TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

401065
ELECTRIC MACHINES

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Vo Cong Phuong

Email: phuong.vo@ut.edu.vn
Phone: 0948856188

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 TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 5

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Vo Cong Phuong

Email: phuong.vo@ut.edu.vn
Phone: 0948856188

2
 CONTENTS

5.1. Overview
5.2. Emf and torque
5.3. Armature reaction and how to reduce
5.4. Generator analysis
5.5. Motor analysis
5.6. DC Motor speed control

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 OBJECTIVES

Ø Know and remember the construction,

working principle and applications of DC
machines
Ø Understand the equivalent circuit and
power flow
Ø Apply to calculate the currents, voltages,
energy efficiency and torque
Ø Analysis operational characteristics
4
 CONTENTS

5.1. Overview
5.2. Emf and torque
5.3. Armature reaction and how to reduce
5.4. Generator analysis
5.5. Motor analysis
5.6. DC Motor speed control

5
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.1. Introduction
Ø A DC machine is an electro-mechanical energy
conversion device.
Ø Conventional DC generators are being replaced
by the solid state rectifiers where AC supply is
available.
Ø Applications: in electric vehicles, in steel and
aluminum rolling mills, traction motors, electric trains,
overhead cranes, control devices, etc.

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 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.1. Introduction
Ø Advantages of DC motor
§ Speed control over a wide range both above and below
the rated speed.
§ Higher torque than an equivalent AC machine
§ Quick starting, stopping, reversing and acceleration

7
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.1. Introduction
Ø Disadvantages of DC motor
§ High initial cost
§ Increased operation and maintenance cost due to
presence of commutator and brush gear
§ Cannot operate in explosive and hazard conditions

8
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.2. Construction Main pole core

Excited winding
Armature
windings
Commutating pole

Commutating pole
Rotor field winding

Stator York
DC machine construction 9
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.2. Construction

10
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.2. Construction

11
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.2. Construction

12
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.2. Working principle

DC Generator DC Motor

Ea - Emf generated in the armature

Ia – Armature current
Ra – Armature resistor 13
 5.1. OVERVIEW

5.1.3. Classifications

Separate Excitation Series Excitation

Shunt Excitation Compound Excitation

14
 CONTENTS

5.1. Overview
5.2. Emf and torque
5.3. Armature reaction and how to reduce
5.4. Generator analysis
5.5. Motor analysis
5.6. DC Motor speed control

15
 5.2. EMF AND TORQUE

Ø When the rotor of machines rotate or be

rotated, the rotor conductors cut the field lines
that generate emf in the coils:
Ea  2 N r Bag  g v
Dg
With : v  m and   Bag  gDg / p
2
ØThe induced Emf:
ka – armature constant
Ca – total number of conductor
a – number of magnetic poles 16
 5.2. EMF AND TORQUE

Ø The electromagnetic power or the converted

power :

Ø The Induced Torque or Electromagnetic Torque

17
 CONTENTS

5.1. Overview
5.2. Emf and torque
5.3. Armature reaction and how to reduce
5.4. Generator analysis
5.5. Motor analysis
5.6. DC Motor speed control

18
 5.3. ARMATURE REACTION AND
HOW TO REDUCE

5.3.1. Armature reaction

Ø I n DC machi n e s , t h e re a re t w o k i n d s o f
magnetic fluxes acting:
§ The main flux is produced by the If in stator pole
§ The second flux is because of current following in
the armature  This flux distort the main flux, thus
the overall effective flux in DC Generator decrease.
Ø This mutual action of armature flux on the main
field flux is known as armature reaction.

19
 5.3. ARMATURE REACTION AND
HOW TO REDUCE

5.3.1. Armature reaction

a) b) c)
Armature reaction
a) Main flux b) Armature flux c) Resulting flux
20
 5.3. ARMATURE REACTION AND
HOW TO REDUCE

5.3.1. Armature reaction

Ø The Effects Of Armature Reaction:
§ Armature reaction weakens the main flux. In
dc generator  reduces the generated voltage. In
motor  reduces the torque  reduces speed.
§ The “Main Neutral Axis’ gets shifted  the is a
problem of commutation which results in cooper
losses, iron losses, sparking etc.

21
 5.3. ARMATURE REACTION AND
HOW TO REDUCE

5.3.2. How to reduce

Ø Brush Shifting
Ø Commutating poles or interpoles
Ø Compensating windings

Compensating windings
Commutating poles 22
 5.3. ARMATURE REACTION AND
HOW TO REDUCE

5.3.2. How to reduce

23
 CONTENTS

5.1. Overview
5.2. Emf and torque
5.3. Armature reaction and how to reduce
5.4. Generator analysis
5.5. Motor analysis
5.6. DC Motor speed control

24
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.1. Separately excited DC generator

Ø Equivalent Circuit

Mechanical Power in

25
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.1. Separately excited DC generator

Ø External Characteristic

The external characteristic without (a) and with (b) the armature reaction

Voltage Regulation:
26
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.1. Separately excited DC generator

Example:
A 25-kW 125-V separately-excited DC machine is operated
at a constant speed of 3000 r/min with a constant field
current such that the open-circuit armature voltage is 125V.
The armature resistance is 0.02. Compute the armature
current, terminal power, and electromagnetic power and
torque when the terminal voltage is (a) 120 V and (b) 124 V.

27
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.2. Shunt DC generator

VT  E A  I a Ra
Ø As IL   IA  VT  IF     E  VT .
Thus the load voltage (V T ) drops off somewhat more
severely in a shunt connected DC generator as
compared to the separately excited generator
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 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.2. Shunt DC Generator

Ø Voltage Buildup in a Shunt Generator

§ Requires residual flux

in the poles of the
generator
§ The field resistance
should be less than R
critical

29
Open-circuit characteristic
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.3. Series DC Generator

Since : E A  ka ..m  ka (k f . I f )m  ka (k f . I A )m

For no-load: IL = IA = IF = 0  E A = 0  V T = 0
With load : IL  EA  VT 30
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.3. Series DC Generator

31
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.4. Compounded DC Generator

net = F + S  Cumulatively Compounded

net = F - S  Differentially Compounded 32
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.4. Compounded DC Generator

VT
(1)
(1): Cumulatively Over-compounded
EA (2) (2): Cumulatively Flat-compounded

(3) (3): Shunt

(4)
(4): Differentially Compounded

0 IL
Terminal Characteristic of a compounded DC generator

33
 5.4. DC GENERATOR ANALYSIS

5.4.5. Power flow diagram of DC Generator

Arm. copper loss IA2RA + brush

contact loss

Input from Electromagnetic Power Output power

prime-mover Pconv=EAIA Pout= VT IL

No-load rotational loss (friction Series field loss IS2RS

+windage+core)+stray load loss +shunt field loss If2Rf

34
 CONTENTS

5.1. Overview
5.2. Emf and torque
5.3. Armature reaction and how to reduce
5.4. Generator analysis
5.5. Motor analysis
5.6. DC Motor speed control

35
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.1. Separately excited and Shunt

motors
Ø Separately Excited Motor

36
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.1. Separately excited and Shunt

motors
Ø Shunt Motor

Note: when the voltage to the field circuit is assumed

constant, there is no difference between them… 37
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.1. Separately excited and Shunt

motors
ØThe m= f (IF) characteristic :
E A  VT  I A RA  ka m m

VT  I A RA VT  I A RA
m  
ka  k a ( k F .I F )

IF
38
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.1. Separately excited and Shunt DC

motors
VT  I A RA
Ø The m= f (IA) characteristic: m 

ka 
1 When no-load :
0  § In Ideal : IA0 = 0  0 = 1
rated
§ In practical : IA0  0  0 1
Speed Regulation:
0  rated
SR%  100%
IA0 IA-rated IA rated 39
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.1. Separately excited and Shunt DC

motors
Ø The output characteristic m=f()
VT  I A RA 
From: m 
ka  1
0 
rated
and:  ind  ka I A

 40
0 
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

Example
A 50(HP), 250(V), 1200(r.p.m) DC shunt motor with
compensating windings has an armature resistance
(including the brushes, compensating windings, and
interpoles) of 0.06(). Its field circuit has a total resistance
(R adj +R F ) of 50(), which produces a no-load speed of
1200(rpm). The shunt field winding has 1200 turns per pole.
a) Find the motor speed when its input current is 100 A.
b) Find the motor speed when its input current is 200 A.
c) Find the motor speed when its input current is 300 A.
d) Plot the motor torque-speed characteristic.
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 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.2. Series DC motor

Ø Equivalent circuit
  k f .I f  k f I A

 ind  ka I A
 ka I A k f I A   kC I A2
Series motors supply the
highest torque among the
DC motors. Therefore, they
are used as car starter
motors, elevator motors etc. 42
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.2. Series DC motor

Ø The m= f (IA) characteristic:


VT  I A RA  RS  0
m 
ka 
VT RA  RS
  
kC . I A kC
I0 Irated Istart IA

If no-load  I A 0  n  the motor will be running fast

enough to cause damage  must be taken to ensure that a
series motor always has a load. 43
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.2. Series DC motor

Ø The output characteristic m= f ()

VT RA  RS
m   0
kC  ind kC

0 rated start 

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 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

Example
A 220V, 7HP series motor is mechanically coupled to a fan
and draws 25 amps and runs at 300 rpm when connected to
a 220 V supply with no external resistance connected to the
armature circuit (Le., Rae = 0). The torque required by the
fan is proportional to the square of the speed. Ra = 0,6 
and RS = 0,4 . Neglect armature reaction and rotational loss.
(a) Determine the power delivered to the fan and the torque
developed by the machine.
(b) When the current down to 16 amps, determine the speed
of the fan and the torque developed by the machine

45
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.3. Compounded DC motor

Ø Equivalent

net = F + S  Cumulatively Compounded

net = F - S  Differentially Compounded 46
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.3. Compounded DC motor

Ø The output characteristic m= f()


1: Shunt
2 : Series
4 3: Cumulatively Compounded
1 4 : Differentially Compounded
3
2
 47
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.4. Power flow diagram DC motor

Arm. copper loss

Ia2Ra+brush contact loss

Input power
Electromagnetic Power Output
Pin= VT IL
Pconv=EaIa Power

Series field loss IS2RS No-load rotational loss (friction

+shunt field loss If2Rf +windage+core)+stray load loss

48
 5.5. DC MOTOR ANALYSIS

5.5.5. Stating DC motor

Ø At starting conditions: =0  EA=0, since RA
of a normal DC motor is very low  a very high
current flows may severely damage the motor.
Ø Solutions to limit starting current:
§ Insert a starting resistor in series with the armature
§ Decrease voltage applied to armature.

49
 CONTENTS

5.1. Overview
5.2. Emf and torque
5.3. Armature reaction and how to reduce
5.4. Generator analysis
5.5. Motor analysis
5.6. DC Motor speed control

50
 5.6. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

From the equation: VT  I A RA

m 
ka 
 Methods to control speed of DC motor:
Ø Adjusting the field resistance R F (and thus the
field flux)
Ø Adjusting the terminal voltage applied to the
armature.
Ø Inserting a resistor in series to the armature circuit
51
 5.6. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

Adjusting the field resistance of Shunt (or separate) Motor

52
5.6. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

53
5.6. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

Inserting a resistor in series to the armature circuit

54
 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT

Ø In this chapter, we have learnt:

§ Construction and working principle of DC
machines
§ The equivalent circuit
§ Power flow and torque
§ Operational characteristic

55
 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT

ØASSIGNMENT:
§ Refer: [1]: 357-397; [2]: 425-496; [3]: 96-118;
[5]: 249-266
§ Home exercises: [1]: 7.9(p.400); 7.16(p.402)
[5]: 9.9(p.333); 9.17(p.335); 9.33(p.338);
9.36(p.338);

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