulation Hiding the private details of a class from other objects.

Polymorphis A concept of using common operation in different ways for

m different data input.

Class

A class is a blueprint for the object.

Object

An object (instance) is an instantiation of a class. When class is defined, only the

description for the object is defined. Therefore, no memory or storage is allocated.
Methods

Methods are functions defined inside the body of a class. They are used to define
the behaviors of an object.

Inheritance

Inheritance is a way of creating new class for using details of existing class without
modifying it. The newly formed class is a derived class (or child class). Similarly,
the existing class is a base class (or parent class).

Encapsulation

Using OOP in Python, we can restrict access to methods and variables. This
prevent data from direct modification which is called encapsulation. In Python, we
denote private attribute using underscore as prefix i.e single “ _ “ or double “ __“.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is an ability (in OOP) to use common interface for multiple form
(data types).

Suppose, we need to color a shape, there are multiple shape option (rectangle,
square, circle). However we could use same method to color any shape. This
concept is called Polymorphism.

What are exceptions in Python?

Python has many built-in exceptions which forces your program to output an error
when something in it goes wrong.

When these exceptions occur, it causes the current process to stop and passes it to
the calling process until it is handled. If not handled, our program will c

In Python, exceptions can be handled using a try statement.

A critical operation which can raise exception is placed inside the try clause and
the code that handles exception is written in except clause.
 Introduction to MYSQL

MySQL is an open-source, fast reliable, and flexible relational database

management system.

 MySQL server design is multi-layered with independent modules.

 MySQL is fully multithreaded by using kernel threads. It can handle multiple
CPUs if they are available.
 MySQL provides transactional and non-transactional storage engines.
 MySQL has a high-speed thread-based memory allocation system.
 MySQL supports in-memory heap table.
 MySQL Handles large databases.
 MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.
 MySQL Works on many different platforms.
SQL commands are divided into four subgroups, DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL.

DDL
DDL is short name of Data Definition Language, which deals with database
schemas and descriptions, of how the data should reside in the database.

 CREATE - to create a database and its objects like (table, index, views, store
procedure, function, and triggers)
 ALTER - alters the structure of the existing database
 DROP - delete objects from the database
 TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for
the records are removed
 COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
 RENAME - rename an object
 DML
DML is short name of Data Manipulation Language which deals with data
manipulation and includes most common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store, modify, retrieve, delete and
update data in a database.

 SELECT - retrieve data from a database

 INSERT - insert data into a table
 UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
 DELETE - Delete all records from a database table
 MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN - interpretation of the data access path
 LOCK TABLE - concurrency Control

DCL
DCL is short name of Data Control Language which includes commands such as
GRANT and mostly concerned with rights, permissions and other controls of the
database system.

 GRANT - allow users access privileges to the database

 REVOKE - withdraw users access privileges given by using the GRANT
command

TCL
TCL is short name of Transaction Control Language which deals with a transaction
within a database.

 COMMIT - commits a Transaction

 ROLLBACK - rollback a transaction in case of any error occurs
 SAVEPOINT - to rollback the transaction making points within groups
 SET TRANSACTION - specify characteristics of the transaction.
Connecting MYSQL with Python

There are the following steps to connect a python application to our database.

1. Import mysql.connector module

2. Create the connection object.
3. Create the cursor object
4. Execute the query

Creating the connection:

To create a connection between the MySQL database and the python application,
the connect() method of mysql.connector module is used.

Pass the database details like HostName, username, and the database password in
the method call. The method returns the connection object.

The syntax to use the connect() is given below.

Connection-Object= mysql.connector.connect(host = <host-name> , user = <us

ername> , passwd = <password> )

Creating a cursor object:

The cursor object can be defined as an abstraction specified in the Python DB-API
2.0. It facilitates us to have multiple separate working environments through the
same connection to the database. We can create the cursor object by calling the
'cursor' function of the connection object. The cursor object is an important aspect
of executing queries to the databases.

The syntax to create the cursor object is given below.

<my_cur> = conn.cursor()