AL-AHSAN

Institute of English Language & Computer Science

Diploma Information Technology (DIT)

Fundamental Information Technology (FIT)

Q1: -What is Computer?

It is an electronic device or semi machine which can work under the given
instruction. That takes input, calculate the specific data, processes on it and gives
the result in a meaningful form is called computer.

Q2: - What is the computer origin?

The word computer has been taken from Latin word “compute” which
means to calculate something.

Q3: -What is the Abbreviation of computer?

There are 2 types of abbreviation of computer.
1st 2nd
C: Common C: Compel
O: Operating O: Optimize
M: Machine M: Manipulate
P: Particularly P: Process
U: Used U: Utilize
T: Trade T: Terminate
E: Education E: Execute
R: Research R: Re-write

Q4: - How many main parts of computer?

There are four main parts of computer.

• Hardware : Touchable Parts

• Software : Untouchable Parts
• Data : voice data, image data, text data.
• User

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 1
Q5: -What is Hardware:
Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of
a computer system. This includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and
mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the hard disk
drive, motherboard, video card, and many others. Computer hardware is what
you can physically touch.

Q6: - How many parts of hardware?

There are four main parts of hardware.
o Input devices
o Output devices
o System box / processing device
o Memories / storage devices

Q7: - What are input devices?

Those devices which are used to give instructions to computer.

• Mouse
The mouse is a hand-held device that controls the movement of the cursor or
pointer on the screen.
The scroll wheel in the middle helps us to move up and down a page. The
mouse buttons are used to point click and drag objects on the screen.
• Moving the point on a display screen to select an item is called pointing.
• Pressing a mouse button and releasing it at once is called clicking. To select
an icon on the screen, we double-click the left button.
• Holding down the button on an object and moving the mouse without
releasing it is called dragging.
Graphical user interfaces are often called point-and- click interfaces because we
can simply point to an object on the screen and then click a button on the mouse.
The mouse is used as a pen, pencil, or paintbrush in graphics programs to draw
pictures.

• Keyboard
The keyboard is a peripheral device through which we can input numbers,
letters, and commands into a computer. Entering data through the keyboard is
called manual data entry.
A keyboard has a different type of keys.

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 2
 1. Alphabet keys consist of the 26 letters of English alphabet arranged in
such a way that they speed up typing. QWERTY is the most common
keyboard layout.
2. Number keys contain the numbers from 0 to 9. If we press a number key
with the shift key pressed, we type the symbol drown above the number
on the number key.
3. Function keys are used to perform specific actions.
4. Numeric keys are the set of number keys on the extreme right of the
keyboard. They are arranged just like the keys on a calculator. The
numeric keypad is used to enter numeric data.
5. Arrow keys are used to moves the cursor in different directions.
6. Special keys do special tasks. Their functions cover change.
Label the function keys, numeric keys, arrow keys, and special keys on
the keyboard below.

• Scanner
A scanner is a device that can read text or images printed on paper and
translate the information into a form of computer can store and use. The digital
image can then be used and edited by different application programs.
• Joystick (Game Pad)
A joystick is used to play computer games. It is a lever that moves in all
directions and controls the movement of a pointer. Whenever the stick is moved,
the pointer moves in the same direction on the screen.

• Touch Screen
A touch screen in an electronic display screen that senses contact through
human touch or by a device such as a stylus. The touch screen performs actions
based on the location of the touch on the display area. It enables us to interact
directly with what is displayed on the screen without requiring any other device.

• Microphone (MIC)
A microphone or mic is an input device that is used record and create data in
the form of voices and sounds.

• Light pen
Light pen is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that tells
a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Software includes all

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 3
different software programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating
system.

• Webcam
A webcam is a device connected to a computer. Webcams are used to record
videos and send them over the internet. Webcams are also used to in different
applications such as games and training software.

• Graphics Tablet
A graphics tablet is an input device that enable us to enter drawing into a
computer.it consists of an electronic tablet which can detect the movement of a
stylus and translate these movements into digital signals that is sends to the
computer.
Graphics tablet are also called digitizers or digitizing tablets.

• Barcode Reader
A barcode reader is a special image in the form of vertical bars. A barcode is
placed on an object and stores data about it. Barcodes on grocery items and books
are read and scanned by special scanners called barcode readers. Barcode readers
are liked to a computer at checkout counters in stores and libraries. They are fast
and efficient.
Recently, scanners and software that read barcodes have become available
on other devices such as desktop printers and smartphones.

• Optical character Reader

Optical character reader (OCR) converts images and printed text into text
that can be edited by machines.an OCR system enables us to take a book, convert it
into an electronic computer file, and edit the file using a word processor. A special
scanner that uses software to convert printed characters into computer data called
an optical character reader.

• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

The Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) system uses special ink
and characters. To read a document that contains this ink, it is passed through a
machine which magnetizes the ink and then translates the magnetic information
into characters.
MICR technology provides a fast and secure method of scanning and
processing information.it is used by banks. Banks print account numbers in
magnetic ink on cheques.
Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi
Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 4
 A special machine called a magnetic ink character recognition reader is
used to read the magnetic ink characters. The MICR reader reads the information
on the cheque and sends it directly to the computer. This helps to process cheques
faster and more accurately.

Q8: - What are output devices?

Those devices which are used to give the result of computer.

Monitor / LCD / LED

Visual Display Unit or Monitor
The computer displays output on a screen. This screen is known as a Visual
Display Unit or Monitor. Monitors may have low, medium, or high resolution.
Resolution level is measured in pixels. A pixel is the smallest dot that makes up an
image on the screen. A highly detailed picture displayed on the screen has high
resolution. Low resolution monitors provide less detailed screen displays.

Speaker
Some speakers are designed to work specifically with computers, while
others can be hooked up to any type of sound system. Regardless of their design,
the purpose of speakers is to produce audio output that can be heard by the
listener. Speakers are transducers that convert electromagnetic waves into sound
waves.

Printer
Printer is a device which enables us to print electronic document on paper.
Printed copy is called a hard copy. Inkjet printers use ink cartridges and can print
in both color and black and white. A laser printer produces output of a better
quality at faster speeds but is more expensive than an inkjet printer.

Plotter
Plotters are used to produce large and detailed images of superior quality.
They are used to print maps and architectural plans. Plotters are slow but can draw
continuous lines, often in different colors.

Q9: - What is system Box?

1. Motherboard
A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It
holds together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the
central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output
devices.
Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi
Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 5
 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) / Brain of computer / Processor
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the
basic instructions that drive a computer. The CPU is Seen as the main and most
crucial integrated circuitry (IC) chip in a computer, as it is responsible for
interpreting most of computer’s commands.

3. Slots
Alternatively referred to as a bus slot or expansion port, an expansion slot is
connection or port located inside a computer on the motherboard or riser board that
allows a computer hardware expansion card to be connected.

Types of Slots
• Memory Slots. Most motherboards contain one or more slots to install
random access memory. ...
• PCI Express Slots. PCI Express slots hold expansion cards such as a
video or TV tuner card. ...
• PCI Slots. While the PCI standard is the predecessor to the PCIe
standard, the two standards are not interchangeable. ...
• Hard Drive Slots.

4. Cards
Graphics card is a hardware which is used to increase the video memory of a
computer and make its display quality more high definition. It makes the computer
more powerful and gives it the capacity to do more high-level works. The quality
of the image depends on the quality of the graphics card.

Q10: - What are memories?

Those devices which can store data.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A hard drive or hard disk drive (HDD) is a type of data storage device that is
used in laptops and desktop computers. An HDD is a “non-volatile” storage drive,
which means it can retain the stored data even when no power is supplied to the
device.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a common computing acronym that
stands for random-access memory. Sometimes it’s called PC memory or just
memory. In essence, RAM is your computer or laptop’s short-term memory. It’s

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 6
where the data is stored that your computer processor needs to run your application
and open your files.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

ROM refers to a computer memory chip that retains permanent or semi-
permanent information. Simply put, it is a non-volatile storage device or computer
memory accessory that keeps the contents or data saved even after your computer has
been turned off. Along with the primary memory device, RAM (Random Access
Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory) also popularly known as the secondary memory
device is another essential component of a computer.

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

A floppy disk drive (FDD), or floppy drive, is a hardware device that reads
data storage information. It was invented in 1967 by a team at International
Business Machine (IBM) and was one of the first types of Hardware storage that
could read/write a portable device. FDDs are used for reading and writing on
removable-floppy discs.

Secure Digital Card (SDC)

A SD Card (Secure Digital Card) is an ultra-small flash memory
card designed to provide high-capacity memory in a small size. SD cards are
used in many small portable devices such as digital video camcorders, digital
cameras, handheld computers, audio players and mobile phones.

Q11:- How many types of memory?

There are two types of memory.

1) Primary Memory
2) Secondary memory

Q12:-What is Primary Memory and Secondary Memory?

Primary memory is the computer’s main memory and stores data

temporarily. Secondary memory is external Memory and saves data permanently.
Data stored in primary memory can be directly accessed by the CPU, which cannot
be accessed in secondary memory.

Primary memory:

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 7
 Primary memory is also known as main memory the memory unit that
directly communicate to the CPU is called primary memory.

Types of Primary memory

There are two types of primary memory.

1) RAM (Random Access Memory)

2) Rom (Read Only Memory)

Random access memory (RAM) chip is made with metal-oxide

semiconductor (MOS), it works only when our mobile / Computer is working.

Types of RAM

There are two types of RAM

1) SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

2) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

Note: not need to be refreshed so SRAM is faster than DRAM

Read only memory (ROM) in this memory information can only be read, no
write operation can take place.

Types of ROM

• Contains important system files.

• Performs major input / output takes.

1) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

2) EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
3) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

“Secondary Memory”

Primary memory:

• It’s main memory for computer

• Direct connected to CPU
• Fast read and write speed.

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 8
Primary Memory types

Ram and Rom

CPU Registers and cache memory

Secondary memory

• Not connected directly to CPU

• Uses input output channel to retrieve information.
• Takes more time to read or write the primary memory.
• Secondary memory also called nonvolatile memory.
• Retains data even after power supply removed.n

Secondary:

• Hard Disk
• Floppy Disk
• Memory Card
• Flash Disk (USB) : universal Serial Bus
o USB name are those ports which we insert “Flash Drive”.
• CD : Compact Disk
• DVD : Digital Video Disk

Primary:

• ROM : read only memory

o Startup instruction
• RAM : random access memory
o Windows Load
o Program Load
o Game Load
▪ Erasable Memory on startup

Q11: - what are Memory unites?

Memory unites are used for specify memory units’ size.
• Bit = Smallest unit of memories
• Nibble = 4 Bits
• Byte = 8 Bits / 2 Nibble
o A single alphabet is called 1 byte.

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 9
 • Kilo byte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
• Mega Byte (MB) = 1024 KBs
• Giga Byte (GB) = 1024 MBs
• Tara Byte (TB) = 1024 GBs
• Peta Byte (PB) = 1024 TBs
• Exa Byte (EB) = 1024 PBs
• Zeta Byte (ZB) = 1024 EBs
• Yotta-Byte (YB) = 1024 ZBs
• Bronta Byte (BB) = 1024 YBs
• Geo Byte (GB) = 1024 BBs
• Sagan Byte (SB) = 1024 GBs

Q12: -What is software?

Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer
instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical
hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work.

There are 2 types of software.

1. System software
2. Application software

Q13: - What is system software?

Those Software which fulfills system requirements.

Example:
• “Disk Operating System” (DOS) “Command Line Interface” (CLI)
• Windows “Graphical User Interface” (GUI)
• Anti-virus
• DM (device manager)
• Players

Q13: - What is application software?

Those Software which fulfills user requirements.

Example:
• Ms-Office
• Graphics
• Web designing
• Songs
Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi
Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 10
 • Movies
• Databases

Deferent between system software and application software

S/No System Software Application Software
System software is used for operating Application software is used by
1
computer hardware. user to perform specific task.
System software’s are installed on the Application software’s are installed
2 computer when operating system is according to user’s requirements.
installed.
In general, the user does not interact In general, the user interacts with
3 with system software because it works application software’s.
in the background.
System software can run Application software can’t run
independently. It provides platform independently. They can’t run
4
for running application software’s. without the presence of system
software.
Some examples of system software’s Some examples of application
5 are compiler, assembler, debugger, software’s are word processor, web
driver, etc. browser media player, etc.
Q14: - What is data?
Data is used for computer fill information.
There are 3 types of data.
• Text data
• Voice data
• Image data
Some people are saying 4 types of data. No just 3 types of data 4th type are
video. But video is combination of voice and image.

Q15: - who is a father of computer?

Charles Babbage is called father of computer.
Just information:
Charles Babbage does not create computer. But Charles Babbage gives
formula.
• Ac Current : alternative Current
• Dc Current : Direct Current

Alternating Current (AC) is an electronic current which periodically reverses

direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time in contrast to direct
current (DC) which flows only in one direction.
Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi
Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 11
 Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to
businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy that consumers
typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans and electric
lamps into a wall socket. A common source of DC power is a battery cell in a
flashlight.
The abbreviation AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and
direct, as when they modify current or voltage.

Q16: - what is first size of computer?

• Vertical size of computer : 11 Foot
• Horizontal size of computer : 54 Foot

Q17: - Ages of computer?

There are 3 Ages of computer.

• Dark Age : Counting Machines
• Middle age : calculators
• Modern age : electronic computer

Computer language

A computer language is a formal language used to communicate with a

computer types of computer language include construction language – all forms of
communication by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to
computer.

There are 2 types of computer language.

• Machine language.

Machine language the language understood by a computer it is very

difficult to understand, but it is the only thing that the computer can work with.
All programs and programming languages eventually generate or run programs
in machine language.

• Binary Language.

Binary describes a numbering scheme in which there are only two

possible values for each digit – 0 or – 1 and is the basis for all binary code used
Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi
Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 12
 in computing system. These systems use this code to understand operational
instructions and user input and to present a relevant output to the user.

Created By: M, Ahsan Afridi

Contact number: 0331-2777706 Page 13