ARMYPUBLICSCHOOL

DIGHI
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT 2024 - 2025

TOPIC : Elevation in boiling point and Depression in

freezing point

NAME : VARAD RAMDAS UMAP

CLASS : XII A

ROLLNO :
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VARAD RAMDAS UMAP of

Class XII Science, Army Public School Dighi has
successfully completed his/her project in Chemistry
as prescribed by the CBSE, for the year 2024-2025.

PRINCIPAL

INTERNALEXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Principal Mrs. Kavita

Kadam for her support. I am grateful to Mrs. Sandeep
Kaur, my Chemistry Teacher for his continuous
support guidance in completing my project.
I extend my gratitude towards all teaching and non
teaching staff of Army Public School Dighi, for their
support. I thank my parents for their undivided
encouragement & interest which inspired me and
without which I would be unable to complete my
project.
Last but not the least, I am thankful to my classmates
who extended their helping hand to prepare this
project in a limited time frame.
 CONTENTS

1. Objective

2. Introduction

3.Theory

4. Observation / Working

5. Applications

6. Conclusion

7. Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE

• To experimentally investigate
and quantify the effects of
solute concentration on the
elevation of boiling point and
depression of freezing point in
a solvent, thereby
demonstrating the principles
of colligative properties.
 INTRODUCTION

Colligative properties are physical properties of

solutions that depend solely on the number of
dissolved particles in the solvent, not on the chemical
identity of those particles. These properties include:
• Vapor Pressure Lowering: When a non-volatile
solute is added to a solvent, it reduces the
solvent's vapor pressure compared to the pure
solvent. This is due to fewer solvent molecules
escaping into the gas phase.
• Boiling Point Elevation: Adding a non-volatile
solute to a solvent increases the boiling point of
the solvent. This occurs because the presence of
solute particles disrupts the formation of solvent
vapor molecules, requiring a higher temperature to
achieve vapor pressure equal to atmospheric
pressure.
 INTRODUCTION
•
Freezing Point Depression: Adding a solute to a
solvent lowers its freezing point. This happens
because solute particles disrupt the formation of
the solvent's crystal lattice, making it more
difficult for the solvent to freeze at the same
temperature.
• Osmotic Pressure: Osmotic pressure is the
pressure required to stop osmosis, the movement
of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable
membrane from a dilute solution to a more
concentrated solution. It depends on the
concentration of solute particles in the solution.
 THEORY

Elevation of Boiling Point:

• Boiling point elevation refers to the increase

in the boiling point of a solvent upon the
addition of a solute. When a non-volatile
solute is added to a solvent, the resulting
solution has a higher boiling point than that
of the pure solvent. For example, the boiling
point of a solution of sodium chloride (salt)
and water is greater than that of pure water.

• Boiling point elevation is a colligative

property of matter, i.e. it is dependent on the
solute-to-solvent ratio but not on the solute’s
identity. This implies that the elevation in
the boiling point of a solution depends on
the amount of solute added to it. The greater
the concentration of solute in the solution,
the greater the boiling point elevation.
 THEORY

• The boiling point elevation constant,

denoted as Kb , is a fundamental property
used to quantify the elevation of the boiling
point in a solvent caused by the presence of
a non-volatile solute. It is a colligative
property of solutions that is generally
proportional to the molality of the added
solute. The elevation in the boiling point of a
solution can be described by the following
formula.
• ΔTb = i×Kb×m
 EXPERIMENT

Aim:
To study the effect of various solutes on the
elevation of boiling point of water

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Bunsen burner
• Tripod stand
• Wire mesh
• 250ml flask
• Glass stirrer
• Thermometer
• Solutes under investigation
• Tap Water
 EXPERIMENT
Procedure:
• Set up the apparatus using a 250ml beaker
containing 200ml of the experimental solution
• Put the beaker on a tripod stand with a wire mesh
and use a Bunsen burner to heat the solution
• A celestial thermometer calibrated up to 110°C is
immersed in the solution in the beaker with the
help of a clamp stand
• The initial temperature taken before starting the
experiment temperature. was considered as the
room
• At first, find the boiling point of tap water. This
temperature is taken as the standard boiling point
of the solution.
• Now, prepare three different concentrations of
NaCl and boil 250ml of cach one by one in the
beaker.
• Take the readings of the temperature after every 20
seconds
• After 90 seconds, take the readings after every 10
seconds in order to easily find out the concurrent
result.
• Repeat the procedure similarly for different
concentrations of glucose and take the observations
accordingly.
 EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION :

The boiling point of tap water as solvent is

found to be 99.3°C Least count of
thermometer: 0.1°C
Table for elevation of boiling point:

RESULT & CONCLUSION:

On increasing the concentration, the boiling

point of NaCl and glucose increases.
 THEORY

Depression of Freezing Point:

• Freezing point depression refers to the

decrease in the Freezing point of a solvent
upon the addition of a solute. When a
nonvolatile solute is added to a solvent, the
resulting solution has a lower freezing point
than that of the pure solvent. For example,
the freezing point of seawater is below 0°C;
it remains liquid at temperatures below the
freezing point of pure water. This is caused
by the salts that are dissolved in it.
• Freezing point depression is a colligative
property of matter, i.e. it is dependent on the
solute-to-solvent ratio but not on the solute’s
identity. This implies that the depression in
the freezing point of a solution depends on
the amount of solute added to it. The greater
the concentration of solute in the solution,
the greater the freezing point depression.
 THEORY

• The freezing point depression constant,

denoted as Kf , is a fundamental property
used to quantify the drepession of the
freezing point in a solvent caused by the
presence of a non-volatile solute. It is a
colligative property of solutions that is
generally proportional to the molality of the
added solute. The depression in the freezing
point of a solution can be described by the
following formula.
• ΔTf = i×Kf×m
 EXPERIMENT

Aim:
To study the effect of various solutes on the
depression of freezing point of water

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Ice cubes
• Electrical kitchen balance (accurate to 0.1
gram)
• Identical plates or saucers
• Sugar
• Sand
• Table salt
• Timer
• Measuring cup
 EXPERIMENT
Procedure:
1. Take a clean plate and several ice cubes for each
of the substances to be tested.
2. Note the starting time, then carefully sprinkle one
teaspoon of substance to be tested over the ice
cubes(say salt).
3. After a fixed amount of time (here 10 minutes),
pour off the melted water into a measuring cup, and
use the balance to measure the mass. Subtract the
mass of the empty cup from the mass observed and
you'll have the mass of the melted water. Repeat the
same for equal intervals of time.
4. Measure the remaining mass of ice cube.
5. Repeat three times for each substance to be tested.
6. Use the same procedure to measure the melting
rate for ice cubes with nothing added.
7. For each test, calculate the percentage of the ice
cube that melted:
[mass of melted water]/[initial mass of cube] X 100
8. For each test, calculate the percentage of ice cube
Remaining: [remaining mass of ice cube]/ [initial
mass of ice cube] X 100
9. For each substance you tested, calculate the
average amount of melted water produced (as a
percent of initial mass), and the average remaining ice
cube (mass as a percentage of initial mass).
 EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION :

MASS OF THE CUP= 40G

MINITIAL WEIGHT OF ICE-10GM
ROOM TEMPERATURE-25(in Celsius)
Table for depression of freezing point:

RESULT & CONCLUSION:

The solution of ice and salt shows maximum

increase in % of melting meaning that solution of ice
and salt will melt fastest.
The order in which they show depression in freezing
point is:

[ice+salt]>[ice+sugar]>[ice+sand]>ice
 APPLICATIONS of BOILING POINT
ELEVATION

• Antifreeze - Ethylene Glycol or Antifreeze

helps prevent radiator water from freezing.
You may not have noticed it also raises the
fluid's boiling point. Raising the boiling point
prevents boil-overs. Many antifreeze
manufacturers list boil-over and freeze-up
prevention.
• Cooking - Adding salt to water increases its
boiling point, making it hotter when it boils.
Adding a few grams of salt to 10 cups of
water raises the boiling point by 0.015 degrees
Celsius, which won't affect your cooking.
Cooking uses boiling point elevation.
Contrary to misconception, salting water
won't help it boil quicker. Since its boiling
point has risen, it will take longer to boil.
• Refinery - Once sugarcane is harvested and
the juice removed, it must be processed to
make crystalline sugar. The temperature at
which cane juice or syrup boils depends on its
sugar content. The boiling point elevation
helps monitor solution saturation, which is
critical for crystallization.
 APPLICATIONS of FREEZING POINT
DEPRESSION
• The radiator fluid in an automobile is a
mixture of water and ethylene glycol. The
freezing-point depression prevents radiators
from freezing in winter.
• Road salting takes advantage of this effect to
lower the freezing point of the ice it is placed
on. Lowering the freezing point allows the
street ice to melt at lower temperatures,
preventing the accumulation of dangerous,
slippery ice.
• Freezing-point depression is used by some
organisms that live in extreme cold. Such
creatures have evolved means through which
they can produce a high concentration of
various compounds such as sorbitol and
glycerol. This elevated concentration of solute
decreases the freezing point of the water
inside them, preventing the organism from
freezing solid even as the water around them
freezes, or as the air around them becomes
very cold.
 CONCLUSION

In this project, we explored the colligative

properties of solutions, specifically boiling point
elevation and freezing point depression, which are
influenced by the presence of solutes. Our
experiments confirmed that adding a non-volatile
solute to a solvent raises the boiling point and
lowers the freezing point of the solution,
consistent with the theoretical predictions.
These findings have practical implications in
various fields, such as chemistry, environmental
science, and engineering, where controlling the
physical properties of solutions is crucial. For
example, understanding freezing point depression
is vital in designing antifreeze solutions, while
boiling point elevation is relevant for processes
like distillation.
Overall, this project reinforced the fundamental
concepts of colligative properties and
demonstrated how solute concentration affects the
physical characteristics of solutions. Further
studies could explore the impact of different types
of solutes or investigate these properties in more
complex mixtures.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

•https://byjus.com/chemistry/elevation-
boilingpoint/

•https://byjus.com/chemistry/depressionfreezing-
point/

• https://www.toppr.com/

• https://www.vedantu.com/evs/boiling-
pointelevation

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/