Unit II: Basic Concepts of Organic

Chemistry.
1st Year BSN (Generic)
Objectives:
▶ Definitions of Organic Chemistry and Compounds
▶ Classification of Organic Compound
▶ Properties of Organic Compound
▶ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC)
▶ Hydrocarbons
▶ Alkanes , Alkenes & Alkynes
▶ Isomerism
▶ Functional Group
▶ Macromolecules of human body

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Organic Chemistry
▶ Organic chemistry is the study of the
structure and properties of compound which
contains carbon hydrogen bond.
▶ Organic chemistry is important because it is
the study of life and it is related to all
chemical reactions of life.

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Organic and Inorganic Compounds
▶ Organic compounds are generally complex
molecules derived from or produced by living
organisms and have carbon-hydrogen bonds.
▶ Inorganic compounds are generally more simple
molecules derived from nonliving components, like
metals, and have no carbon-hydrogen bonds.

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Organic Compounds
▶Any of a large class of chemical compounds
in which one or more atoms of carbon are
covalently linked to atoms of other element
are called organic compounds.
Examples
1 Carbohydrates
2 Lipids
3 Protein
4 Nucleic acid

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Classification of Organic Compounds

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Cyclic or Closed Chain Compound
▶Which contain carbon atoms connected to
each other in a ring is called Cyclic
Compound and Closed Chain compound.
Examples
1 Cyclopropane
2 Cyclohexane

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Acyclic or Open Chain Compound
▶Which contain carbon atom connected to
each other in a branched or straight line is
called Acyclic or Open Chain Compound. It is
also called Aliphatic compound.
Examples
1 Ethane
2 Acetic acid

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Properties of Organic Compound
1) Organic compound include complex
structure and high molecular weight.
2) These are soluble inorganic solvent and
mostly insoluble in water.
3) Mostly depended on three elements:
i. Hydrogen.
ii. Carbon.
iii. Nitrogen.
4) These compounds are combustible in
nature.
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Properties of Organic Compound
5) They are relatively low melting and boiling
point.
6) Most properties of the compound are
decided by the functional group attached
to them.

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International Union of Pure
Applied and Chemistry (IUPAC)
▶ IUPAC is a method of naming of organic compound.
IUPAC is based on naming a molecule longest
chain of carbon and hydrogen. The basis of IUPAC
naming is Alkanes , Alkenes & Alkynes.
Rules of IUPAC:
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon
chain.
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the
end nearest substituent group.
4. Designate the location of each substituent group
by an appropriate number and name.
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Hydrocarbons
▶ The compound containing only hydrogen and
carbon are called hydrocarbons.
▶ Hydrocarbon are generally odourless and
hydrophobic with only weak odour because of
diverse molecular structures.
▶ Hydrocarbon has low boiling point, lower
viscosity and higher flammability.
▶ Hydrocarbons can be solid, liquid or gases.
▶ They are generally non polar and do not dissolve
in water.

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 Hydrocarbons
▶ We use hydrocarbons everyday mainly as a
fuel such as natural gas.
▶ Many hydrocarbons are found in plants,
animals and other fossils.
Examples:
1. Methane CH4
2. Ethane C2H6

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 Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
▶ These are simple hydrocarbons with no functional
group.
Alkanes:
▶ The simplest organic compound are Alkanes.
▶ Alkanes have only single bond between carbon atom
and are called saturated hydrocarbon.
▶ Alkanes have the general formula is CnH2n+2 where n is
the no of carbon atoms.
Examples:
1. Methane CH4
2. Ethane C2H6
3. Propane C3H8
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 Continue….
Alkenes:
▶ Alkenes have at least one carbon atom with double
bond.
▶ Alkenes are called as unsaturated hydrocarbon.
▶ Alkenes have general formula CnH2n where n is the
no of carbon atoms.
Examples:
1. Ethene C2H4
2. Propene C3H6

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 Continue….
Alkynes:
▶ Alkynes have one or more carbon atom with triple
bond.
▶ Alkynes are also called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
▶ Alkynes have general formula CnH2n-2 where n is the
no of carbon atoms.
Examples:
1. Ethyne C2H2
2. Propyne C3H4

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Continue….

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Isomerism
▶ Isomers have same molecular formula but
different in structure formula due to different
arrangement of atoms and groups are called
isomers and phenomenon are called
isomerism.
Examples:
1. Butane and Iso-butane

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Types of Isomerism
▶ Constitutional (structural) isomers.
▶ Stereoisomer (spatial isomers).

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Functional Groups
▶ An atom or group of atoms are joined in a
specific manner which is responsible for the
characteristics and chemical properties of
the organic compound are called functional
groups.
▶ A large part of organic chemistry depends
upon functional groups.

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Continue…

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Macromolecules of Human Body
▶ Biological macromolecules are important cellular
components to perform wide array of function
necessary for the survival growth of living organism.
▶ Macromolecules are important for human body
because they can provide a structural support, nutrient,
ability to store, transfer genetic information and ability
to speed-up biochemical reaction.
▶ Four major types of biological macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Protein
4. Nucleic acid

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