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Science

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23 views3 pages

Science

Anyone1 from aic year 8 u need this.

Uploaded by

munibaalam2011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science End of Terms: 8.

4
Minerals:
Minerals are naturally occurring chemical substances that make up igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Ore Minerals:
An ore mineral contains a metal or some other valuable material. Some ore minerals
are pure elements found in nature such as gold.

Definition and Purpose of Mining:


Mining is the process by which minerals and other valuable materials are extracted
from the Earth using machines. Some minerals, like salt, slate, gold, marble, and
coal, can be used in their natural form, while others need to undergo processing to
become useful materials, such as metals or building materials like cement.

Exploration:
Before starting any mining project, companies hire geologists to search for mineral
deposits. The geologists assess the quality and size of the deposit to determine if
mining would be profitable, as mining projects require substantial financial
investment. Additionally, mining companies communicate with traditional
landowners to protect important cultural sites.

Planning and Design:


If the exploration results suggest that mining would yield valuable results, experts
such as project managers, mining engineers, and finance consultants collaborate to
create a plan that is safe, financially sound, and socially responsible.

Construction:
Once the planning phase is complete and permits are approved, the construction
stage begins. This may involve building roads, mining facilities, and housing for
workers.

Surface (Open Cut) Mining:


This technique is used when mineral deposits are close to the Earth’s surface. It’s a
method of mining that extracts a mineral from the surface, such as by digging an
open pit over a large area.
Advantages: Safer, faster, and more cost-effective
Science End of Terms: 8.4
Disadvantages: Causes significant environmental damage and large waste
production.

Underground Mining:
This method is used when minerals are found deeper in the Earth by digging tunnels
underground to extract ore.
Advantages: Causes minimal surface environmental impact, extracts deeper
minerals, and generates less waste
Disadvantages: Dangerous for workers, costly and slow, requiring advanced skills.

Leech Mining
Leaching is a process of extracting minerals from ore by using a fluid that will
dissolve the mineral is injected through drill holes into the deposit and then pumped
out through recovery pipes. This method is commonly used for copper and gold.

Dredging:
Dredging involves removing minerals or sediments from the bottom of water bodies,
such as rivers, lakes, or sea beds and can be dug and filled with water. It is often
used to extract materials like sand, gravel, or precious metals.

1) Grinding:
The ore is first crushed as smaller pieces are easier to process. It also increases the
surface area of the rock, making it easier to process further.

2) Separation (Magnetic and Non-magnetic):


Minerals that are magnetic are removed by magnets, while very dense materials are
allowed to drop out from the rest of the ore.

3) Mineral Enrichment:
The minerals are enriched to concentrate them and improve their quality.

4) Extraction:
Extraction is the chemical process of separating metals from the compounds in
which they occur.
Science End of Terms: 8.4
Smelting (A Process of Extraction):
Smelting is when ore is heated with carbon (charcoal), which causes a chemical
reaction that separates the metal from the oxygen in the rock. Metal Oxide +
Carbon → Metal + Carbon Dioxide

5) Purifying:
Electrolysis is used to purify metals. In this process, an impure metal sample is
connected to a positive terminal, while a pure sample is connected to a negative
terminal in a solution containing the metal. When electricity flows through, pure
metal moves to the negative terminal, leaving impurities behind. This method is
used for metals like copper and can sometimes yield valuable by-products, such as
gold from impurities.

Froth Flotation:
Froth flotation, is when desired ore is carried away on a frothy emulsion of oil and
water and remainder of the rock, gangrene, is left behind.

Closure and Rehabilitation of Mining Sites:


When the resources in a mining site are fully extracted, the site is closed, and all
facilities are packed up or removed. A rehabilitation plan is created to restore the
land to its original state. For example, if the land was once used for agriculture, the
rehabilitation plan would aim to return it to its previous productivity.

Tailings:

Tailings are waste materials from the mine or mineral processing plant and
they are often toxic, containing acids or poisonous chemicals. Tailings from
gold mines usually contain the poison cyanide, and are usually dumped into
ponds

Monitoring Pollution Measures:

Water is controlled by treating it chemically and leaving it to settle out in


tailings dams. Clean run-off can then be discharged (released) into
surrounding creeks and rivers.

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