Example 1: Find b such that f(x) given below is continuous?

Solution to Example 1

For x > -1, f(x) = 2 x 2 + b is a polynomial function and therefore continuous.

For x < -1, f(x)= -x 3 is a polynomial function and therefore continuous.

For x = -1

f(-1) = 2(-1) 2 + b = 2 + b

let us consider the left and right hand limits

limit from left of -1

limit from right of -1

For function f to be continuous, we need to have

L1 = L2 = 2 + b
or 2 + b = 1 or b = -1.
Substitute b by -1 in the given function to obtain

The graph of f is shown below and it is clear that the function is continuous at x = -1.
Example 2

: Find a and b such that both g(x) given below and its first derivative are continuous?

Solution to Example 3

Continuity of function g

For x > 2, g(x) = a x 2 + b is a polynomial function and therefore continuous.

For x < 2, g(x) = -2 x + 2 is a polynomial function and therefore continuous.

let
For continuity of g at x = 2, we need to have
L1 = L2 = g(2)
Which gives
4 a + b = -2
Continuity of the derivative g'
For x > 2, g '(x) = 2 a x is a polynomial function and therefore continuous.
For x < 2, g '(x) = -2 is a constant function and therefore continuous.
Let

For continuity of g' at x = 2, we need to have

l1 = l2 or 4 a = - 2
The last equation gives: a = - 1 / 2. And substitute a by - 1 / 2 in the equation 4 a + b = -2
obtained above, we obtain b = 0. Substitute a and b by their values to obtain:

Function g(x) is graphed below and it is clear that both the function and its derivative (slope) are
continuous at x = 2.
 Derivative Rules
The Derivative tells us the slope of a function at any point.

There are rules we can follow to find many derivatives.

For example:

 The slope of a constant value (like 3) is always 0

 The slope of a line like 2x is 2, or 3x is 3 etc
 and so on.

Here are useful rules to help you work out the derivatives of many functions (with examples
below). Note: the little mark ’ means "Derivative of", and f and g are functions.

Common Functions Function Derivative

Constant c 0
Line x 1
ax a
Square x2 2x
Square Root √x (½)x-½
Exponential ex ex
ax ln(a) ax
Logarithms ln(x) 1/x
loga(x) 1 / (x ln(a))
Trigonometry (x is in radians) sin(x) cos(x)
cos(x) −sin(x)
tan(x) sec2(x)
Inverse Trigonometry sin-1(x) 1/√(1−x2)
cos-1(x) −1/√(1−x2)
tan-1(x) 1/(1+x2)

Rules Function Derivative

Multiplication by constant cf cf’
Power Rule xn nxn−1
 Sum Rule f+g f’ + g’
Difference Rule f-g f’ − g’
Product Rule fg f g’ + f’ g
Quotient Rule f/g (f’ g − g’ f )/g2
Reciprocal Rule 1/f −f’/f2
Chain Rule
fºg (f’ º g) × g’
(as "Composition of Functions")
Chain Rule (using ’ ) f(g(x)) f’(g(x))g’(x)
Chain Rule (using d dx ) dy dx = dy du du dx

"The derivative of" is also written d dx

So d dx sin(x) and sin(x)’ both mean "The derivative of sin(x)"

Examples
Example: what is the derivative of sin(x) ?

From the table above it is listed as being cos(x)

It can be written as:

sin(x) = cos(x)

Or:

sin(x)’ = cos(x)

Power Rule

Example: What is x3 ?

The question is asking "what is the derivative of x3 ?"

We can use the Power Rule, where n=3:

xn = nxn−1

x3 = 3x3−1 = 3x2

(In other words the derivative of x3 is 3x2)

So it is simply this:

"multiply by powe then reduce power by 1"

It can also be used in cases like this:

Example: What is (1/x) ?

1/x is also x-1

We can use the Power Rule, where n = −1:

xn = nxn−1

x−1 = −1x−1−1

= −x−2

= −1x2

So we just did this: which simplifies to −1/x2

Multiplication by constant

Example: What is 5x3 ?

the derivative of cf = cf’

the derivative of 5f = 5f’

We know (from the Power Rule):

x3 = 3x3−1 = 3x2

So:

5x3 = 5 x3 = 5 × 3x2 = 15x2

Sum Rule

Example: What is the derivative of x2+x3 ?

The Sum Rule says:

the derivative of f + g = f’ + g’

So we can work out each derivative separately and then add them.

Using the Power Rule:

 x2 = 2x

 x3 = 3x2

And so:

the derivative of x2 + x3 = 2x + 3x2

Difference Rule

It doesn't have to be x, we can differentiate with respect to, for example, v:

Example: What is (v3−v4) ?

The Difference Rule says

the derivative of f − g = f’ − g’

So we can work out each derivative separately and then subtract them.

Using the Power Rule:

 v3 = 3v2

 v4 = 4v3

And so:

the derivative of v3 − v4 = 3v2 − 4v3

Sum, Difference, Constant Multiplication And Power Rules

Example: What is (5z2 + z3 − 7z4) ?

Using the Power Rule:

 z2 = 2z

 z3 = 3z2

 z4 = 4z3

And so:

(5z2 + z3 − 7z4) = 5 × 2z + 3z2 − 7 × 4z3 = 10z + 3z2 − 28z3

Product Rule

Example: What is the derivative of cos(x)sin(x) ?

The Product Rule says:

the derivative of fg = f g’ + f’ g

In our case:

 f = cos
 g = sin

We know (from the table above):

 cos(x) = −sin(x)

 sin(x) = cos(x)

So:

the derivative of cos(x)sin(x) = cos(x)cos(x) − sin(x)sin(x)

= cos2(x) − sin2(x)
Quotient Rule

To help you remember:

(fg)’ = gf’ − fg’/g2

The derivative of "High over Low" is:

"Low High minus High Low, over the line and square the Low"

Example: What is the derivative of cos(x)/x ?

In our case:

 f = cos
 g=x

We know (from the table above):

 f' = −sin(x)
 g' = 1

So:

the derivative of cos(x)x = Low dHigh minus High dLowover the line and square the Low

= x(−sin(x)) − cos(x)(1)x2

= −xsin(x) + cos(x)x2

Reciprocal Rule

Example: What is (1/x) ?

The Reciprocal Rule says:

the derivative of 1f = −f’f2

With f(x)= x, we know that f’(x) = 1

So:

the derivative of 1x = −1x2

Which is the same result we got above using the Power Rule.

Chain Rule

Example: What is d dx sin(x2) ?

sin(x2) is made up of sin() and x2:

 f(g) = sin(g)
 g(x) = x2

The Chain Rule says:

the derivative of f(g(x)) = f'(g(x))g'(x)

The individual derivatives are:

 f'(g) = cos(g)
 g'(x) = 2x

So:

d dx sin(x2) = cos(g(x)) (2x)

= 2x cos(x2)

Another way of writing the Chain Rule is: dy dx = dy du du dx

Let's do the previous example again using that formula:

Example: What is d dx sin(x2) ?

dy dx = dy du du dx

Have u = x2, so y = sin(u):

d dx sin(x2) = d du sin(u) d dx x2

Differentiate each:

d dx sin(x2) = cos(u) (2x)

Substitue back u = x2 and simplify:

d dx sin(x2) = 2x cos(x2)
Same result as before (thank goodness!)

Another couple of examples of the Chain Rule:

Example: What is (1/cos(x)) ?

1/cos(x) is made up of 1/g and cos():

 f(g) = 1/g
 g(x) = cos(x)

The Chain Rule says:

the derivative of f(g(x)) = f’(g(x))g’(x)

The individual derivatives are:

 f'(g) = −1/(g2)
 g'(x) = −sin(x)

So:

(1/cos(x))’ = −1/(g(x))2 × −sin(x)

= sin(x)/cos2(x)

Note: sin(x)/cos2(x) is also tan(x)/cos(x), or many other forms.

Example: What is (5x−2)3 ?

The Chain Rule says:

the derivative of f(g(x)) = f’(g(x))g’(x)

(5x-2)3 is made up of g3 and 5x-2:

 f(g) = g3
 g(x) = 5x−2

The individual derivatives are:

 f'(g) = 3g2 (by the Power Rule)

  g'(x) = 5

So:

(5x−2)3 = 3g(x)2 × 5 = 15(5x−2)2