TERMS o Experience friction and Turbulence

● Section on the jet where the contraction

Hydraulics
ceases – vena contracta
● Metacenter is above the center of gravity ● Speed at which the surge (or wave) is
for stable equilibrium moving with respect to fluid medium -
● When the Metacenter of a floating body is Celerity
lower than the center of gravity, then the
body is in unstable equilibrium
● Metacentric height is the distance between
the center of gravity of the floating body
and the metacenter
● Weight per unit volume of a liquid at a
Geotech
standard temperature - Specific weight
Sieve Chart
● A pressure surge or wave caused when a
fluid in motion is forced to stop – water
hammer
● The flow undergoes sudden transition from
swift flow to tranquil flow – Hydraulic Jump
● Measures fluids resistance to shear stress –
viscosity
● Vena contracta of circular orifice is approx.
½ diameter of downstream from the inner
face of the orifice plate
● When the metacenter and center of gravity ● NSCP slope of cut surface of the ground shall
not be steeper than 1 to 2.
coincide at same point – Neutral ● Fraction of of soils passing for Atterberg Limits
Equilibrium tests is 40.
● Force within the surface layer of a liquid ● Accurate determination of water content. -
Oven-drying method
that causes the layer to behave as an elastic ● Faster but not accurate. - Sand bath method
sheet – Surface tension ● Coef. of consolidation is affected by: both
● Locus of elevations to which liquid compressibility and Permeability
● Total and Effective stresses at depth 5 m be;ow
successive piezometer tubes to any selected
the top level of water in the swimming pool.
tube – Hydraulic Gradient 5000kg/m^2 and 0
● Measure pressure heads in pipes where the ● if the sand in-situ is in its debsest state, the
relative density of sand is 1.
liquid is in motion – Piezometer
● Ratio of Vol of voids and Vol of soil - POROSITY
● Difference between energy gradient and ● Ration of Vol of voids and Vol of soil solids -
VOID RATIO
hydraulic gradient – Velocity head
● Ratio of Vol of water and of soil - Volumetric
● Minimum specific energy of an open water content
rectangular channel with critical depth dc – ● Ratio of Vol of water and Vol of voids - Degree
of Saturation
● Does not describe real fluids - ● Porosity - 0 < n < 100
Incompressible ● Void Ratio - 0 < e
● Degree of Saturation - 0 < s < 100
● Description of real fluids : ● In the unit phase diagram - the volume of solids
o Infinite viscosities is taken as unity
o Non uniform velocity distribution
● Loam - mixture of sand, silt and clay in approx
equal proportions
● Archimedes Principle - relationship between
submerged unit wt. and Saturated unit wt of MSTE
soil.
● SOIL in CE - unaggregated and uncemented ● Highway appurtenances design to prevent
particles covering earth crust
vehicular penetration from travel way to
● Triaxial test, the deviator stress increases the
areas behind barrier – Barriers
shear on all planes except horizontal and
vertical planes. ● Warning devices to alert motorists of
● Tests in Lab set up - Direct shear, Triaxial and construction and maintenance activities in
Unconfined compression test.
road – Flashing lamps
● the shear strength of a soil:
○ increases w/ an increases in normal ● Light retro-reflecting mounted at the side of
stress the roadway to indicate roadway alignment
○ proportional to the cohesion of soil
– Delineators or cat’s eye
○ known as strength of the soil
● Rise of water above the ground surface causes - ● Devices conical in shape or tubular capable
Equal increase in pore water pressure and total of performing channelization of traffic –
stress traffic cones
● Shear strength of soil decreases with decrease
in normal stress ● Roadwork devices consisting of precast
● Effective stress of soil - Decreases both voids concrete sections, sandbag and other used
ratio and permeability to guide traffic at the construction site –
● Coef of Compressibility of sol is ratio of strain to
Temporary Curbing
stress
● Cohesive soil deposit is stiff if the unconfined ● Device used in place of rigid cones with
compression strength is between 100 to 200 alternate bands of contrasting colors as
● Cohesive soil deposit is soft if the unconfined seen by approaching traffic for delineation
compression strength is between 25 to 50
of traffic – Bollard
● Cohesive soil deposit is very soft if the
unconfined compression strength is between 0 ● Any traffic control device marked on the
to 25 surface of carriageway used to regulate
traffic or guide or warn road users – Road
markers
● Looking at the possibility of injury or harm
occurring to a person if exposed to a hazard
– Risk assessment
● Recognizing of things which may cause
injury or harm to a person – Hazard
identification
● Introduction of measures which will
eliminate or reduce the risk of being
exposed to a hazard – Risk Control
● Guidelines regarding Personal protective
Equipment (PPE) - Rule 1080
● Unexpected event which results in serious
injury or illness of an employee or property
damage – Accident
● Unexpected event or occurrence that
doesn’t result in serious injury or illness but
may result in property damage - Incident
● Standard shape for STOP sign – Octagon ● Signs that instruct road users to meet
certain traffic rule requirements on road
● Standard sign shape for GIVE WAY sign –
conditions – Special Instruction Signs
Equilateral Triangle
● Signs that warn road users of condition on
● Standard sign shape for Regulatory signs –
or adjacent to the road maybe unexpected
Circle or hazardous – Warning Signs
● Standard sign shape for Additional ● Signs which warns or advise temporary
Information – Equilateral Triangle hazardous conditions that could endanger
● Standard sign shape for warning signs – road users or the men or the equipment
Rectangle engaged on roadworks – Roadwork Signs

● Standard sign shape for directional signs, ● Signs which provide means of displaying

roadwork signs, for special purposes and essential traffic information on wide
supplementary warning signs – Rectangle multilane roads, where some degree of lane
use control is required or where side of
● Standard sign shape for facility information road clearance is insufficient to
signs, instruction signs, guide, destinations accommodate a road side sign – Overhead
of point of interest – Rectangle Signs
● Standard sign shape for pedestrian and
school crossing sign – Pentagon
● Inform and advise road users of directions,
● It is anything that can cause harm – Hazard
distances, routes and the location of
● The probability of harm actually being done services for road users and point of interest
– Risk - Guide signs

● Violation of an accepted safe procedure ● Used to guide drivers through a change in

which could permit occurrence of an horizontal alignment of the roads – Chevron
accident – Unsafe act Signs ( > > >)

● Hazardous physical condition or ● Reaction time used for road safety design –
circumstance which could directly permit 2.5 sec
the occurrence of an accident – Unsafe ● Speed limit appropriate on lower standard
condition
expressways – 80 or 90 kph
● Large scale map if the overall area and to
● Ideal capacity of road – 2000 vph
indicate where the project is located on the
site – Vicinity Map ● Not characteristic of contour – contours on

● Provides detailed requirements for the the ground can cross another

materials, equipment and workmanship – ● Standard Practice of measuring vertical or

Specifications Zenith angles
● Drawing that has elevations as its vertical o Be sure the instrument is level
o Sight exactly on the target
axis and horizontal distance of measured
o Sight direct and reverse
along the centerline of the facility – Profile
● Wave at a point where the depth is equal to
● Device mounted whereby a specific
½ of the wavelength or greater to be
message is conveyed by words or symbol
expressed in terms of parameters of
for the purpose of regulating, warning or
significant wave – Deep water Wave
guiding traffic – Traffic Signs
● Hypothetical wave have a wave height and
● Signs that inform road users of the traffic
period equal to average values of the wave
laws and regulations which is disregarded
height and period of the largest 1/3 of all
will constitute an offense – Regulatory Signs
 waves in the train as counted in the order
● Volume of traffic that uses the approach
or greater wave height – Significant Wave
lane or lane group during the hour of the
● Maximum wave height and wave period of day that observes the highest traffic
maximum wave height in wave train – volumes for an intersection -PHV(Peak Hour
Highest Wave Volume)
● Wave with depth less than ½ of the wave ● Ratio of the total hourly volume to the max
length – Shallow water wave rate of flow within the hour – PHF (Peak
Hour actor)
● Wave formed by frictional drag of wind
PHF= q/qmax
across the water surface – Gravity wave q=Rate of Flow(veh/hr)
● Pressure against a vertical wall due to ● Number of vehicles that travel through a
waves – Clapotis segment of roadway during the design hour
● Regular periodic rise and fall of the seas, – DHV (Design Hour Volume)
observable along their shores – Tide DHV = PHV/PHF

● Waves generated by storms , which occur ● Timing of signals in relationship to one

outside area of observation – swells another so vehicles traveling at a
predetermined speed can pass through the
● A very long standing wave on a large but greens of successive signals – Signal
limited body of water generally occurring Coordination
when a storm dies down after producing
● Speed at which vehicles are presumed to
wind tide – Seiche
travel through coordinated signal system –
● Instrument use to measure the intensity of Speed Progression
wind – Beuforts scale
● Time difference of beginning and end of
● In many parts of the world, the high waters through band at any point – Band Width
reach their greatest height and the low
● The red, yellow, green light – Indication
waters at the least height, soon after the
time of full moon and new moon, - Spring ● Time required for one complete sequence
Tide
of signal indication – Cycle
● When the lines connecting the earth with
● Simplest Rail capacity problem is that
the sun and the moon form a right angle,
involving rail rapid transit system – ALL OF
this is the moon is in its quarters, then the
THE ABOVE
actions of the moon and the sun are
subtractive and the lowest tides of the ● 3 Basic ways of resolving crossing conflicts –
moon occur – Neap Tide Time and space sharing solution and grade
● Owing to retardation of the tidal wave in separation solution

ocean by frictional force, as the earth ● Difference between actual travel time and
revolves daily around the axis – Age of the segment and a transportation system and
Tide some ideal travel time for that segment –
● Periodic rise and fall of sea level in response Delay

to the gravitational attraction of the sun ● Time spent in decelerating and accelerating
and moon as modified by the earth’s the vehicle in opening and closing doors –
rotation – Astronomical Tides Clearance Time
● The PPA (Phil. Ports Authority) requires ● Headways such that the vehicles are just
that water level guarantees about water filled at the maximum load point on the
depth for safety of the ships berthing on a route – Capacity Headway
certain ports and harbors, below the mean
● Esimates expected activity times in a PERT
lower low water should be – 0.15 to 0.4 m
network – ALL OG THE ABOVE
● Calculation of the Probability that the
critical path will be the completed by time T
– assumes that activity times are
statistically independent
● CPM time cost trade off function – cost
decreases linearly as time increases
● Marginal cost of crashing a network could
change when – (both a and b) activity being
crashed reaches is crash time, activity being
crashed reaches a point where another
path is also critical
● Fundamental ideas in the LP network
models are activity time equals normal time
+ crash time – NONE PF THE ABOVE
● PERT/COST Model assumes that – costs are
uniformly distributed over the life of the
activity
● PERT/COST control report – ALL OF THE
ABOVE (requires budget for activity, report
on % of completion, calculate overruns
● Process of bringing each roadway layer to
its final grade- Trimming
● Breaking away of hardened concrete
surface of a slab to a depth of about 1.6 to
4.8 mm usually occur at early age – Scaling
● Occurrence of numerous fine hair cracks in
the surface of new hardened slabs – Crazing
● Appearance of powdery material on the
surface of new concrete slab – Dusting
● Bringing of a concrete surface to true grade
with enough mortar to produce the desired
finish – Leveling
● Surface of newly placed concrete is struck
off by moving a straightedged back and
forth with a saw-like motion across the top
of the forms and screeds – Screeding
● Is done on slabs that are to be left exposed
or to receive thin finishes like flooring,
carpet, tile and paint – Finishing
● Arrange – Bleeding, Screeding, Leveling,
Edging, Jointing Floating, Troweling, Broom
Finishing